jkpNo capNu tzf;fk;!

(jpUkfs;)

jkpo;ehl;by; jkpo;nkhopapy;  fy;tp> jkpo;nkhopapy; topghL> jkpopnkhopapy; ,ir ,tw;wpw;F ngupa Nghuhl;lNk elhj;j Ntz;bAs;s mtyk; ,d;Wk; njhlHfijahfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpofj;ij 1967k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ,e;jp vjpHg;ig Kjyhf itj;J Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j jpuhtplf; fl;rpfs;khwp khwp  Mz;L te;jhYk; "vq;Fk; jkpo; vjpYk; jkpo;"  vd;gJ  ,d;Dk; njhiythdj;jpy; njupAk; thdtpy;ypd; tHz [hyq;fshfNt ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;by; ,ir muq;Ffspy; jkpopirNa xypf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Nghuhl;lk;  njhlq;fp ,d;iwf;F miuEhw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhfptpl;lJ. ,Ue;Jk; Ntw;Wnkhopfspd; Mjpf;fk;> Fwpg;ghf njYq;F  nkhop Mjpf;fk; Fiwe;jghlhf ,y;iy.

,t;tstpw;Fk; ,irj; jkpo; Kj;jkpopy; xU $whfg; ghuhl;lg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,iwtidNa Vopiraha;> ,irg;gadha; fz;L fspj;Jg; Nghw;wpatHfs; ehSk; jkpo; tsHj;j ehad;khHfs;. jkpo;kf;fspd; tho;NthL ,ir ,uz;lwf; fye;jpUe;jikia jkpo;nkhopapy; ,d;wpUf;Fk; kpfg; gioa ,yf;fz Ehyhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpYk; rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fshd gj;Jg;ghl;L> vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fspypUe;Jk; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,irf;F ,yf;fz Ehy;fs; ,Ue;jij-

"msgpwe; JapHj;jYk; xw;wpif ePlYk;

euk;gpd; kiwa vd;kdhH GytH"

vd;Dk; njhy;fhg;gpa R+j;jp;uj;jpdhy; mwpayhk;. ",aw;wkpopy; capH vOj;Jk;  xw;nwOj;Jk; xypf;Fk; epiy NtW> mt;ntOj;Jf;fs;  ,irj;jpopy; xypf;Fk; xypepiyNtW> mjid mt;tpir Ehy;fspy; fz;Lnfhs;f" vd;fpwhH njhy;fhg;gpaH. "kiw" vd;why; Ehy; vd;W nghUs;. njhy;fhg;gpaH tz;zk; ,UgJ tif vd;ghH. "tz;zk;  vd;gJ re;j NtWghL" vd;ghH NguhrpupaH. ,JNghyNt rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,irr; gz;fs;> ,irf;fUtpfs;> ,irf; fