tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

Mupaupd; foprilg; ghly;fNs Ntjk;!

jpUkfs;

(11)

,e;jpa G+HtPf Fbkf;fshd jpuhtplHfSf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; ,e;jpud;> Nrhkd;> mf;fpdp vd;gtHfis Ntz;Lk; gpuhHj;jidfNs Ntjq;fspd; cs;Siw vd;gijg;  ghHj;Njhk;. MupaHfs; jq;fis vjpHj;j jpuhtplHfis mRuHfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhHfs;. mRuHfs; vd;why; fs; Fbf;fhjtHfs; vd;gJ nghUs;. fs; Fbj;j MupaHfs; jq;fisr; RuH vd mioj;jhHfs;.

“ahfj;ijj; jLf;Fk; mRuHfis mopf;FkhW ,e;jpud;> Nrhkd;> mf;fpdp KjypNahiu Ntz;bf; nfhs;Sk; ke;jpuq;fs; ,Uf;F> aRH mjHtz Ntjq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.; FbAk; nfhiyAk; kype;j ntwpahl;Lf; rlq;Ffisf; nfhz;lhLk; foprilg; ghly;fNs Ntjk;” vd;W irt rkag;gw;Ws;s kiwkiy mbfs; jhk; vOjpa NtshsH ehfupfk; (Kjw; gjpg;G 1925. 1957 ,y; nrd;idr; irt rpj;jhe;j Ehw;gjpg;Tf; fofj;jpdhy; kPs; gjpf;fg;gl;lJ) vd;Dk; Ehypy; tpsf;fp cs;shH.

Gj;jh; kPJ Mhpah;fs; kpFe;j ntWg;igAk;> Nfhgj;ijAk; fhl;bdhh;fs; vd;gij Ntj E}y;fspypUe;J ehk; mwpayhk;. ~Ntjghtpahd rhf;fpad; nra;aj; jfhj fhhpaq;fisr; nra;fpd;wtd;. mtidg; gpuhkzh;fs; kjpf;ff; $lhJ! czT mspf;f $lhJ. NgrNt $lhJ.| (kDjh;kk; - mj;jpahak; 4-#j;jpuk; 30) rhf;fpad; vd;gJ Gj;jid!

Ntjq;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikiag; gTj;jHfNs kpfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; kWj;jpUf;fpd;wdH. gTj;j jj;Jt mwpQH jHkfPHj;jp Ntjq;fis ek;GtHfs; mwptpypfs; vd;W fz;bj;jpUf;fpwhH.

“Ntjq;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ik xUtiu (flTis) gilg;ghsuhff; fUJtJ> fq;ifapy; Fspj;jiy kjr; rlq;nfd;W epidg;gJ> jhk; caHe;j rhjp vd;W fHtk; nfhs;tJ> jk; ghtj;ijj; njhiyf;fg; gl;bdpg; Nghuhl;lKk; jtKk; ,Ug;gJ - ,it ma;e;Jk; mwptpypfspd; Kl;lhs;jdj;jpd; rpd;dq;fshFk;.” (uhFy rhq;fpUj;jpahad;)

MupaHfshy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l mRuHfspd; ngaHfSk; mtw;wpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rh]d;> tpUj;jpud;> rk;gud;> rfthR> jpUgPfd;> cud;> Rf;fdd;> jtrd;> gpak;rd;> gpa;U> eKrp> Ujpf;fpukd;> mjpjpf;ftd;> fjr;rzp> MAjp> fpUzfU vdg; gy ngaHfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;jpud;> Nrhkd;> mf;fpdp KjypatHfis tzq;fp NkYk; mRuHfis mopf;Fk;gb Ntz;Lfpd;wdH. mjd;NghJ mRuHfspd; kzpf;fl;ilia Kwp> Njhiyf; fpop> Koq;fhy;> Koq;if> fOj;Jf;fis Kwp> fpopj;njwp> rpd;dh gpd;dg;gLj;J> mf;fpdpr; Rthiyahy; RL> Jz;L Jz;lhf ntl;L> ePHg;ghidapy; itj;J Ntfit> G+kp tpOq;fl;Lk;> gLghjhsj;jpy; tpol;Lk;> kiy ntbj;J tpOq;fl;Lk;> ehrkhfl;Lk;> gRtpd;ghy; mtHfSf;F eQ;rhfl;Lk;> thupR ,y;yhky; mopal;Lk;> mtHfsJ nry;tk;> gR Kjypatw;iwf; nfhs;isabj;J vq;fSf;Ff; nfhL vd;W Ntz;Lfpd;wdH.  ,itaidj;ijAk; NjtHfs; Fb kaf;fj;jpy;jhd; nra;tH. mjdhy; mtHfSf;F Nrhkurj;ijj; jpfl;Lk; tiu nfhL vd;fpd;wdH.

gpd;dH fw;gidahf vOjg;gl;l ,jpfhrq;fspYk; Guhzq;fspYk;  ,t;thNw  jpuhtplHfis mopj;jjhff; $wpAs;sdH. mtw;wpy; ,uzpahl;rd;> eufhRud;> fk;]d;> rpRghyd;> [uhre;jd;> uhtzd;> Fk;gfHzd;> ,e;jpu[pj;J> fte;jd; jhlif> #Hg;gdif> rpk;kpif> kfp\h#ud; vd;w jpuhtplHfspd; ngaHfs; tUfpd;wd. mtHfSf;F cjtpa tpgP\zd; Nghd;w JNuhfpfis "Mo;thHfs;” vd;W vOjp itj;Js;sdH.

jpuhtplHfs; g+HtFbfs; vd;gij upf;Ntj 271 RNyhfj;jpy; "mRuFyj;ij> jh] ,dj;ij> goikahfNt njhd;W njhl;L ,q;F tho;e;J tUgtHfis NtNuhL mopf;fTk;” vd;Ws;sJ.  jpuhtplHfis Ntjj;jpy; mRuH> muf;fH> j];a+> jh]H> #j;jpud;> ijj;upad;> aJhjdH> gprhR> g+jk; vd;W Fwpj;Js;sdH vd;gij Vw;fdNt ghHj;Njhk;. gy ,lq;fspy; mRuHfs; typik kpf;ftHfs; Nahf;fpaHfs; vd;Wk; vOjp itj;Js;sdH.

,t;thW MupaH vOjp itj;jJk; my;yhky; ehsiltpy; jpuhtplHfspd; %isiar; ryit nra;J jq;fsJ ,jpfhr> guhzf; fijfisj; jpzpj;jdH. eufhhRud;> ,uzpahl;rk;> kfp\h#ud;  Nghd;NwhH nfhy;yg;gl;l ehisg; gz;bifahff; nfhz;lhlTk; nra;jdH. khdKk; mwpTk; nfl;l irtHfs; mjidf; nfhz;lhbAk; tUfpwhHfs;. 

“nghJthf Mupa ehfupfj;ijNah mtHfsJ gof;f tof;fq;fisNah Cd;wpf;; ftdpj;Jr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHg;Nghkhdhy; mtHfSf;Fs; xU rKjhaf; fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwNah> xOf;fNkh> ePjpNah> gFj;jwpT czHr;rpNah VJk; ,Ue;jjhff; fhzg;gLtjw;F ,y;iy. mf;fhy khdhgpkhdj;Jf;Fk;> ,f;fhy khdhgpkhdj;Jf;Fk; rpwpJk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy vd;gjhfTk; njupfpwJ. MfNt MupaHfs; rfy JiwfspYk; mf;fhyj;jpa MupaH tho;tpy; g+uz RNar;irNahL vt;tpjf; nfhs;ifAk; ,y;yhky; mtutHfs; ,r;irg;gb tpyq;Ffs; Nghy; tho;e;J te;jjhfNt njupfpwJ. mjdhy; jhd; ts;StH>

"NjtuidaH fatH> mtUe;jhk;>
Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;”          ( Fws; 1078) 

vd;W ghbdhH NghYk; vdg; je;ij ngupahH Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NjtH vdj; jpUts;StH Fwpg;gpLtJ MupaiuNa! NjtUk; fatUk; xU jd;ikaH. vg;gb vdpd; Njtiug; Nghd;W jk;ik epakpg;ghupd;wpf; fatUk; jhk; tpUk;gpadtw;iwr; nra;njhOfyhd;. jk;ik epakpg;ghH ,d;ikahy; jhk; tpUk;Gfpd;witfisr; nra;J elf;Fk; fatUk; NjtUk; xU jd;ikahtH. (gupNkyofH ciu)

njhlHe;J ,Uf;F mjHtz Ntjq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ];Nyhfq;fs; rpytw;iwg; ghHg;Nghk;.

];Nyhfk; 14

nfhba mRuf; $l;lq;fisj; NjtHfs; ,d;Nw ehrk; nra;al;Lk.; mtHfs; vq;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; rhgk; mtHfisNa kPz;Lk; miltjhf! ke;jpuq;fspdhy; jpUl;Lk; mRuf; $l;lj;jpd; capHehbfspy; m];jpuq;fs; gha;e;J fpopf;fl;Lk;! ghiyf; Fbf;Fk; mRuHfis> mf;fpdp NjtNd! eP mopg;ghahf! xt;nthU aJhjdDk; vq;fs; ifapy; mfg;gl;L mopal;Lk;!

];Nyhfk; 17

gR Mz;LNjhWk; ghy; jUfpwJ. X! mf;fpdp NjtNd me;jg; ghiy aJhjdHfs; cz;zhnjhopal;Lk;! ghy;Fbf;f tpUk;Gk; aJhjdHfspd; Fliyg; gpLq;fpf; nfhy;thahf!

];Nyhfk; 18

aJhjdHfs; gRf;fspd; tp\j;ijf; Fbf;fl;Lk;. mtHfs; mjpjpapd; rhgj;Jf;F Mshfl;Lk;. rtpjh Njtd; mtHfis epuhfupf;fl;Lk;. mtHfsJ gq;Ff;Fupa g+z;Lfis mtHfs; ,of;fl;Lk;.

mjHtz Ntjk;

fhz;lk; 1 ke;jpuk; 7> ];Nyhfk; 1

X! jhrHfis epf;ufk; nra;ate;j mf;fpdpNa! aJhjdHfSk; fpk;jpd;fSk; vd; ghjq;fspy; te;J tpOe;J kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fr; nra;tha;!

];Nyhfk; 4

Kjypy; mf;dpNjtd; mtHfisg; gpbf;fl;Lk.; gyrhypahd ,e;jpud; mtHfis tpul;bf; nfhz;L tul;Lk;. aJhjdH xt;nthUtUk; vd; Kd; te;J ",Njh ehd; te;jpUf;fpNwd; mbgzpfpNwd;” vd;W $wl;Lk;.

];Nyhfk; 5

Qhd];t&gpahd mf;fpdpNa! ehq;fs; cd; tPuj;ijf; fz;L fspf;fl;Lk;. jpt;a jpU\;bAila mf;fpdpNa! aJhjdHfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;bf; nfhLg;ghf! cd; Rthiyahy; vupf;fg;gl;L mtHfs; vq;fs; ghjfq;fspy; te;J ghg rq;fPHj; jdk; nra;J nfhs;sl;Lk;.

];Nyhfk; 7

X mf;fpdp NjtNd! aJhjdHfisnay;yhk; gpbj;J tpyq;fpl;L vq;fs; Kd; nfhz;L tUthahf! ,e;jpud; ,bapdhy; mtHfs; jiyfisf; nfha;J js;sl;Lk;.

mjHtz Ntjk;

fhz;lk; 1 ke;jpuk; 8> ];Nyhfk; 2

,Njh ,td; ruzhfjp aile;J kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;fpwhd;. mtid md;G $He;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhah? X gpuf];gjpNa! mtidr; rpiwg;gLj;jp itg;ghahf! X! mf;fpdpNa! X! NrhkNd! mtd; cliyf; Fj;jpf; fPWtPHfshf!

];Nyhfk; 3

Nrhkghdk; nra;Ak; ,e;jpuNd! aJhjdHfspd; re;jjpfis mbj;Jg; gpbj;J ,Oj;Jf;nfhz;L tUthahf! ghg kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;Nghupd; tyf; fz;izAk; ,lf;fz;izAk; gpLq;fptpLthahf!

,it Ntjj;jpd; Kjy; Ntjkhd upf; Ntjj;jpy; xU rpy #f;jq;fis kl;Lk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;iwtpl Nkhrkhdit ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fpwJ.  

,it khe;juJ mwpTf;Fj; Njitahd vijahtJ vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwjh? kdpj ,dk; tho;thq;F thOtjw;F Ntz;ba toptiffis> Kd;NdWtjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpTiufs; vijahtJ vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpwjh?

jq;fs; vjpupfis ntl;Lq;fs;> nfhy;Yq;fs;> nky;Yq;fs;> Juj;Jq;fs; vd;w td;Kiw Kof;fq;fs; jtpu NtW VjhtJ ,Uf;fpwjh? td;Kiwf;F Kd;NdhbNa ,e;j Ntjq;fs;jhNd?

mJ kl;Lkh? fztNdhL kidtpiar; Nru tplhJ jhNd mgfupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Mghr Ntz;LNfhs;fisj; jtpu xOf;ff; Nfl;ilj; jtpu xOf;fk; xU rpwpjhtJ cs;sjh?

ekJ Kd;NdhHfisg; gw;wp ,t;thnwy;yhk; Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mtHfSf;F tpNuhjkhf Ntjq;fspy; gy fl;lisfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. MupaHfs; ,e;j ehl;ilg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j fhyj;jpy; me;jf; fl;lisfs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. MupaH - Mjp ,e;jpaH NghH Kw;Wg; ngw;W ehl;by; mikjp epytj; njhlq;fpa NghJ> gifik> nghwhik> ntWg;G Kjypaitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gy rl;l jpl;lq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;ld. me;jr; rl;l jpl;lq;fNs kD];kpUjpapYk; kw;W ,e;Jf;fspd; rh];jpuq;fspYk; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.

rhjhuzkhfr; rpe;jpf;ff; $ba ekf;Nf ,J GupfpwJ. Mdhy;> "ekJ fy;tp upf; Ntjj;jpypUe;J njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; mJ RaE}y; my;y> mJ ekJ fyhr;rhuj;jpd; mbg;gil!” ,t;thW $wpaJ ahnud;W cq;fSf;Ff; Nfl;fj; Njhd;Wk;. mtH NtW ahUky;y> jiyrpwe;j mZ mwptpayhsH KidtH uh[h uhkz;zh $wpaJ

"Ntjq;fs; ,we;j fhyj;jpd; fhy; RtLfs; my;y! mit ekJ tUq;fhy tho; Tf;F> Md;kPf Nkk;ghl;Lf;F topfhl;Lk; xsp tpsf;F! vd;Wk; mizahj [Pt jPgq;fs;!”

Ntjq;fisj; jkpopy; nkhop ngaHj;j [k;Gehjdpd; ghuhl;L nkhopfs; ,it! ,tH Mq;fpyk;> rk];fpUjk;> jkpo; %d;W nkhopfspYk; fw;wwpe;j mwpthspahk;.

gbg;gpw;Fk;> gFj;jwptpw;Fk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy gbj;jtnuy;yhk; mwpthspfsy;y vd;gjw;F [k;Gehjd; rhl;rpahf ,Uf;fpwhH.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Ntjk;> rh];jpuk; Kjyptw;iwr; rptthf;fpaH> gj;ufpupahH> jpU%yH Nghd;w rpj;jHfs; fLikahfr; rhbAs;sdH. Mdhy; mt;thW vjpHj;Jf; Fuy; nfhLj;j jkpo;r; rpj;jHfs; Njhw;Wg; NghdhHfs;.

rpj;jHfs; gpj;jHfs; vd;nwy;yhk; je;jpukhfg; gug;Giu nra;J mtHfsJ Ntj rka> cUt topghl;L vjpHGf;  fUj;Jfs; nghJ kf;fsplk; Ngha;r; Nru tplhky;  gpuhkzpak; jLj;J tpl;lJ.  (tsUk;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

ngaupy;yhj kjj;Jf;F `pe;J vd;W ngaH itj;jtH Mq;fpNyaH!  

jpUkfs;

(12)

gpuhkzpak; rpj;jHfs; gpj;jHfs; vd;nwy;yhk; je;jpukhfg; gug;Giu nra;J mtHfsJ Ntj rka> cUt topghl;il vjpHj;j rpj;jHfis xU %iyapy; xJf;fptpl;lhHfs;.  nghJ kf;fisAk; vspjhf Vkhw;wp tpl;ldH. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ gpuhkzpaj;Jf;F mbikahfpg; Ngha;tpl;l irtj; jkpo;r; rpj;jhe;jpfSk; nghJ kf;fis Vkhw;wp tpl;ldH.

Ntj rhj;jpuq;fis Rl Ntz;Lk; ehy; Ntjj;ijg; ngha;ahf;f Ntz;Lk;> Guhzq;fs; je;jpuk; epiwe;jit> mit tPzhdit> fLk; gpjw;wy;> ngha; vd;nwy;yhk;  kpff; fLikahfr; rpj;jHfs; rhb ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

rhj;jpuj;ijr; Rl;Lr; rJHkiwiag; ngha;ahf;fpr;

,l;lkhd XkFz;lk; ,ire;jehY NtjKk;

fl;bitj;j Gj;jfk; fLk;gpjw;W ,jw;nfyhk;

ngha;Na mtw;wpy; GFthjPH....!             (,uhkypq;f mbfs;)

cUt topghl;ilAk; rpj;jHfs; vs;sp eifahbdhHfs; vd;gjw;F jlq;fz; rpj;jH ghba ghly; xd;iw kl;Lk; jUfpNwd;.

mUtUg;g+l;Lk; ma;e;jiy ehw;if
MidNghy; tapWKd; JUj;Jk;
cUtpid ,iwtd; vdg; ngaH$wp
cUs; ngUe; Njupy; mkHj;jp
,Og;gJk; jiutpOe; njoYk;
njUntyhk; epfOk; mJ nfhNyhrkak;?
jPq;F fz;L coYk; vd; neQ;Nr!

Mid Kfk; ghid tapW gilj;j cUtj;ij ,iwtd; vdg; ngaH $wp cUSk; Njupy; itj;J Cupy; ,Oj;jJ Nghjhnjd;W Gyk;ngaHe;j fdlh ehl;Lj; njUf;fspYk; NjH ,Oj;Jj; jq;fisr; Rj;jkhd mehfupfHfs; vd ,e;Jj; jkpoHfs; vz;gpf;fpwhHfs;.

,e;j mUtUg;ghd cUtq;fs; mUs;ghypg;gJ cz;iknad;why; jkpoHfs; Vd; Vjpypfsha; Gyk; ngaHe;jhHfs;? mq;Fs;s tpf;fpufq;fSf;F ,y;yhhj rf;jp ,q;Fs;s tpf;fpufq;fSf;F te;J tpLkh? mq;F nra;j mUr;rid> mgpNrfk;> Fk;ghgpNrfk;> NjH jPHj;jk;> jpUtpoh vy;yhk; vd;dthapw;W? vjpy; Fiw itj;Njhk;? Mdhy; fz;l gyd; vd;d? rpe;jpf;f ty;NyhH rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;lhkh?

mwptpayhsHfspd;  xt;nthU fz;L gpbg;Gk;> cz;ikAk; Ntjq;fspd; xt;nthU nrhy;iyAk;> thf;fpaj;ijAk; ngha;ahf;tpLfpwjy;yth? MfNt ,e;j Ntjq;fs;> kD];kpUjpfs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; midj;JNk jkpopdj;ijf; $WNghl;L  jkpo; FKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; ngupa jilf; fw;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

cNyhfq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gL Kd;dH flTs; cUtq;fs; jr;ruhy; kuj;jpYk; rpw;gpfshy; fy;ypYk;  nra;ag;gl;ld. cNyhfq;fs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH flTs; cUtq;fs; cNyhfj;jpy; thHf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jr; rpiyfs; njhlHr;rpahfg; gpuhkzHfs; elj;Jk; fpupiffs;> ahfq;fs;> G+irfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; gpd;dH ey;y ehspy;  gpujp\;il nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

Ntjq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s ke;jpuq;fSk;> tpf;fpufj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;gLk; fpupia KiwfSk; ,ize;J tpf;fpufk; mUSk; Mw;wYk; ngw;WtpLfpwjhk;. ehSk; eilngWk; G+ir topghL Kiwfs; %yk; kf;fs; ,iwaUisg; ngWthHfshk;.

,J cz;ikahdhy; ,e;jpah vd;w Njrk; 700 Mz;Lfs; KfyhaH> JUf;fpaH> NghHj;Jf;NfaH> xy;yhe;jH> gpuhQ;Rf;fhuH> Mq;fpNyaUf;F Vd; mbikg;gl;Lg; Nghapw;W? Nfhapy; rpiyfspd; rf;jp vd;dthapw;W? gpuhkzHfspd; ke;jpuq;fs; vd;dthapw;W?

tl ,e;jpahit Mz;l f[dp nkhfkJ (Ghazni Mohammed) Ehw;Wf; fzf;fhd Nfhapy;fisj; jhf;fpf; nfhs;isabj;jhd;. fpgp 1024 nkhfkJ ru];tjp ejpapd; thapypy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w Nrhkehj; Nfhapiyf; nfhs;isabj;jhd;. ,e;jf; Nfhapypy; 300 ,irf; fiyQHfs;> 500 Mlyofpfs;> Nfhapy;fSf;F NeHj;jpf;F tUNthuJ jiyia nkhl;ilabf;f 300 KbjpUj;JNthH ,Ue;jhHfs;. Nfhapypy; ,Ue;j nry;tj;ijf; nfhs;isabj;j nkhfkJ mq;fpUe;j rptypq;fj;ij cilj;J mjid f[dpapy; cs;s [kh gs;spthrypd; gbf;fl;Lf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. kpFjpia mNj khjpup kupahij nra;a nkf;fh> nkbdh> gf;fhj; efuq;fSf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;.

fw;rpiyfSf;Fg; gpuhkzHfs; jq;fs; ke;jpu je;jpu ae;jpu rf;jpahy; mUs; Vw;wptpl;lJ cz;ikahdhy; Nfhapy; fjTfis cilj;J rpiyfisj; jpUlHfs; jpUbf; nfhz;L Ngha;tpLfpwhHfNs? mJ vg;gb?

,utpy; xd;Wf;Fg; gy G+l;Lf;fs; Nghl;Lg; G+l;lhj  ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fis vq;NfahtJ ghHf;f KbAkh?

ngupa Nfhapy;fspy; fhty;fhuiuAk; mijtplg; ngupa Nfhapy;fspy; fhty;JiwiaAk; my;yth fhtYf;F itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;!

mg;gbapUe;Jk; jkpo;ehl;Lr; nra;jpj; jhs;fisg; gbj;jhy; vq;NfahtJ xU Nfhapypy; tpiy caHe;j ma;k;nghd; rpiyfs; fsT nra;ag;gLfpd;w nra;jpfSk;> mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ntspehLfSf;Ff; flj;jy;fhuHfshy; flj;jg;gLfpd;w nra;jpfSk; te;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd!

ghuj khjhNt ,uz;L %d;W Jz;Lfshf ntl;lg;gl;L Mg;fd];jhd;> ghfp];jhd;> tq;fhsk; vd my;yhit topgLk; ,];yhkpa ehLfshf cUg;ngw;W tpl;ld!

xU fhyj;jpy; 56 Njrq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j ghujk; ,d;W 2.4 Nfhb kf;fs; thOk; fhe;jhuj;ij (Mg;fdp];jhd;) ,oe;J tpl;lJ. Nkw;Nf ghfp];jhd; cUthfpajhy; 15.3 Nfhb kf;fis ,oe;J tpl;lJ. fpof;Nf gq;fsh Njrk; Njhw;wk; nfhz;ljhy;  14.67 Nfhb kf;fis ,oe;J tpl;lJ. Mf nkhj;jk; 32.37 Nfhb kf;fis ,e;J kjk; ,oe;J tpl;lJ. (ma;f;fpa ehLfs; - 2003)

Mg;fdpe;jhdpy; Rd;dp K];ypk; 84 tpOf;fhL. rpah K];ypk; 15 tpOf;fhL. VidNahH 1 tpOf;fhL.

ghfp];jhdpy; Rd;dp 77 tpOf;fhL. rpah 20 tpOf;fhL. VidNahH 3 tpOf;fhL.

gq;fshNjrk; - K];ypk; - 83 tpOf;fhL. ,e;Jf;fs; - 16 tpOf;fhL. VidNahH 1 tpOf;fhL.

,e;J kj rhj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L ngUk; gpupthfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

1)  ];Ujp (fhjhy; Nfl;fg;gLtJ)

2)  ];kpUjp ( epidtpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ)  

];Ujp ntspahf;fg;gl;lJ. ];kpUjp top top kughf te;jit. ehy; Ntjq;fs; Nfl;fg;gl;lit (];Ujp)

xt;nthU NtjKk; ehd;F gFjpfisf; nfhz;ld. mit ke;jpuq;fs; (nja;tq;fis Jjpf;Fk; ghly;fs;) gpukhzq;fs; (ahfr; rlq;Ffs;) > Muz;aq;fs; (kjr; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs;) cgepljq;fs; ( Ntjj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjp. ,it jj;Jt Muha;r;rp nfhz;lit).

Ntjj;jpy mlq;fpatw;iw

    1)      fHk fhz;lk; (rka Mrhuq;fs; gw;wpa gFjp- gpukhzq;fs;> rq;fpij) 

    2)      cghridf; fhz;lk; (jpahdj;Jf;Fupa gfjp – Muzpaq;fs;)

    3)      Qhd fhz;lk; (mwpT jUk; gFjp – 12 cgepljq;fs;) )

vd;W gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ntjj;Jf;F mLj;jgbahf ];kpUjpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. ,it ePjp Ehy;fs; my;yJ tpjpEhy;fs; (jHkrh];jpuq;fs;) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,jpfhrq;fs; ,uz;L. xd;W ,uhkhazk;. kw;wJ  ghujk;.

Guhzq;fs; 18 MFk;. ,it rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;lit. jkpopy; fhzg;gLk; Guhzq;fs; rk];fpUjj;jpy; ,Ue;J nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lit MFk;.

vdNt ,e;J kjk; vd;gJ  gpuhkzHfsJ kjk;. ,e;J rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;gJ gpuhkzHfsJ rhj;jpuq;fs;. ,e;Jf; flTs;fs; vd;gJ gpuhkzHfsJ flTs;fs; vd;gNj nghUsshFk;.

cz;ikapy; ,e;J kjk; ngaNu ,y;yhj xU kjkhFk;. Mjpapy; mjidr; rehjd kjk; vd;W $wpf; nfhz;lhHfs;. ehk; ,d;W $wpf;nfhs;Sk; ,e;J vd;w ngaH Mq;fpNyad; ,e;jpahit Mz;l NghJ mtd; gpuhkzHfsJ kjj;Jf;F itj;j ngauhFk;.

ghurPf kd;dd; iru]; ghgpNyhdpah kPJ kz;zhir nfhz;L mjd; kPJ gilnaLf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lhd;.

ghgpNyhdpahit tPo;j;j ',e;jg; gil NghjhJ ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk; Ntz;Lk;" vd;w epiyapy; mtDf;Fr; rpyH mwpTiufs; toq;fpdH. 

nfhQ;r Jhuk; js;spr; nry; mq;Nf The King  of Sindhu Desh  ,Uf;fpwhd; - mtdplk; eP cjtp Nfs; fz;bg;ghff; nfhLg;ghd; vd;wdH. 

rpe;J ejp ,d;iwa jpngj;jpy; cs;s khdrNuhtupy; gpwe;J Xb ghfp];jhdpd; fuhr;rp mUNf flypy; Ngha;f; fyf;fpwJ. 

typikahd uh[hq;fk; nra;J te;j me;j rpe;J Njrj;jplk;jhd; iru]; gil cjtp Nfl;lhd;.  

rpe;JNjr murd; iru]{f;fhfg;  gyk; nghUe;jpa ahidg; gil> Fjpiug;giliaf; nfhLj;jhd;. 

me;j tifapy;jhd; rpe;J Njrk; vd;gij `pe;J Njrk; vd ghurPfHfs; jtwhf cr;rupj;jhHfs;.

Mdhy; Ntjq;fspy; Mapuk; ,lq;fspy; 'rpe;J” vd;w thHj;ij cs;sNj jtpu `pe;J vd;Nwh ,e;J vd;Nwh xU ,lj;jpy; $l ,y;yNt ,y;iy.

th`h efe;jHth`h 
egpj,jP M[f;\Nj
mae;jHNkh Mae;jHNkjP 
ae;jh MHah f;Ukhzk; rk;re;jp ejHk`h 

mjhtJ kf;fs; nra;aNtz;ba ,e;j ke;j;u fHkhf;fSf;F Nj]hr;rhuk; vd;W ngaH. ,e;j Mr;rhuj;ij MHa kjk; vd;W miof;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhH Mg];jk;gH. 

mjhtJ rpe;J ejpf;fiu kf;fspd; gof;fj;Jf;F rpe;J kjk; vd;W$l mtH ngaH itf;ftpy;iy. MHa kjk; vd;Wjhd; ngaH itj;jhH. 

]p vd;w vOj;J `p vd;W Mfp  `pe;J Njrk; vd;W ghurPfd; nrhd;dhNd jtpu me;j Njrj;ij Ntjf;fhud; ghujk; vd;Wjhd; mioj;jhd;.  (tsUk;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

gpuhkzH Nkyhz;ikia epiyehl;Lk; kD ];kpUjp   

jpUkfs;

(13)

upf; Ntjj;jpy; tp];thkpj;uH vd;w gpugykhd KdptH ngaH mlq;fpa xU ke;jpuk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

tp];thkpj;u];a uf;\jP
g;uk;Nk ,jk;
ghujQ;[dk;

"vd;Dila Qhd Nj[];]pdhy; ehd; fw;w rh];jpuq;fspd; gydhy; ehd; cgNj]pf;Fk; ke;j;uq;fs; ,e;j ghuj Njrj;jpd; [dq;fisnay;yhk; thoitf;Fk; ghJfhf;Fk;" vd;W tPukhf> ek;gpf;ifahfr; nrhy;fpwhH tp];thkpj;uH.

,e;jpahitg; gpbj;J Mz;l nts;isf;fhud; xl;Lnkhj;j kf;fis vg;gb miog;gJ? vd Nahrpj;jhd;. ,tHfs; rpe;Jejpf;fiu kf;fs;> mg;gbnad;why; ,tHfis 'rpe;J" vdf; $g;gpLNthk; vd KbTf;F te;jhd;. Mtzq;fspy;  'Zindoo’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhd;.

MupaHfshd gpuhkzHfs; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j NghJ RkhH 450 kjq;fs; ,Ue;jdthk;.  ,jpy; vJ `pe;J kjk;?

Ntj kjk;> Mupa kjk;> g;uhkz kjk; ,q;Nf te;jJ. mij vjpHj;J Gj;j kjk;> rkzk; cz;lhdJ. kj;t kjk; gpwe;jJ> j;itjk; fpisj;jJ> tprp\;lhj;itjk; tsHe;jJ. irtk;> it\;ztk; ngupjhfg; Ngrg;gl;lJ.

itztj;jpy; $l njd; fiy  tlfiy vdg; gpupe;J ePjpkd;wk; tiu nrd;W thjhbdhHfs;.

JHf;ifak;kd;> ma;adhH> Kdpag;gd;> fUg;grhkp> Jhz;bf;fhud; rhkp> fhspak;kd;> khupak;kd;> tPud;> fhld;> khld;> fUg;G> rq;fpyp> ,rf;fp> mz;zd;khH> ma;adhH vd vf;fr;rf;f rpWnja;t topghLfs;! ,itnay;yhk; ehd;fhk; rhjpf;fhd nja;tq;fs;. ML> Nfhop> khL> vUik> gd;wp vd;W gyp Nfl;Fk; nja;tq;fs;. fhQ;rp rq;fuhr;rhupahH ,tw;iwAk; ,e;Jf; flTs;fs; vd;fpwhH. Mdhy; tlYhH ,ihkypq;f mbfNsh ,e;jf; flTs;fisf; fz;L gae;J XbNdd; vdg; ghLfpwhH!  ,tw;iwf; Fk;gpLgtHfSk; ,e;Jf;fs;!

“,t;tsT topghLfisAk; ghHj;J jpf;FKf;fhba nts;isf;fhud; jhd; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; nkhj;jkhfr; NrHj;J ,e;j Njrj;jpy; tho;gtHfis vy;yhk; ',e;J” vd;W mioj;jhd;.

ngz;fSf;F 8 taJf;Fs; fy;ahzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; ,y;iynad;why; mjhtJ UJthdgpd; fy;ahzk; nra;jhy; mtSila 'g`p\;il”apy; ntspg;gLtij mtSila mg;gNd rhg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mUtUf;fj;jf;f fl;lisia kD rhj;jpuk; Nghl;bUf;fpwJ.

'm\;lh tU\h gNyj; fd;ah”  8 taJf;Fs; ngz;Zf;F fy;ahzk; elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w ,e;j ];kpUjp tpjp> nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjptiu ,e;jpahtpy; kpfTk; rpuj;ijahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg; gl;L te;jJ. ,e;jf; nfhLikiaAk; mjd; nfhLikahd tpisTfisAk; Gupe;J nfhz;l nts;isf;fhud; 1929 ,y; rl;lk; nfhz;L te;J Foe;ijs; jpUkzj;ij jilnra;J tpl;lhd;. rl;lj;ij kPWfpwtHfSf;F rpiwj; jz;lid vdr; nrhd;dhd;.” (,e;J kjk; vq;Nf NghfpwJ)

1772 Mk; Mz;L Warrant Hastings vd;gtd; ePjp kd;wq;fspy; rptpy; tof;Ffis tprhupj;Jj; jPHg;G toq;Ftjw;F gpuhkz gz;bjHfis mkHj;jp Njrtoikr; rl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;fpdhd;. mJ ,yz;ldpy; A Code of Gentoo Laws or Ordinations of the Panidts vd;W ngaupy; mr;rplg;gl;lJ.

1799 ,y; RNjrp kf;fSf;fhd rl;lq;fisj; njhFj;j ftHdH n[duy; rH tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gtd;  ghHg;gd kD rhj;jpuk; Kjypatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;J rl;lk; (Hindu Law) vdg; ngaH itj;jhd;. ahH ,e;J vd;gjw;F Neupilahd tpsf;fk; $wpl Kbahky; vjpHkiw tpsf;fk;jhd ,r;rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ!

K];ypk; my;yhjtHfsJ milahsj;ijf; fhl;Ltjw;F Mq;fpNyaH rl;lj;jpw;Fk; kjj;jpw;Fk; ,l;l ngaNu “Hindu” vd;w nrhy;yhFk;.

“nts;isf;fhud; ,e;J vd;W ngaH #l;lhtpl;lhy; nts;isf;fhud; kl;Lk; ,e;J vd;W ngaH itj;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy; xt;NthH CupYk; irtH> itztH> rhf;jH> KUfgf;jH> vy;iy mk;kidf; Fk;gpLgtH vd;W ek;ikg; gpupj;Jf; nfhz;L jdpj;jdp kjkhf epidj;Jf; nfhz;bUg; Nghk;” vd;W fhQ;rp re;jpuNrfNue;jpu ru];tjp rq;fuhr;rhup $wpapUf;fpwhH. mJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ik MFk;.

,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s rhj;jpuq;fs; ];Ujp> ];kpUjp vd ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;gij Kd;dH ghHj;Njhk;. Ntjj;Jf;F mLj;jgbahf rpwg;G ,lk;  ngWgit ];kpUjpfs; MFk;. ,it mNdfkhf tpjp Ehy;fs; my;yJ  jUkrhj;jpuq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ];kpUjpfspy; kpfTk; Gfo;e;J Ngrg;gLtJ kD ,aw;wpa khdt jUkrhj;jpuk; MFk;. ,jd; nghUs; kdpjDf;Fupa tpjpfs; my;yJ kD ,aw;wpa tpjpfs; vd;gjhFk;.

kDePjp gw;wp ,jpfhrq;fs; Guhzq;fs; kpfTk; caHthfg; NgRfpd;wd. ngupaGuhzj;jpy; Nrf;fpohH kDePjp fz;l Nrhod; vd;w xU fw;gidf; fijiar; NrHj;jpUf;fpwhH. xUtd; nra;Ak; ghtj;jpw;Ff; fOtha; Njbf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il typAWj;jNt ,e;jf; fw;gidf; fijia mtH ghbapUe;f Ntz;Lk;.

kDePjpr; Nrhod; fij vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupe;j fij. kDePjpr; Nrhod; jtkpUe;J ngw;w xNu kfd; xU ehs; Njupy; efH tyk; Nghdhd;. vjpHghuhjtpjj;jpy; ,sq;fd;W xd;W NjHf;fhypd; ,il GFe;J neupgl;L ,we;J tpl;lJ. ,f; nfhLikiaj; je;ijahH fhjpy; tpOKd; ‘me;jzH tpjpj;j Mw;why; Mw;WtJ mwNk Mfpy; ,aw;Wtd;” vd;W mtHfis ehbdhd;. Mdhy; fd;iw <d;w gRNth muz;kid nrd;W Muha;r;rp kzpia mbj;jJ. mJ Nfl;L ntspapy; te;J ghHj;j murd; fz;zPH nrhupa gR xd;W epw;gijf; fz;lhd;.

“vd; ,jw;F cw;wJ” vd;W kd;dd; mikr;riu tpdht ele;j epfo;r;rpia mikr;rH nrhd;dhH. “murpsq;Fkud; fOtha; Njbf; nfhz;lhy; nra;j ghtk; Ngha;tpLk;” vd mikr;rH> me;jzH ,UtUk; $wpdH. Mdhy; kd;dd; kWj;J murpsq;Fkuid mNj Njupd; fhypy; itj;Jf; nfhd;whd;. kD nrhd;d ePjp fOtha; (gpuhar;rpj;jk;) Mdhy; capHf;F capH vd;W ahH ePjp nrhd;dhHfNsh njupatpy;iy. NrhoDf;F kDePjp fz;l Nrhod; vd;w mil nkhop itf;fg;gl;lJ.

kD xU Fyj;Jf;F xU ePjp ciuj;jhH vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;. mg;gb ,Ue;Jk; Nrf;fpohH cl;gl vy;NyhUk; kDitj; jiyapy; itj;J Vd; Nghw;wpdhHfs; vd;gJ tpsq;ftpy;iy. jkpoH tuyhw;wpy; kNdhd;kzpak; NguhrpupaH Re;juk;gps;is mtHfNs jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fg; ghlypy;>

“ts;StH nra; jpUf;Fwis kWtw ed;FzHe;NjhHfs;
cs;StNuh kDthjp xU Fyj;Jf;F xU ePjp”

vd;W kDitf; fLikahfr; rhbdhH.

jkpo;kiw je;j jpUts;StH tUzhr;rpu jUkj;ij> gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; caHT jho;T fw;;gpg;gij> cUt topghl;il> gpuhHjidia> nrgj;ij> Nts;tp nra;jiy> me;j Nts;tpapy; ML khL Fjpiu Nghd;wit gypapl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gL;tij kWj;J ciuf;fpwhH.  

Gj;jH flTs;> Md;kh> Ntjk; kw;Wk; tUzhr;rpuk jUkk; ,tw;iw mbNahL epuhfupj;jhH.

ehy; tUzj;ij MokhfTk; tpupthfTk; tw;GWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,e;Jf;fspd; Kf;fpa jUk rhj;jpuq;fspy; xd;whd kD ];kpUjpapNyNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

kD rhj;jpuj;jpd; Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpNyNa gpukd; gpuhkzd;> rj;jpupad;> itrpfd;> #j;jpud; MfpNahiu KiwNa jdJ jiy> Njhs;> njhil> fhy; Kjypatw;wpy; ,Ue;J gilj;jhd; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j cyifg; gilj;j gpukhNt kD ];kpUjpiaj; jdf;Ff; fw;gpj;jjhf kD  Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.   

kD ];kpUjp xt;nthU tUzj;Jf;Fk; cupa njhopy;fis tpupj;Jiuf;fpwJ.  Xjy;> XJtpj;jy;> ahfk; nra;jy; ahfk; nra;tpj;jy;> jhdk; nfhLj;jy; jhdk; thq;Fjy; vd;gd gpuhkzDila njhopy;fshFk;. ,jdhy; gpuhkzH mWnjhopNyhH vdTk; Fwpf;fg;gl;ldH.

kf;fisf; fhj;jy;> jhdk; nfhLj;jy;> Xjy; XJtpj;jy; rj;jpupaHfSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhopy;fshFk;.

tpyq;Ffisf; fhj;jy;> jhdk; nfhLj;jy;> ahfk; nra;jy;> tl;bf;Fg; gzk; nfhLj;jy;> thzpfk; nra;jy;> Ntshz;ik nra;jy;  itrpfHfSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l njhopy;fshFk;.

#j;jpuHfisg; gpukd; gilj;jjw;Ff; fhuzk; gpuhkzDf;Fk; kw;iwa ,U tUzj;jhUf;Fk; vjpHj;Jg; NgrhJ njhz;L nra;tw;NfahFk;.

,jpy; xd;iwf; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Xjy;> ahfk; nra;tpj;jy;> jhdk; nfhLj;jy; gpuhkz> rj;jpupa kw;Wk; itrpf tUzj;jhUf;Fg; nghJthf ,Ue;jhYk; Xjy;> jhdk; thq;Fjy;> ahfk; nra;jy; gpuhkzHfSf;Nf VfNghf cupikahFk;.

#j;jpuDf;F Xjy;> gpuhkzHfisf; nfhz;L ahfk; nra;jy;> jhdk; nfhLj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpuhkzHfs; gpukdpd; Kfj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpwe;j fhuzj;jhy; Vida  tUzj;jhiu tpl mtHfNs NkyhdtHfs;. mtHfNs Ntjj;Jf;F cupatHfs;. mtHfNs KO mfpyj;jpd; nrhe;jf;fhuHfs; MtH.

flTSf;F czT  gpuhkzHfs; %yNk nfhLf;fg;gLk;. mjhtJ flTsH> njd;Gyj;NjhH  gpuhkzdJ tha; topahfNt (mtHfSf;F tha; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;?) czT cl;nfhs;fpd;wdH. Md fhuzj;jhy; rj;jpupaH> itrpfH> #j;jpuH gpuhkzHfis tpl caHe;jtHfshf ,Uf;f KbahJ. Vida tUzj;jhH midtUk; gpuhkzHfspd; jatpy;jhd; jq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kD ];kpUjp gpuhkzd; kl;LNk jHkrh];jpuq;fis gbg;gpf;f cupikAilNahH vd;fpwJ. Vida tUzj;jhUf;F me;j cupik fpilahJ.

kD ];kpUjp  mwpitg; ngWtjw;F ];Ujpahd Ntjq;fSk; ];kpUjpahd jUkrhj;jpuq;fSk; Kf;fpa %ykhff; fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdr; nrhy;fpwJ. mtw;iwg;gw;wp ahUk; Muha;e;J ghHf;ff; $lhJ. fhuzk; kjk; mtw;wpy; ,Ue;Nj Njhd;wpaJ. mstpay; (jUf;f) mbg;gilapy;; Ntjj;ijf; fz;bf;Fk; eh];jpfNdh (flTs; ek;gpf;if mw;wtd;) my;yJ NtW ahUNkh r%fg; Gwf;fzpg;Gf;F cs;shf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

RUf;fkhff; $Wtnjd;why; kD ];kpUjp typAWj;Jk; ehy;tUzj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

    9)      gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;J r%fk; ehy;tUzkhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;wpy; ,U gpwg;ghsH vdg;gLk; Kjy; %d;W tUzq;fNs Ntjq;fisg; gbf;fTk; cgeaj;Jf;Fk; cupj;JilatH MtH. kD ];kpUjpapd; tpjpg;gb #j;jpuH my;yJ ,U gpwg;ghsg; ngz;fs; MfpNahUf;F fy;tp fw;f cupj;jpy;iy.

10)  xt;nthU tUzj;Jf;F cupa flikfSk; njhopy;fSk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw murd; fz;bg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. kD jUkj;jpd; gb fPo; tUzj;jtd; xUtd; Nky; tUzj;jtdJ njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lhy; murd; mtdJ cilikfisf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;dH mtid ehL flj;j Ntz;Lk;.

11)  gpuhkzHfs; Vida tUzj;jhiu tpl mjhtJ rj;jpupa> itrpfiutpl NkyhdtHfs;. #j;jpuHfs; gpuhkzH> rj;jpupaH> itrpfH vd;w tupirapy; filrp ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gtHfs;. gpuhkzd; mtd; %ldhf ,Ue;jhYk; flTNshL ruprkdhf itj;J kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.  EhW mfitAila xU rj;jpupad; gj;J mfit epuk;gpa xU gpuhkzg; gpi;isia jdJ je;ijahf kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpuhkzd; kl;LNk Xjy; nra;a mUfijAilatd;. xU #j;jpud; gpuhkzDf;F ePjp njhlHghd gbg;gpidfisf; fw;gpf;f vj;jdpj;jhy; Kad;why; murd; mtdJ fhjpYk; thapYk; nfhjpj;j vz;nza;ia Cw;wp mtidj; jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mNj Nghy; xU #j;jpud; gpuhkzdJ ,Uf;ifapy; ,Ue;jhy; mtdJ ,Lg;igr; #l;Lf;Nfhyhy; RlNtz;lk; my;yJ mtdJ Fz;bia ntl;l Ntz;Lk;. (tsUk;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

ehd;F tUzq;fSk; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; itj;Nj gFf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jpUkfs;

(14)

#j;jpuHfs; vd;why; vd;d nghUs;? vd;w Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehy; Ntjj;jpw;F epfuhd kD];kpUjp fPo;f;fz;lthW tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpwJ.

#j;jpud; VO tifg;gLk;

    1)      Aj;jj;jpy; Gwq;fhl;b xLgtd;

    2)      Aj;jj;jpy; ifjpahfg; gpbf;fg;gl;ltd;

    3)      gpuhkzdplj;jpy; gf;jpapdhy; CopaQ; nra;fpwtd;

    4)      tpiykfspd; kfd;

    5)      tpiyf;F thq;fg;gl;ltd;

    6)      xUtdhy; nfLf;fg;gl;lts;

    7)      jiyKiw jiyKiwahf CopaQ; nra;fpwtd;

(kD];kpUjp mj;jpahak; 8 RNyhfk; 415)

,dpj; njhlHe;J kD ];kpUjp typAWj;Jk; ehy;tUzj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg; ghHg;Nghk;.

    1) gpuhkz> rj;jpupa> itrpf tUzj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; cgeadj;Jf;Nfh Ntjk; gbf;fNth mUfij ,y;yhjtHfs;. mtHfisg;  nghWj;jstpy; jpUkzk; mtHfSf;F cgeadk; ngWtJ Nghd;wJ. jq;fs; fztHfSf;Fg; gzptpil nra;tJ FUFyj;jpy; Ntjq;fisf; fw;gJ Nghd;wJ. xU ngz;zpdJ fztd; vt;tsT xOf;ff; Nfldhf ,Ue;jhYk; ,d;ndhUj;jd; kidtpNahL tho;gtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mwptpypahf my;yJ ,ope;jtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; mts; mtidj; nja;tk; Nghy; fUjp elf;f Ntz;Lk;. kidtpia ,oe;j gpuhkzd; kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; fztid ,oe;j tpjit kWkzk; nra;a KbahJ. NkYk; ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhfTk; tpUk;gpaij nra;aTk; cupikAilats; vdf; fUjg;gl khl;lhHfs;. mtHfs; ,sikapy; je;ijapd; jatpYk; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; fztdpd; jatpYk;  KJikapy; kfd; jatpYk; tho   Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU jUzj;jpYk; mtsJ ghJfhtyHfs; ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhf elg;gij mDkjpf;ff; $lhJ. jdJ je;ij> fztd; kw;Wk; kfd; MfpNahuJ mDkjpapd;wp xU ngz; tPl;Lf;Fs;NsjhDk; vJTk; nra;af; $lhJ. mts; ,sikapy; je;ijapd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; fztdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; fztd; ,we;j gpd;dH kfdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; tho Ntz;Lk;.

    2) rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ntt;NtW tUzKk; ntt;NtW tpjkhf elj;jg;gLJy;. kDtpdhy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,e;Jr; rl;lk; rkj;Jtkpd;ikapy; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhd jz;lid vy;yh tUzj;jhUf;Fk; xNu khjpup ,y;iy. cz;ikapy; jz;lid Fw;wk; nra;jtdpd; tUzj;ijg; nghWj;Jk; Fw;wk; ,iof;fg;gl;ltdpd; tUzj;ijg; nghWj;Jk; NtWgLfpwJ. xNu khjpupahd Fw;wj;Jf;F gpuhkzdhf ,Ue;jhy; nkd;ikahd jz;lidAk; #j;jpudhf ,Ue;;jhy;  fLikahd jz;lidAk; tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk.; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gpuhkzdDf;F kuz jz;lid tpj;pj;jhy; mtdJ jiyia kopj;jhy; NghJkhdJ. Mdhy; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ltd; rj;jpupad;> itrpfd; my;yJ #j;jpudhf ,Ue;jhy; kuzjz;lid epiwNtw;wpNa Mf Ntz;Lk;. xU rj;jpupad;> itrpfd; my;yJ #j;jpud; ePjpkd;wpy; njhlHe;J ngha;r; rhl;rp mspj;jhy; mtd; jz;bf;fg;gl;Lg; gpd;dH ehl;il  tpl;Lj; Juj;j Ntz;Lk;. mNj Fw;wj;Jf;F gpuhkzdhf ,Ue;jhy; jz;lid ,y;iy> mtid ehl;iltpl;Lj; Juj;jpdhy; NghJkhdJ. xUtd; jdJ tUzj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;Zld; mtsJ xg;GjYld; clYwT nfhz;lhy; jz;lid ,y;iy. Mdhy; fPo;tUzj;ijr; NrHe;j xUtd; Nky;tUzj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;Zld; mtsJ xg;GjNyhL my;yJ xg;Gjy; ,y;yhJ clYWT nfhz;lhy; mtd; nfhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

xU gpuhkzd; ,d;ndhU gpuhkzidj; jdf;F Ntiy nra;AkhW fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhy; mtd; jz;bf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; gpuhkzd; xU #j;jpuidj; jdf;F Ntiy nra;AkhW $yp nfhLj;Njh my;yJ $yp nfhLf;fhkNyh fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhy; gpuhkzDf;Fj; jz;lid ,y;iy. fhuzk; #j;jpud; gpuhkzDf;Fj; njhz;L nra;aNt gilf;fg;gl;ltd;. gpuhkzd; xU #j;jpuidj; jpl;bdhy; mtDf;F nkd;ikahd jz;lidNa toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; xU #j;jpud; gpuhkzidj; jpl;bdhy; mtd; nfhy;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kWGwk; gpuhkzd; #j;jpuidf; nfhd;why; mtd; xU G+id> jtis> Me;ij my;yJ xU fhfj;ijf; nfhd;W gpuahrpj;jk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

    3) cz;ikapy; tUzjUkj;jpd; gpopNt ,e;j tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;l rkdpd;ikahFk;. ngaH itg;gjhf ,Uf;fl;Lk; kw;wtHfis tho;j;Jk; Kiwahf ,Uf;fl;Lk; my;yJ ePjpkd;wpy; cz;ik nkhopjyhf (rj;jpag; gpukhzk;) ,Ue;jhYk; rup> my;yJ ,Wjpr; rlq;F nra;tjhf ,Ue;jhYk; rup tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU gbapYk; gpwg;gpy; ,Ue;J ,wg;G tiu ,t;tpjkhd jug;gLj;jg;gl;l rkj;Jtkpd;ik  filg;gpbf;fg; glNtz;Lk;. kD flDf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tl;b tpOf;fhl;ilAk; tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. xNu njhiff; flDf;F rj;jpupad; gpuhkzidtplf; $ba tl;bAk;> itrpfd; rj;jpupaidtpl mjpf tl;bAk; #j;jpud; Mff; $ba tl;bAk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;!

    4) kDjUkj;jpd; gb xU gpuhkzd; jdJ tUzj;Jg; ngz;izNa jpUkzk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Kjy;Kiw jpUkzk; nra;Ak; NghJ xNu tUzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. Mdhy; ,Ugpwg;ghsd; (gpuhkzd;) jdJ fhkj;ij mlf;f Kbahj ,lj;J NtW tUzj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;iz ,uz;lhk; jhukhf jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; kD gpuhkzd; my;yJ rj;jpupad; ,uz;lhtJ jhukhf #j;jpu tUzg; ngz;izj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tij xg;gtpy;iy. kPwpj; jpUkzk; nra;jhy; mtHfs; #j;jpud; Mf kjpf;fg;gLtH.

    5) jPz;lhikia Mjupg;gJ kDtpd; r%f mLf;F Kiwikapd; xU $whFk;. gpuhkzd;> rj;jpupad;> itrpfd; kw;Wk; #j;jpud; vd;w ehd;F tUzq;fs; cz;L vd kD kpfj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.  ma;e;jhtJ tUzk; vd;W xd;W ,y;iy. kD Vida rhjpfs; ngUfpaij tpsf;FfpwhH. mjhtJ mit tUz-rq;fhu rhjpfs;. tUzq;fs; khwpj;  jq;fSf;Fs; fye;J nfhz;ljhy; Vw;gl;;lit. caHe; tUz MZf;Fk;  jho;e;j tUzg; ngz;Zf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhy; mtHfSf;Fg; gpwf;Fk; gps;isfs; mDNyhkh vd miof;fg;gLtH. kWGwk; jho;e;j tUz MZf;Fk; caHe;j tUzg; ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwf;Fk; gps;isfs; gpujpNyhkh vd miof;fg;gLtH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ep\hj; vd;w rhjp gpuhkz MZf;Fk; #j;jpug; ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwe;jtHfsJ jiyKiwapdH MtH. rz;lhsH rhjp #j;jpu MZf;Fk; gpuhkzg; ngz;Zf;Fk; gpwe;j gpujpNyhkh gps;isfsJ jiyKiwapdH MtH.

    6) kD rz;lhsHfs; gw;wp vd;d nrhy;fpwhH? kDrhj;jpuj;jpd; gb rz;lhsd; CUf;Fs; FbapUf;f KbahJ. jq;fs; njhopiyr; nra;J nfhz;L CUf;F ntspapy; Rliy> kiyg;gFjp my;yJ Njhg;Gfspy; FbapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.  mtHfs; fhy;eil my;yJ Fjpiu Nghd;w tpyq;Ffis tsHf;f KbahJ. eha; fOijfs; tsHf;fyhk;. mtHfs; rtj;Jf;Fg; Nghlg;gLk; Jzpia kl;Lk; mzpa Ntz;Lk;. cile;j jl;Lfspy; kl;LNk mtHfs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. jq;f Mguzq;fis mzpa KbahJ. ,Uk;G Mguzq;fisNa mzpa Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; xNu ,lj;jpy; mjpf fhyk; jq;fp ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. ,lk;tpl;L ,lk; khwpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uT Neuq;fspy; mtHfs; CHfSf;F  my;yJ efuq;fSf;F ntspNa elkhlf; $lhJ. murdJ Kd; mDkjpAld; ,we;j rlyq;fis mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L mtHfs; CHfSf;Fk; efuq;fSf;Fk; cs;Ns milahsk; fhz;gjw;F VJthfj; jdpj;Jtkhd milahsq;fis mzpe;J Eioa KbAk;. 

    7) xU “rkathjp” rz;lhsNdhL vt;thW gof Ntz;Lk;? mtNdhL vt;tpj r%f cwTk; (kzk;> tpUe;J Kjypad) itj;jpUf;ff; $lhJ. mtNdhL NgrNth ghHf;fNth $lhJ. rkathjp rz;lhsHfSf;F jq;fs; gzpahl;fisf; nfhz;L #j;jpuHfs;) cile;j fyq;fspy; czT nfhLf;fyhk;.

    8) tUzjUkj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;F nja;tPfk; kw;Wk; rka xg;Gjy; mspf;Fk; kD tUzjUkk; kw;Wk; kD];kpUjp nja;tPfk; tha;e;jit vd;Wk; mtw;iw kWj;Jg; NgrhJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;fpwhH.

,JfhWk; $wpatw;why; ehy;tUzk; kf;fshl;rpr; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F vjpuhdJ. njhopw; Rje;jpuj;ij mJ kWf;fpwJ. jdf;Fg; gpbj;j ngz;izNah MizNah jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tijj; jLf;fpwJ. vy;NyhUk; jkf;F tFf;fg;gl;l njhopiyNa nra;a Ntz;Lk;. jkJ tUzj;Jf;Fs;NsNa jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,Ugpwg;ghsd; $l Ntjj;ijg; gbj;j gpd;dNu NtW  Ehy;fisg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yhtpl;lhy; mtd; #j;jpudhfp tpLthd;. kD ];kpUjp xU gpuhkzd; gy topfspy; #j;jpudhf khw KbAk; vd;fpwJ.

rkj;Jtj;Jf;Fk; ehy; tUzj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Nkhjy; Jyhk;gukhfj; njupfpwJ. Kd;dH $wpaJNghy mLf;FKiw (hierarchy) rkkpd;ik (inequality) ehy;tUzj;jpd; cs;SiwahFk;. ehy;tUzk; r%f rkj;Jtj;ij kWf;fpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il kWf;fpwJ.  tpUk;gpa ngz;iz my;yJ Mizj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak; Rje;jpuj;ij kWf;fpwJ. njhopy; NjLk; rkTupikia kWf;fpwJ. MrpupaH kw;Wk; G+rfHfs; njhopy; gpuhkzUf;F kl;LNk xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kbthf ehy;tUzk; fy;tp Nfs;tp ,uz;bw;Fk; rk tha;g;ig kWf;fpwJ.

xU gpuhkzd; jdJ mwpit ,d;ndhUtDf;Ff; nfhLf;fhkNy rhf Neupl;lhYk; #j;jpuDf;F my;yJ ngz;Zf;F Ntjk; Xjf; $lhJ. vtdhtJ RakhfNt Ntjj;ijg; gbj;jhy; mtd; my;yJ mts; NeNu eufj;Jf;Fg; NghthHfs;. NtWtpjkhfr; nrhd;dhy; gpuhkz MZf;F kl;Lk; Ehw;Wf;F EhW tpOf;fhL fy;tp fw;Fk; cupik xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xU #j;jpud; gpuhkzdJ ,Uf;ifapy; mkHe;jhy; mtdJ ,Lg;gpy; my;yJ Fz;bapy; Fwp Rl Ntz;Lk;. caH tUzj;NjhH rz;lhsidg; ghHf;fTk; $lhJ NgrTk; $lhJ. fyg;Gj; jpUkzk; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. tUzj;Jf;F ,ilNa fyg;Gj; jpUkzk; ele;Jtplf; $lhJ vd;gjpy; kD kpfTk; MHtj;NjhL ,Ue;jhH. vdNt ,e;J r%f Kiwik kdpjHfisj; jdpikg;gLj;jpAk; xJf;fpAk; itj;Js;sJ.

rpy ,e;Jf;fs;> gbj;jtHfs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsHfs; cl;gl> ,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s ,e;jf; fiwfis kiwj;Jtpl;L ,e;J kjk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikiaAk; jhuhs kdKk; epiwe;j kjk; vd cyfj;Jf;Fg; gug;Giu nra;fpwhHfs;.

NtW VjhtJ kjk; jPz;lhikiaAk; mbikj;jdj;ijAk; mDkjpf;fpwjh? NtW VjhtJ kjj;jpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rhjpapy; (gpuhkzd;) gpwe;jtd; kl;Lk; G+rfuhf KbAk; kw;wtHfSf;F mUfij ,y;iy vd;W $Wfpwjh?

mbikj;jdk; ,e;jpahTf;F my;yJ ,e;Jrkaj;Jf;F kl;Lk; cupj;Jilajhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; jPz;lhikf;F nja;tPf xg;Gjy; cz;nld;W $Wk; rkak; ,e;J rkak; xd;Nw!

xU ,e;J rfpg;Gj;jd;ik cilatuhf ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. mNj Nghy; rpy ,e;Jf;fs; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik mw;wtHfshf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. Mdhy; ,e;J kjk; R%f my;yJ Ez;zwpT mbg;gilapy; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;l kjk; my;y. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf kD jUkrhj;jpuq;fis vjpHj;Jr; nrhy;yhly; nra;thiuNah my;yJ fz;ldk; nra;NthiuNah r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J xJf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhy;fpwhH. gFj;jwpTthjpfs;> kjek;gpf;ifaw;wtHfs;> Rarpe;jidahsHfs; kw;Wk; gTj;jH MfpNahiu tpUe;jpduhf tPl;Lf;F miog;gijj; jil nra;fpwhH. ey;yfhykhf mtHfSf;F czT mspg;gijj; jilnra;atpy;iy! kD ek;gpf;ifaPdHfsJ FLk;gq;fs; fhyk; jho;j;jhky; tpiue;J mopf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. kD];kpUjp ehj;jpfHfisAk; gFj;jwpTthjpfisAk; tirghLfpwJ. 

ehj;jpfHfs; rpyrkak; #j;jpuHfNshLk; rpyrkak; rz;lhsHfNshLk; rpyrkak; jpUlHfNshLk; rpyrkak; kdNehahspfNshLk; xg;gplL Vrg;gLfpwhHfs;. ,Jjhd; ,e;J jHkj;jpd; “ngUe;jd;ik” MFk;.

,tw;Wf;Fk; tHf;fg; gpuptpw;Fk; vd;d njhlHG?

tHf;fg; gpupT vy;yh r%fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; tUzk; mg;gbay;y. tUzk; tHf;fg; gpupT vd;W epahag;gLj;JtJ gadpy;yhj Kaw;rpahFk;.

,d;ndhU nrhy;yhly; vd;dntd;why; tUzjUkk; vd;gJ njhlf;fj;jpy; xUtdJ ,aw;iff;Fk;> Fzj;Jf;Fk;> nraYf;Fk; jf;fgb nra;ag;gl;l gFg;G vd;gjhFk;. mJ cz;ikah vd;gJ tuyhw;W Ma;Tf;F cupa xd;whFk;. 

fPijapy; fz;zd; “mtutH ,aw;iff;Fk;> Fzj;Jf;Fk;> nraYf;Fk; jf;fgb> ehd;F tUzq;fisAk; ehd;jhd; cz;lhf;fpNdd;. nrayw;wtDk;> mwptw;wtDkhfpa  ehd;jhd;> ehd;F tUzq;fSf;Fk; fHj;jh vd;gijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;” vd mUr;RdDf;F cgNjrk; nra;fpwhd;.

mg;gbnad;why; xUtd; gpwe;j gpd;dNu mtutH ,aw;iff;Fk;> Fzj;Jf;Fk;> nraYf;Fk; jf;fgb ehd;F tUzq;fshfg; gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; ehd;F tUzq;fSk; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; itj;Nj gFf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,d mbg;gilapy; tUzk; gFf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gNj rupahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,y;iy tUzk; Fzk; kw;Wk; jpwik mbg;gilapy; gFf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij xU thjj;Jf;F xj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; mjdhy; ngwg;gLk; ed;ik vd;d? kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpy; gFf;fg;gl;l tUzq;fis ,d;Wk; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; tFg;gjhy; vd;d gad;? ,J mwpTf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w xd;whFk;.

vJ vg;gbapUg;gpDk; kD];kpUjp gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapNyNa Kw;W KOjhf tUzq;fisg; gpupf;fpwJ. (tsUk;;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

#j;jpudhd rk;Gfid ,uhkd; mk;G va;jpf; nfhd;whd;

jpUkfs;

(15)

fTjk Gj;jH (fpK 6 Mk; Ehw;whz;L) Ntjq;fspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaAk; tUzjUkj;ijAk; vjpHj;Jg; Nghjid nra;jhH. jpupgPlfj;jpy;> Fpwpg;ghf jPfepf;fha kw;Wk; k[;fpkh epf;fha ,uz;bYk;> ,e;j vjpHg;Gg; gw;wpa gy thrfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. “gpuhkzHfs; kw;w khdplHfis tpl NtWgl;ltHfs;> mtHfs; jiyapy; ,Ue;J gpwe;jtHfs;> gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; r%jhaj;jpy; kw;wtHfSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; Md;kPf topelj;jy; nra;tjw;Fj;  jkf;Nf kuGtop cupik cz;L” vd;w nfhs;ifiag; Gj;jH kWj;Jiuj;jhH. Fwpg;ghf k[;fpkh epf;fhahtpy; tUzjUkj;ij Gj;jH gy ,lq;fspy; kWj;Jg; NgRfpwhH.

Gj;jH gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; xUtuJ r%f ,Uf;if kw;Wk; flik epHzapf;fg;gLtJ epahakw;wJ vdf; $wpdhH.  xUtH gpwe;j rhjp tUzk; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; rl;lj;jpd; fz;fspy; vy;NyhUk; rkj;JtkhdtHfs; vd;gJ Gj;jupd; nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J Gj;jH fhyj;jpy; NyNa tUzjUkk; rPuope;J Nghdijf; fhl;LfpwJ.      

“kdpjHfs; gpwf;Fk; NghNj rkkhfg; gpwg;gjpy;iy. vdNt gps;isfs; jq;fsJ je;ijkhupd; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tNj ,aw;ifahdJ ,ay;ghdJ”  vd;gJ tUzjUkj;ij epahag;gLj;jpg; NgRNthH Kd;itf;Fk; thjkhFk;.  

xU gFj;jwpTthjp vd;w Kiwapy; Gj;jk; rkzk; irtk; ,e;J Kjypa vy;yh kjq;fisAk; epuhfupf;fpNwd;. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fl;Liuj; njhlupy; gFj;jwpTthjpfs; ,e;J rkaj;ij kl;Lk; vjpHf;fpwhHfs; vd;w Nfs;tpf;F  tpil nrhy;y tpUk;GfpNwd;.

fhe;jp mbfs; ,e;J vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp gw;wp Young India ( October, 1921) ,jopy; vOjpAs;sij ,g;NghJ gbAq;fs;.

    (1) ,e;J rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;Fk; NghJ ehy; Ntjk;> cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fs; Mfpait mjpy; mlq;Ffpd;wd vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;if. vdNt ehd; mtjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; kWgpwg;Gg; gw;wp ek;GfpNwd;.

    (2)  ehy; Ntjk; nrhy;fpd;w tUzhr;rpuk jUkj;ij ek;GfpNwd;. Mdhy; ,d;W eilKiwpapy; ,Uf;Fk; tUzhr;rpuk jUkj;ij ehd; ek;gtpy;iy.

    (3)   gR fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F ek;gpf;if cz;L.

    (4)   cUt tzf;fj;jpy; vdf;F ek;gpf;if ,y;iy vd;W ehd; ek;gtpy;iy.

fhe;jpahH Fwpg;gpLk; ek;gpf;iffs; vy;yhk; ,e;J kjj;Jf;F mbg;gilahdit vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. gR ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; cUt tzf;fj;ijtpl Ntjq;fSk; tUzhr;rpuk jUkk; ,uz;Lk; kl;LNk ,e;J kjj;Jf;F mbg;gilahdit vd;gNj rupahFk;.

,uhjhfpU\;zd; ,e;J kjj;jpd; Kf;fpa rka rhj;jpuq;fs; Ntjq;fs; kl;Lky;y ,jpfhrq;fSk; Guhzq;fSk; mjpy; mlq;Fk; vd;fpwhH.

NtW thHj;jiffspy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Vd; gFj;jwpTthjpfs; jq;fis  ,e;J my;y vd;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;-

    (1) ,e;J rhj;jpuq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpw Ntjq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fis
       mtHfs; ek;gtpy;iy. vdNt mtjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; kW gpwg;gpy; ,uz;bYk;
       ek;gpf;fapy;iy.

   (2) Ntjk; nrhy;fpd;w tUzhr;rpuk jUkj;ij ,e;J rhj;jpuq;fs; nrhy;fpd;w fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyh my;yJ kD ];kpUjpapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpNyh  ek;gtpy;iy.

     (3)  cUt tzf;fj;jpy; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy.

gFj;jwpTthjpfs; jq;fis Vd; ,e;J my;y vd;gij tpsf;Fk; NghJ ,e;J kjj;Jf;F mbg;gilahd (1) Ntjj;jpd; cz;ikj;jd;ik> kw;Wk; (2) tUzhr;rpuk jUkk;  ,uz;ilANk ftdj;Jf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,e;J kjk; tho;tpd; cWjpg; nghUl;fs; ehd;fpy; ,Wjpahd tPLNgW gw;wp vOJNtd;.

Kjypy; ,e;jpa rpe;jidia ,e;J rpe;jidahsH ,uz;L Kf;fpa gpupthf tFj;js;sdH. mit (m) Mj;jPfk; (M) ehj;jPfk; MFk;.

,e;J kjj;jpd; rpe;jidfs; Md kPkhk;rk;> rhq;fpak;> Nahfk;> epahak; kw;Wk; itNrbfk; Mfpait Mj;jPfk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,it flTis ek;Gfpd;wd vd;gjy;y. ,it Ntjk; nrhy;tij cz;ik vd xj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

gFj;jwpTthjpfs;  Ntjj;ij ek;gtpy;iy vd;Dk; NghJ mjpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l mj;jidAk; ngha; vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy. mjpy; Mq;fhq;Nf rpy gFj;jwpTf;F Vw;w fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;glyhk;. Mdhy; Ntjj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s rpy fUj;Jf;fs; epr;rakhfg; ngha;ahdit. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf gpuhkz> rj;jpupa> itrPf kw;Wk; #j;jpuHfs; KiwNa gpukhtpd; jiy> Njhs;> njhil> fhy; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; gpwe;jhHfs; vd;gJ ngha; vd;gijj; jplkhff; $wyhk;.

,e;j tUzhr;rpuk Kiwik kdpjdhy; tFf;fg;gl;lit. mjw;Fk; cyfj;ij cz;lhf;fpdtd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLgtDf;Fk; njhlHNg ,y;iy.

Ntjk; gpioaw;wJ vd;w thjj;ijj; epuhfupf;fpNwd;. NkYk; mJ flTspd; thHj;ijfs; vd;gijNah mit mdhjpahditNah vd;gijNah gFj;jwpTthjpfs;  ek;gtpy;iy. mit kdpjdhy; epidf;fg;gl;L> Ngrg;gl;L vOjg;gl;litahFk;. mit flTspd; thHj;ijfs; vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lkpy;iy.

fhuzk; flTs; ,Uf;fpwhH vd;gjw;F rupahd rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. vy;yhk; ty;y> vy;yhk; mwpe;j> vq;Fk; epiwe;j flTs; xUtH ,Uf;fpwhH vd;gJ Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; Jd;gk; kw;Wk; jPikfs; fhzg;gLtjw;F KuzhdJ. flTs; xUtH ,Uf;fpwhH vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; rhj;jpak; ,y;yhj xd;W.

kdpjH Gtpapy; Njhd;WKd; Ntjq;fs; Njhd;wp ,Uf;f KbahJ. rkw;fpUj nkhop Njhd;W Kd; Ntjq;fs; Njhd;wp ,Uf;f KbahJ. rkw;fpUjk; kdpj Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kd;dH Njhd;wp ,Uf;f KbahJ. 

xUtdJ gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; tUzhr;rpu jUkk; tFf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Kjd; Kjypy; ,Uf;F Ntjk; GUr #f;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gpuhkz> rj;jpupa> itrPf> #j;jpu tUzhr;rpuk Kiwik cgepljq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tUzhr;rpuk jUkk;  vd;gjpy; cs;s Mr;rpukk; vd;gJ ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fNshL (GU\hHj;jk;) njhlHGs;sJ. ,jpy; tPLNgNw tho;tpd; caHe;j nghUshff; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

tUzhr;rpuk jUkk; ,uhkhahzk; ghujk;> fPij Nghd;w ,jpfhrq;fshy; Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhkd; #j;jpudhd rk;Gfd; jtk; nra;jhd; vd;w Fw;wj;Jf;fhf mk;G va;jpf; nfhy;Yfpwhd;.

#j;jpud; jdJ Ra jUkj;ijtpl;L gpuhkzDf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jtj;ijr; nra;jhd; vd;gjw;fhfNt flTs; mtjhuk; vd;W $wg;gLk; ,uhkdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;.  

,Nj Nghy; kfhghujj;jpy JNuhzhr;rhupahH VfiytDf;F tpy; tpj;ij fw;gpf;f kWf;fpwhH. Vfiytd; jhdhfNt JNuhzhr;rhupahiuj; jdJ FUthfg; ghtid nra;J tpy;tpj;ij fw;Wj; Njwpa NghJ JNuhzH FU jl;rizahf mtdJ fl;iltpuiy ntl;bj; jUkhW Nfl;fpwhH. fhuzk; gpwg;gpy; #j;jpudhd VfiytDf;F tpy; tpj;ij fw;Fk; jFjp ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.

NkYk; gftj; fPijapy; mUr;Rdd; jdJ khkd; kr;rhd; cld;gpwg;Gf;fNshL NghH nra;a kWj;j NghJ mtdJ ftiyfspy; xd;W me;jg; NghH tUzf; fyg;ig Vw;gLj;jp tpLk; vd;gjhFk;. kWGwk; fpU\;zd; mUr;Rdd; rj;jpupad; vd;w fhuzj;jhy; mtidg; NghH GupAkhW Jhz;Lfpwhd;.

“eP rj;jpupad;. vdNt  NghH nra;tJ cdJ Ra jHkk;. Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;why; ,e;j cyfpy; ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ms;tha;. Nghupy; Njhw;why; eP nrhHf;fj;Jf;Fg; Nghtha;.”

fpU\;zd; jhNd ehy; tUzj;ijAk; gilj;jjhfr; nrhy;fpwhd;. mUr;Rdd; rj;jpupadhfg; gpwf;fhky; gpuhkzdhfNth> itrPfdhfNth my;yJ #j;jpudhfNth gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mopitf; nfhz;L tUk; nfl;l NghH nra;Ak; flik mtDf;F ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.

mbg;gil ,e;J kjj;jpd; rpwe;j rq;fuH tUz jUkj;ij Mjupf;fpwhH. mtuJ Nfhl;ghbd; gb #j;jpuH jj;Jt Qhdj;ijg; ngw mUfijaw;wtHfs;. mtuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l klq;fs; gpuhkzHfsJ VfNghf nrhj;jhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ];khHj;j gpuhkzH kl;LNk me;j klq;fspd; gPlhjpgjpfshf tuKbak;.

ePq;fs; nrhy;tnjy;yhk; gioa fij> gioa gof;f tof;fq;fs;. ,d;iwa rl;lq;fs; kD $wpatw;iw kWj;Jtpl;ld. ,d;iwa ,e;Jf;fs; kD jUkj;ij Kw;whfg; gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy.

,d;iwa rl;lq;fspd; fPo; jPz;lhik jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ghy;a tpthfk;> gyjhu kzq;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. kzKwpT xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ifk;ngz;fs; kPsj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.  je;ijapd; nrhj;jpy; ngz;gps;isfSf;F cupik toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

,Ue;Jk; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; md;whl rKjha eilKiwf;Fk; epiwa ,ilntsp fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jPz;lhik rl;lg;gb jilnra;ag;gl;lhYk; eilKiwapy; mJ gpd;gw;wp tug;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd CHf; jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; Eioa Kbahj epiyjhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. kPwp EioAk; NghJ mb jb rz;il ,lk;ngWfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd jpUkzq;fs; mtutH rhjpf;Fs;NsNa eilngWfpd;wd. 

rhjp mbg;gilapy; fy;tpf;$lq;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPL nra;tjd; %yk; gpw;gl;l jho;j;jg;gl;l kiyrhjp kf;fSf;F fy;tp Gfl;lg;;gl;L caHrhjpapdUf;Fk; jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpahUf;Fk; ,ilapy; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;Jte;j  NkL gs;sk; epug;gg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; ,l xJf;fPl;Lf;F vjpuhd  rhjp ,e;Jf;fspd; vjpHg;Gk; njhlHe;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

nkhj;jj;jpy; ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapyhd kDtpd; tUzjUk rhjp mikg;G ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;tp tha;g;G> mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nry;tr; rkkpd;ikahfNt gq;fplg;gl;L tUfpwJ. ,jpy; jPz;lg;glhj rhjpahH rKjhaj;jpy; njhlHe;J mbkl;lj;jpNyNa ,Ue;J tUfpwhHfs;.

Xjy; gpuhkzHfsJ VfNghf cupik vd;w epiyapy;yhtpl;lhYk; jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; G+ir nra;Ak; cupik gpuhkzHfSf;Nf cupj;jhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. gpuhkzHfisf; fUtiwfspy; ,Ue;J mfw;Wk; Kaw;rp Njhy;tp fz;Ls;sJ.

Nky; $wpatw;why; ,e;J rKjhak; xNu rKjhakhf vg;NghJk; ,Ue;jJ ,y;iy. jdp; rptid tzq;Fgtu;fs;> jdp tp\;Zit tzq;Fgtu;fs;> jdp ];fe;jid tzq;FgtHfs;> jdpf; fzgjpia tzq;FgtHfs;>  Ehw;Wf;fzf;fhd CHj; Njtijfis topgLgtu;fs; vdj; jdpj;jdp rKjhakhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,tu;fSf;Fk; Ntjj;Jf;Fk; njhlHNg ,y;iy. 

kiwe;j rq;fuhr;rhup re;jpuNrfNue;jpuu; “nts;isf;fhud; ekf;nfy;yhk; `pe;Jd;D Ngu; nfhLj;jjhNy jg;gpr;Nrhk;. rdhjd ju;kk; xd;dh ,Ue;jnjd;gJ MjpapNy ,Ue;Nj fpilahJ. ek; Njrj;jpNy fzf;fpylq;fhj gpupTfs; ,Ue;jd” vd;fpwhu;. (nja;tj;jpd; Fuy;)

,e;J rl;lj;jpNy $l ,e;J vDk; nrhy;Yf;Fwpa tiuaiwiar; rupahfr; nrhy;y Kbatpy;iy. ahnuhUtu;> rPf;fpau; ,y;iyNah> fpwpj;Jtu; ,y;iyNah> kfkjpau; ,y;iyNah> ghu;rp ,y;iyNah> irdu; ,y;iyNah> Gj;ju; ,y;iyNah mtnuy;yhk; ,e;Jf;fs; vd;Wjhd; tiuaWf;f Kbe;jJ. 

,iwapyp epyq;fisAk;> rJHNtjp kq;fyq;fisAk; gpuhkzHfSf;F Ehw;Wf; fzf;fpy; jhdk; nfhLj;J rhjpg;gapu; tsu;j;j ,ilf;fhyr; Nrhou;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rKjhak; tyq;if ,lq;if vdg; gpupe;J rz;il ,l;ld. Nrhog; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F ,JTk; xU fhuzpahFk;. 

irt ntwp kpFe;J itztf; Nfhtpy; %ytu;fisg; ngau;j;Jf; flypy; vwpe;j jkpo; kd;du;fspd; tuyhW jkpo; ehl;by; cz;L.

mk;kd;du;fl;Fg; gae;J ik#u; ehl;Lf;F XbatH ,uhkhD[hr;rhupahH vd;w itztg; ngupahH. 

itzt kjf; flTsupd; ngau;fs; fhjpy; tpof;$lhJ vdf; fhjpy; kzp fl;b ,Ue;j irtu;fs; mNefk;. itztg; ngau;fshd ngUkhs;> fpU\;zd; vd ,tu;fs; gf;fj;jpy; Ngha; cuf;fr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mr;nrhw;fs; fhjpy; tpohkypUf;f fhjpy; fl;ba kzpia Ml;bf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;. (tsUk;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

Njthyaj;Jf;Fs;  Eioa Kbahj fpwp];Jtd; cz;lh?

jpUkfs;

(16)

,e;J kjk; kf;fis gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; $W $whf;fpg; gpupj;J itj;Js;sJ vd;gjw;F Vuhskhd rhd;Wfs; cz;L. kw;w kjq;fs; kf;fis mutizf;f (inclusiveness) Kidfpd;wd. ,e;J kjk; xd;Nw gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fisg; js;sp (exclusiveness) itj;jpUf;fpwJ.

,e;J kjj;jpy; gpr;ir vLf;Fk; ghHg;gdHfSf;F cs;s cupik$l #j;jpuHfs;> jho;j;jg;gl;ltHfs>; jPz;lg;glhjtHfs; vd;W xJf;fp itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;  kf;fSf;F ,y;iy!

k#jpf;Fs; Eioa Kbahj K];yPk; cz;lh?

Njthyaj;Jf;Fs;  Eioa Kbahj fpwp];Jtd; cz;lh?

FUj;JthuhTf;Fs; Eioa Kbahj rPffpad; cz;lh?

fpilahJ.  ,e;J kjj;jpy; kl;LNk Nfhapy; fUtiw njhlq;fp ntsptPjp tiu rhjp mbg;gilapy; gf;jHfs; epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sdH.

,e;J ju;kk; jioj;Njhq;fpa jpUtpjhq;$upy; ehlhu; ngz;fs; khHig  kiwf;fj; Njhs;rPiyg; Nghu; elj;j Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. me;ehl;bd; Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; nfhiyf;Fw;wk; nra;j ghu;g;gdu;fis nfhiyj; jz;lidapypUe;J tpLtpj;J mNj Fw;wk; Gupe;j Vida rhjpapdUf;Ff; nfhiyj; jz;lid toq;fpaJ.

NkNyhu; njUf;fspy; <otH GiyaH elkhlj; jil nra;ag; gl;ldH.  <otu; gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;whYk; mtu;fis murgzpapy; mku;j;jplj; jil ,Ue;jJ. kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gl;lk; ngw;w kUj;JtH  gy;g;Gtpw;F jpUthq;$u; jpthd; Ntiy jug;gltpy;iy. ik#u; ,uhrhjhd; fjitj; jpwe;jhH. kiwe;j Ml;rpj; jiytH Nf. Mu;. ehuhazDf;F Ntiy fpilf;f tplhky; jpUthq;$upy; Nru; rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp ma;au; jilaha; ,Ue;jhu;.

fk;a+dy; [p.X jkpofj;jpy; te;j gpwFk; $l kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; NfhappYf;Fs; Eioa ehlhu;> thzpaH  cs;spl;l 18 rhjpapdUf;Fj; jilapUe;jJ.

1899 ,y; fKjpapYk; rptfhrpapYk; ehlhu;fs; Nfhapy; Eioit elj;jpdu;.

rdhjdk; fhf;fg; gpwe;j ,uhkehjGuk; kd;du; MyaEioit vjpu;j;J tof;F elj;jpdhu.; mNj kd;du; tpNtfhde;jUf;F mnkupf;fh nry;yg; gzk; nfhLj;J cjtpdhu.; ,e;j tof;Ff; Fwpj;J tpNtfhde;ju; vd;d fUjpdhu; vd;gJ njupatpy;iy.

Nfhappypy; Eioa ehlhUf;F cupik ,y;iy vdg; gpuGf;fs; mit (Privy Council) ,lk; ,Ue;J jPu;g;G thq;fpdhH.

rptfhrpapy; Nfhappypy; ehlhu; Eioe;jTld; nghWf;f ,ayhj kwtu;fs; rptfhrp kPJ gilnaLj;J mjidj; jhf;fp mopf;f te;jdu;. ,U jug;Gk; Nkhjp E}w;Wtu; khz;ldu;. mjd;gpd; khjf;fzf;fpy; jz;lf;fhty; gilahy; rptfhrp fhf;fg;gl;lJ.

kJiu kPdhl;rp Nfhapypy; Eioa 1909 ,y; NrzpaUk; thzpaUk; cupik Nfhup tof;Fj;njhLj;jdu;.

ePjp fpilj;jJ NrzpaUf;F> Mdhy; thzpau; “capUs;s tpj;Jf;fisf; nfhd;W vz;nza; gpope;njLf;Fk; Nfty Ntiy nra;tjhy; cupikapy;iy” vdj; jPHj;jdH kD ePjpia epiy ehl;ba ,e;J ePjpgjpfs;.

gpd;du; Nfhapy; Eioit ,uhrhrp rl;lkhf;Fk; Kd; 1937 ,y; kw;nwhU Nfhapy; Eioit ehlhu;fSk; Vida rhjpapdUk; (me;jr; rhjpg; ngaHfisf; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;gtpy;iy) elj;jpdu.

clNd kPdhl;rp Nfhapy; gl;lu;fs; kJiuf;Nfhapiyf; fjtilj;J kPdhl;rp Nfhapiy tpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhs; vd;W Nrjp gug;gp> kJiuj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; mUfpNy Fbir xd;W Nghl;L ,Jjhd; cz;ikahd kPdhl;rp vd;W g+ir nra;aj; njhlq;fpdH.

ghu;g;gdg; ngz;fs; ; Nfhapy; EioT vjpu;g;Gr; rpe;J  ghb E}y;fs; ntspapl;ldu;.

muR> fyfk; nra;j gl;lu;fspd; Ntiyf;F ciyitf;f Kide;jNghJ gioagbf;F kPdhl;rp NfhapYld; gl;lu;fs; rkurk; nra;jdu.; (Mjhuk; - fGy;yupd; “Njtpapd; jpUg;gzpahsu;fs;” Kidtu; njh. .gukrptk; vOjpa Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;)

Nfhapy;fSf;F ehd;F thapy;fs; itj;jNj ehd;F tUzKk; jdpj;jdpNa ,iwtid topglNt MFk;. ,jd; %yk; jypj;fis NfhapYf;Fs; EioahJ jdpikg;gLj;jp xJf;fpdu;.

“gzj;jpahtNjjlh gwj;jpahtNjjlh” vd;w fyff; Fuy; kD jUkj;jpw;F vjpuhd rpj;jHfspd; fz;ldkhFk;.  

1993 ,y; kf;fs; fiy ,yf;fpaf; fofj;jpdu; rpwPuq;fk; Nfhapy; fUtiwapy; Eioe;jNghJ ,e;J ju;kf; fhtyu;fs; mtu;fis ,Uk;Gj;jbfshy; mbj;jhHfs;. kWehs; Nfhapy; jPl;Lg;gl;L tpl;ljhff; $wp fopg;Gr; rlq;F elj;jpdhHfs;.

,itjhd; ehkwpe;j gpsTglhj ,e;J r%fj;jpd; Nahf;fpaij MFk;. 

fle;j 25 Mz;Lfsha; xt;nthU khehl;bYk; “,lxJf;fPl;Ly gbr;Rl;L te;j lhf;lUq;f gz;w Mg;gNurdhy; Nehahsp nrj;Jlwhd; ,d;Qpdpau; fl;Lw ghyk; xlQ;RUJ”  vdg; ga%l;b te;j jkpo;ehL gpuhkzu; rq;fk; mz;ikapy; jq;fSf;F 15 tpOf;fhL ,l xJf;fPL Ntz;Lk; vdj; jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.  

xt;nthU ehl;lhu; NfhappYf;Fk; tuyhWk; jdpj;jdpg; gz;ghLk; cz;L. mit vy;yhk; mirtg; gilaiy Ntz;b epw;Fk; nja;tq;fs;.  mtw;wpw;Fk; fw;gpjkhd ,e;J kjf; flTsUf;Fk; njhlHG  VJk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; jpl;lkpl;l rkw;fpUjkakhf;fy; %yk; mf; Nfhapy;fSf;Ff; FlKOf;Fr; nra;J Nfhapy; G+rhupfis tpul;b tpl;Lj; jhq;fNs G+Ruj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;L tpLfpwhHfs;.  tpsf;Fg; g+ir itj;jy;> yypjh rf];u ehkk; ghLjy;> NjH jpUtpoh elj;;jy; %yk; mf;Nfhapy;fisAk; mk;kf;fisAk; ,e;Jkakhf;fp tpLfpwhHfs;.  

gpuhkzHfspd; rjpf;Fg; gypahd flTs;jhd; KUfd;. nfhw;witapd; kfdha; ,Ue;J fwpr;NrhW jpd;w KUfidg; ghu;tjpf;F kfdhf;fp> thjhgpapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L te;j fzgjpia (,df; FOf;fshd “fzq;fspd;” jiytd;) mz;zdhf;fp> kidtp ts;spia ,uz;lhtJ kidtp  Mf;fp ,Wjpapy; gUg;Gk; nghq;fYk; jpd;ditj;J Rg;ukz;adhf;fpa (]{g;uhkzpad; . cau;thd gpuhkzd;) rjpNa ,d;Dk; njhlu;fpwJ.

Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; FwtH rhjpiar; NrHe;j ts;spapd; re;jjpapdH ,d;W KUfd; Nfhapy;fSf;F ntspNa epWj;jg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 

Mfkj;jpy; Ngrg;glhj Ngr;rpak;kDf;Fk; ntf;fhsp mk;kDf;Fk; $l FlKOf;Fr; nra;J rkw;fpUj kakhf;fy; nra;J tpl;lhHfs;.  

,t;thnwy;yhk; nra;Jk; ,e;J kjk; jpz;zpaj;jpYk;> nfhbaq;Fsj;jpYk;> KJFsj;JhupYk; Mjp jpuhtplHfisj; js;spNa itj;jpUf;fpwJ.  

,e;J r%fk; vd;gNj rhjpfspd; gb tupirAk; (stratification)  rhjp Mjpf;f ntwpAk; nfhz;lJjhd;.; ,e;j ju;kk; vd;why; rhjp jUkk; vd;Nw nghUs; MFk;.

,e;Jf; flTs;fis kl;LNk jhf;Ftjpy;> ,e;J kjj;ij vjpHg;gjpy; mjpf MHt fhl;LfpNwhk; vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;! Mdhy; ,e;J kjj;ijf; nfhr;irg;gLj;JfpNwhk; vd;gJ jtW! Nkd;ikahd xd;iwf; fPo;ikg;gLj;Jtjw;Nf nfhr;ir vd;gJ nghUe;Jk;!

Mupag; ghHg;gdH jq;fspd; ,r;irNghy vOjp itj;Js;s ,e;Jkj ,jpfhrq;fSk; Guhzq;fSk; ];kpUjpfSNk jkpopdj;ijf; nfhr;irg;gLj;JfpwJ. vj;jidNah E}w;whz;Lfshf Mupag; ghHg;gdH tpupj;j #o;r;rp - tQ;rf tiyapy; rpf;fpj; jkpopdk; rPuopfpwJ.  

Vd; ,e;J kjj;ijAk; ,e;J nja;tq;fisAk; kl;Lk; mjpfkhfj; jhf;FfpNwhk;?  ,e;J kjKk; mjd; nja;tq;fSk; kl;LNk vkJ ,dj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F - ,optpw;F - cyNfhH gopg;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ug;gjhy; mjidj; jhf;FfpNwk;! vg;gb vd;gij xU E}w;whz;lhfg; ngupahH ,af;fk; tpsf;fp tUfpwJ.   

vq;fs; kf;fis mRuHfs;> ,uhl;rrHfs; vd;w ngaupy; rptd; Kjy; fhspfs; tiuf; fhypy; Nghl;L kpjpg;gJ #yj;jhy; fpopg;gJ ,e;Jj; nja;tq;fsh? my;yJ  ,];yhk;> fpwp];jtj; nja;tq;fsh? 

Ntjk;> rhj;jpuk; ,uz;bd; ngauhy; njhl;lhy; jPl;L ghHj;jhy; ghtk; vdj; jkpoiu ehapDk; fPoha; elj;JtJ>  gpuhkzUf;Fj; njhz;L nra;aNt #j;jpuiug; gpukd; gilj;jhd; vd;gJ> gpuhkzDf;Fr; rkkhfr; #j;jpud; cl;fhHe;jhy; mtd; #j;ijia (Gl;lk;) ntl;L vdf; $wp  ntl;LtJ> fz;izf; nfhLj;jhYk; #j;jpuDf;Ff; fy;tpiaf; nfhLf;fhNj vd %lH Mf;fpaJ ,e;J nja;tq;fsh? my;yJ fpwpj;J> ,Ryhk; nja;tq;fsh?  

jhiag; GzHe;J je;ijiaf; nfhd;wtd; kfis kidtpahf;fpf; nfhz;ltd; up\p gj;jpdpfisf; fw;gopj;jtd; mLj;jtdpd; kidtpia mtspd; fztd; Ntlj;jpy; nrd;W fytp nra;J nfLg;gtd;>  ML> khL> fOij> Fjpiu> eha;> jtis ,tw;iwg; GzHe;J gps;isAk; ngWtJ ,e;J kjj;jpyh?  my;yJ NtW kjq;fspyh?  

ma;e;J NgUf;F kidtpahf ,Ue;j XH Mupag; guj;ijiag; gj;jpdp vdf; $wp mtSf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;bg; Fk;gpLtJ ,e;J kjj;jpyh? my;yJ NtW kjq;fspyh?

,op gpwtpfs; Nfhapy;fSf;Fs; Nghdhy; jPl;lhfp tpLk; vd;W #j;jpudhf ntspNa jkpod; epw;gJ ,e;j kjj;jpyh? NtW  kjq;fspyh?  

Ntjq;fspd; ngauhy; rhj;jpuq;fspd; ngauhy; jkpoHfisr; #j;jpuHfs> gQ;rkHfs; vdg; gl;lk; fl;bj; njUtpy; - Nfhapypy; - cs;Ns tplhky; tpul;lg; gLk; kf;fisg; gs;spthry;fspy;> Njthyaq;fspy;  xd;whf - rkkhf mkHe;J njhOif elj;j mDkjpf;Fk; - md;G fhl;Lk; fpwpj;J> ,Ryhk; kjq;fisf; fz;bf;f vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?

itg;ghl;b tPl;bw;F - mjhtJ rpd;d tPl;bw;Fg; ngz;lhl;br; rhkpfSf;Fj; njupahky; ,utpNy NghFk; nja;tq;fs; ,Ryhk;> fpwpj;J kjq;fspy; ,Ue;jhy; mjpgHfs; vOjyhNk!

rptDk; tp\;ZTk; NrHe;J gps;is ngWtJ>  ehujDk; fpU\;zDk; NrHe;J gps;is ngWtJ mg;gbg;gl;l xOf;ff; NfllhdtHfSf;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;bf; nfhz;lhLtJ ,Ryhj;jpy;> fpwpj;Jtpy; ,Ue;jhy; gz;bjHfs; vOjyhNk!  

“fiyQH fUzhepjpapy; ,Ue;J ez;gH ,yq;ifad; tiuapyhd> jk;ikg; gFj;jwpTthjpfs; vdg; gpufldg; gLj;Jfpd;wtHfs;………. Vd;  irtrkaj;ij khj;jpuk; jdpj;njLj;Jj; jhf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W NgusT Kw;Nghf;Fthjpahd mjpgH fdfrghgjp Nfl;fpwhH.

nghUisr; nryT nra;J jpUf;Nfhapy; vOg;gpa jkpod; me;jf; Nfhapypd; fUtiwf;Fs; Eioa mDkjp ,y;iy. Nfhapy; mUr;rfuhf tUk; jFjp mtDf;F ,y;iy> mtd; NgRk; jkpo;nkhop flTs; topghl;Lf;Fj; jFjp ,y;iy me;j cupik gpukdpd; jiyapy; ,Ue;J gpwe;j gpuhkzDfFk; mtHfs; nkhopahd rkw;fpUj;jpw;Fk; kl;LNk cz;L vd;fpwJ ,e;J kjk;. Vida kjq;fs; mg;gbr; nrhy;fpd;wdth?

FlKOf;Fr; nra;a jkpodJ jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhopf;F mUfijapy;iy. mJ #j;jpuH NgRk; ePr nkhop> FlKOf;Fr; nra;aj; Njt ghi\ahd rkw;fpUjnkhopf;F kl;Lk; cupik cz;L> flTsUf;Fr; rkw;fpUjj;jpy; nrhd;dhy;jhd; tpsq;Fk; mtUf;F jkpo; tpsq;fhJ vd ,e;J kjk; nrhy;fpwJ. NtW kjk; VjhtJ ,t;thW gpjw;Wfpd;wdth?  

FlKOf;Fr; nra;tjw;Ff; fhuzNk #j;jpu rhjpf; nfhj;jdhUk; MrhupAk; Nfhapy; fl;bajhy; Nfhapy; jPl;Lg;gl;Ltpl;lJ vd;gjhy;jhNd! 

gQ;rkiuf; NfhapYf;Fs; tplf;$lhJ. tpl;lhy; rhkpf;Fj; jPl;Lg;gl;LtpLk; Md gbahy;jhd; me;jj; jpy;iy eluhrNd jd;idj; juprpf;fj; jdJ rd;dpjhdj;Jf;F tU Kd;dH ee;jdhiuj; jPf;Fopj;J th vd;W nrhd;dhH. ee;jid Vd; Fsj;jpNyh fpzw;wpNyh Fspj;Jtpl;L th vd;W nrhy;ytpy;iy? mg;gbr; nra;jhy; gQ;rkd; vd;w jPl;ilf; fOt KbahJ! vdNtjhd; jPf;Fspj;J tUkhW ee;jd; Nfl;fg;gl;lhd;. 

,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;by; rpUq;Nfup rq;fuhr;rhupahH jpkpNuhL nrhy;fpwhH “jho;j;jg; gl;l gQ;rkiuf; NfhapYf;Fs; mDkjpf;f khl;Nlhk; - cyfpy; cs;s  caHe;j tif Nrhg;Gfisg; Nghl;Lf; Fspg;ghl;bdhYk; jho;j;jg;gl;ltHfisg; gpbj;j jiyKiw jiyKiwahf ,Ue;J tUfpw jPz;lhik mOf;ifg; Nghf;fNt KoahJ!”  

rpUq;Nfup rq;fuhr;rhupahH Gjpjhf xd;Wk; nrhy;yptpl tpy;iy. Kd;dH $wpathW mtUf;F Kd;dNu fhQ;rp fhkNfhb gPlhjpgjp> elkhLk; nja;tk;> n[fj;FU re;jpuNrfNue;jpu ru];tjp rq;fuhr;rpahH “jPz;lhik N\kfukhdJ!” vd;W jpUtha; kyHe;Js;shH. (tsUk;)

tho;Tk; tLTk; mjd; kW gf;fk;

GjpaNjhH cyfk; gilg;Nghk;

(17)

“,e;J  kjk; Mapuk; gjpdhuhapuk; tU\q;fshf tHz jHkj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpAk; mJ   [Pt fisAld; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ ………clk;gpy; capH jq;fpapUg;gJjhd; Mr;rupak; ntspNa NghtJ Mr;rupaNk ,y;iy. mk;khjpup cs;Ns gpupe;J ntspapypUe;Jk; xahky; jhf;fg;gl;l ,e;J kjk; nrj;jpUe;jhy; Mr;rupaNk ,y;iy.  rhfhjJjhd; Mr;rupak;!” vd;fpwhH re;jpuNrfNue;jpu ru];tjp rq;fuhr;rpahH. mjd; kHkk; vd;d? nja;tj;jpd; FuNy mjw;F tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ.

“tHzjHkk; ,e;J kjj;ij “[Ptfis” Ald; itjjpUg;gij Nahrpj;Jg; ghHj;jhy;> ek; Njrj;jpYk;$l gioa tHz jHkq;fspy; gpbg;Gf; Fiwe;JNgha;> vy;yhk; xd;whfptpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w mgpg;uhak; te;jgpw;ghLjhd;> kj czHr;rp Fd;wp> eh];jpfk; mjpfkhfpapUf;fpwJ vd;W njupfpwJ.  re;Njfj;Jf;F ,lkpy;yhky; njupfpwJ.”

vq;fs; kf;fis mRuHfs;> muf;fHfs;> ,uhl;rjHfs; vd;w ngaupy; (jkpoHfisr; #j;jpuHfs; vd;gJ Nghy) rptd; Kjy; fhspfs; tiuf; fhypy; Nghl;L kpjpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJ ,e;Jf;fspd; nja;tkh? my;yhth? fpwpj;jtj; nja;tkh?  

njhl;lhy; jPl;L> ghHj;jhy; ghtk; vd ehapDq; fPoha; tho itj;jJk; gpuhkzUf;Fj; njhz;L nra;aNt #j;jpuiug; gilj;Njd; vd;gJk; fz;izf; nfhLj;jhYk; #j;jpuDf;Ff; fy;tpiaf; nfhLf;fhNj vd %lH Mf;fpaJ ,e;J nja;tq;fsh? fpwpj;J my;yJ ,Ryhk; nja;tq;fsh?  

ee;jd; cs;Ns tuf; $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ee;jpia tpyfr; nrhd;d jpUg;gq;$H rptDk;> neUg;gpy; Fspj;J Ntjpadhfpa gpd;jhd; cs;Ns tuyhk; vd;w jpy;iyf; $j;jDk; ve;j kjj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;?  

jpUf;Fws; cyfg; nghJkiw vd [p.A. Nghg; thahug; Gfo;e;jhH! mjid vOjpa  thd;Gfo; nfhz;l ts;Stidg; Giyr;rp kfd; vd;W ,fo;r;rp NgrpaJ ve;j kjk;?  

#j;jpud; vd;W nrhy;ypj; Juj;jptpl;Lg; gpd; VfiytdJ tpy;yhz;ikiaf; fz;L JNuhzd; nghwhikahy; mtdJ fl;il tpuiy ntl;baJ ve;j kjj;jpy;?  

Rf;uPtid tisj;Jg; gpbj;J thypiaf; nfhd;wJ ahH? ,yq;if ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F Mirg;gl;L mz;zDf;F ,uz;lfk; nra;j tpgPliz gf;fj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,uhtzid mopj;jJ ahH?  

vl;lhapuk; rkzHfisf; fONtw;wpaJ ve;j kjj;jpy;? “Gj;jdhH jiy jj;njdj; jj;JNk!' vdj; jiyfisr; rpijj;jJ ve;j kjf; FutHfs;? ee;jidf; nfhSj;jpaJNghy; ts;syhiuj; jPapy; Fspg;ghl;baJ ve;j kjj;jpy;?  

kJiuj; jpUkiy ehaf;fid tQ;rfkhfg; gop jPHj;j gl;lH ve;j kjk;?  

#j;jpuHfisAk;> gQ;rkHfisAk; Ntjj;jpy; tpjpj;jgb kDjHkk; nrhd;dgb tUzjHkk; tFj;jgb nja;tq;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpy; cs;sgb tPjpapy;> Nfhapypy;  cs;Ns tplhky; tpul;lg; gLk; kf;fisg; gs;spthry;fspy;> Njthyaq;fspy; xd;whf - rkkhf mkHe;J njhOif elj;j mDkjpf;Fk; - md;G fhl;Lk; fpwpj;J> ,Ryhk; kjq;fisf; fz;bf;f vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ?

kPdhl;rpGu jypj;fs; 80 fspy; $z;NlhL ,];yhk; kjj;jpw;F khwpaNghJ mtHfs; nrhd;d tYthd fhuzNk jPz;lhikjhd;.

rptfq;if khtl;l fz;lNjtpapy; cs;s Njiu ,Of;f midtUf;Fk; rk cupik cz;L vd caH ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;G vOjpAk; ,d;Dk; Njiuj; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs; njhl;L ,Of;f Kbatpy;iy (fle;j ,uuz;L Mz;Lfsha; NgUf;F ,uz;L %d;W jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhiu mUNf itj;J tpl;L ehl;lhNu ,Oj;jhHfs;.)

fPupg;gl;b> ghg;ghg;gl;b> ehl;lhH kq;fyk; Mfpa CHfspy; ,d;Dk; jypj;ij gQ;rhaj;Jj; jiytH Mf;fpl Kbatpy;iy.

Nkytstpy; KUNfrd; vd;gtH jiytuhfj; NjHe;njLf;fg; gl;lNghJ jiyia ntl;b vwpe;Jtpl;ldH!

NjtNfhl;ilapy; 1927  ,y; Mjpf;f rhjpapdH khehL $l;bj; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH rl;il mzpaf;$lhJ> g+ itf;ff; $lhJ fZf;fhy; njupaj;jhd; Nriy fl;l Ntz;Lk; vdg; gy fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;J mtw;iw ,d;Dk; gpd;gw;wr; nrhy;yp tUfpd;wdH.

,f;nfhLikfs; vy;yhk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; ngauhNyNa eil ngWfpwJ. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; fise;jpl ,e;Jj;Jtthjpfs; vd;d nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;?

,e;J kjj;Jf;Fs; kl;Lk; epyTk; jPz;lhik Nehia> rhjpf; nfhLikia gFj;jwpTthjpfs; fz;bj;jhy; Vida kjj;jpdiu Vd; fz;bf;ftpy;iy vdf;  Nfl;gjpy; epahak; ,Uf;fpwjh?

fle;j fhyj;jpy; rhjp Ntw;Wikiaf; fisa mt;tg;NghJ vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.

fd;dl ehl;by; grtzH njhlq;fpa rhjp kWg;G ,af;fk; ,d;W ypq;fhaj; vDk; Mjpf;f rhjpaha; khwpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ!

,uhkhDrupd; jj;Jtg;gb jho;j;jg;gl;ltH cl;gl midtUk; ehkk; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L itztH Mfyhk; NfhapYf;Fs; Eioayhk; vd;W nrhd;dhH. Mdhy; mtuJ rkj;Jtf; nfhs;if Njhw;Wtpl;lJ.

Nghypaha; rPHjpUj;jq;fisr; nra;tJ vd;WNk ntw;wpia mspf;ftpy;iy. kj khw;wj;ijj; jLf;f Kba tpy;iy. ghujpahH GJitapy; fdfypq;fk; vDk; jypj; Jf;Fg; g+Z}y; mzptpj;J ke;jpuk; nrhy;ypj; je;jhH. Mdhy; fdfypq;fNkh gpd;dhspy; fpwp];jtuha; kjk; khwp tho;e;J kbe;jhH.

,e;J kjj;jpd; xLf;FKiwf;F> jPz;lhikf; nfhLikf;F tho;Tk; tLTk; MrpupaH  ,yq;ifaNd rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwhH.

,sik njhlq;fp jhd; vjpHnfhz;l jilf; fw;fisAk; r%f xLf;FKiwahy; Vw;gl;l fhaq;fisAk; me;jf; fhaq;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa typfisAk; mtkhdq;fisAk; tLf;;fisAk; Nghuhl;lq;fisAk; ,yq;ifad; tho;Tk; tLTk; vd;w jd; tuyhw;wpy; xspT kiwtpd;wp> mtuJ thHj;ijapy; ‘gr;irg; ghtw;fhahf” gilj;J ,Uf;fpwhH. 

,e;J kjj;jpd; rhjpf; nfhLikf;F Mshd jpU. ehNfe;jpuh mNj Ehy; ntspaPL - gts tpohtpy; NgrpdhH. mtH vd;d nrhd;dhH?  

“1956 Mk; Mz;L  aho;g;ghz ,e;Jf; fy;Yhupapy; caHju tFg;Gg; gbf;f tpz;zg;gk; nra;Njd;. vdJ tpz;zg;gk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;Wk;  fy;Yhupapy; Nru tUkhWk; fbjk; te;jJ. ehd; vdJ cwtpdH kiwe;j cLg;gpl;b eh.cWg;gpdH  K. ,uhrypq;fk; mtHfSld; fy;Yhupf;Fr; nrd;Nwd;. mq;Nf vdf;F xU mjpHr;rpr; nra;jp fhj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij ehd; vjpHghHf;ftpy;iy. mq;F   nrd;wNghJ  ,e;J rigj; jiytH jpU. ,uhruj;jpdk; vdJ rhjpiaf; Fwpg;gpl;L> mg;gbg;gl;ltiuf; fy;Yhupapy; NrHf;f KbahJ vd;Wk; vdf;F mDg;gg;gl;l fbjk; gpioahf mDg;gg;gl;L tpl;ljhfTk; fz;lgb Vrp vq;fis mtkhdg;gLj;jp ntspapy; js;shj Fiwahf mDg;gp fjitr; rhj;jpf;nfhz;lhH! 

jpU. ehNfe;jpuh gupNahthd; fy;Yhupapy; NrHe;J jdJ Nkw;gbg;igj; njhlHe;jhH. gpd;dH NgnuNjdpah gy;fiyf; fofk; nrd;W gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;Wg; gl;ljhupahf ntspte;jhH. 

,e;Jf; fy;Yhup ehNfe;jpuhTf;F rhjp mbg;gilapy; fjit milj;jNghJ fpwpj;jt fy;Yhup mtUf;Ff; fjT jpwe;J top tpl;lJ! 

cyfj;jpy; cs;s mj;jid Nrhg;Gk; jPz;ljhupd; jPl;ilf; fOtg; NghjhJ vd gFj;jwpTthjp fiyQH fUzhepjpah nrhd;dhH? rpUq;Nfup rq;fu klj;J rq;fuhr;rpahH my;yth nrhy;fpwhH! 

“rhjp N\kfukhdJ” vd;W nrhd;dJ ahH? gFj;jwpTthjpfsh? ,y;iyNa fhQ;rp rq;fukl re;jpNue;jpu ru];tjp rq;fuhr;rpahuh?  

jypj;Jfs; jq;fSf;Fj; jdpf; Nfhapy; fl;bf; Fk;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W nrhd;dtH fiyQH fUzhepjpah? fhQ;rp rq;fuhr;rhupahuh? 

,it fhuzkhfNt gFj;jwpthsHfs; ,e;J kjj;ijj; jdpj;njLj;Jj; jhf;FfpwhHfs;.  

,e;J kjj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tUzjUkk;> kDjUkk;> jPz;lhik NtW ve;j kjq;fspYk; fhzg;glhj xLf;F KiwahFk;. 

vdNt mjpgH fdfrghgjp mtHfs; “ehd; (,yq;ifad;) vd;id ,aw;ifthjp> gFj;jwpTthjp vd;nwy;yhk; nrhy;tjpy; ngUikg;gLfpNwd;” vdf; $WfpwhH. Mdhy; fiyQH fUzhepjpapypUe;J ez;gH ,yq;ifad; tiuapyhd> jk;ikg; gFj;jwpTthjpfs; vdg; gpufldg;gLj;Jfpd;wtHfs;> vLj;jw;nfy;yhk; ,e;J kjj;ijNa Fiw $Wk; Nghf;fpid vd;dhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ. ve;j kjj;jpy;jhd; %l ek;gpf;iffSk;> ,aw;iff;F xt;thj Nfhl;ghLfSk; nfhs;iffSk; ,y;iy? ,tHfs; Vd; irt rkaj;ij khj;jpuk; jdpj;njLj;Jj; jhf;f Ntz;Lk;? capH moptw;wJ vd;gJ Nghd;w mw;Gjkhd Nfhl;ghLfs; gy irt kjj;jpy; nghjpe;J fplf;fpd;wdNt!” vd;W $wpapUg;gjpy; nghUs; ,y;iy. 

NtW ve;j kjj;jpYk; ,y;yhj tUz ghFghL> rhjp Ngjk;> jPz;lhik mjpgH Nghw;Wk; “mw;Gj” Nfhl;ghLfs; gyTs;s irt kjj;jpYk; ,e;J kjj;jpYk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLk; myq;NfhykhFk;! NtW kjq;fspy; ,e;j xLf;FKiw ,y;iy! 

,e;J kjKk; irt kjKk; mjd; nja;tq;fSk; kl;LNk jkpo; ,dj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F> ,optpw;F cyNfhH gopg;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd! mjw;fhd rhd;Wfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b vOjp te;Njd;.  

capH moptw;wJ vd;gJ Nghd;w ‘mw;Gjkhd’ Nfhl;ghLfs; gy irt kjj;jpy; kl;Lk; nghjpe;J fplf;ftpy;iy. fpwpj;Jtk; ,];yhk; kjq;fSk; capH cliy tpl;Lg; gpupe;j gpd; ,Wjpj; jPHg;Gf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;Wjhd; nrhy;fpd;wd! 

capH clypy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;Wk; cly; mope;j gpd; capH ntspNaWfpwJ vd;gJk; ,Jtiu ahuhYk; vz;gpf;fg; gltpy;iy. ,J xU fUj;J Kjy; thjNknahopa Ntwpy;iy. gTj;jk; Md;kh xd;W ,Ug;ijNa kWf;fpwJ. cyfj; Njhw;wj;Jf;F xU fhuzd; cz;L vd;gijAk; gTj;jk; kWf;fpwJ.

rhjp Nehapdhy; jkpopdk; nfl;nlhope;jJ Nghy NtW ve;j NehapdhYk; jkpopdk; gl;nlhopatpy;iy.  

rhjp> kjk; vd;w nfhLik xoptJk;> flTs; vd;w %l ek;gpf;if moptJk; jkpopdj;Jf;Fk; ey;yJ. kdpj Fyj;Jf;Fk; ed;ikahdJ.  

jkpoHfs; jq;fis ,e;Jf;fs; vdf; $wpf; nfhs;tjhy; jq;fs; jd;khdj;ijAk; gFj;jwpitAk; ,oe;J tUfpwhHfs;. 

gFj;jwpTf;F vjpuhd flTs;> Ntjk;> rhj;jpuk;> Guhzk; Nghd;w %lek;gpf;iffspy; ,Ue;J  jkpopdk; tpLgl Ntz;Lk;.   

rhjpia xopf;Fk; NghJ kjk; xope;J NghFnkd;why; me;j kjk; ekf;F Ntz;lhk;. kjj;ijg; nghRf;Fk; NghJ Ntj rhj;jpuq;fs; nghRq;fpg; NghFnkd;why; me;j Ntj rhj;jpuq;fSk; nte;J Nghfl;Lk;. Ntjj;ij vupf;Fk; NghJ flTSk; kwf;fg;gl;LtpLthH vd;why; mg;gbNa Mfl;Lk;. ,it xd;iw xd;W gpupf;f KbahjthW gpd;dpg; gpize;J fplf;fpd;wd. xd;iw xopj;jhy; kw;wJ jhdhf xopAk;.  

#j;jpuDf;nfhU ePjp jz;lr; NrhWz;Zk;
     ghHg;ghUf;F ,d;ndhU ePjp vd;W
rhj;jpuk; nrhy;YNkahdhy; mJ
     rhj;jpuk; my;y rjpnadf; fz;Nlhk;.

vd;W ghujpNa ,e;J rhj;jpuq;fisr; rhbapUf;fpwhH;. 

nfl;l rhjpg; Ngia tpul;b>

rKjhaj;ijf; fl;b vOg;gpg; GjpaNjhH

cyfk; gilg;Nghk; GJik nra;Nthk;!

tUehs; vy;yhk; ngUtho;T tho;Nthk;!

(Kw;Wk;)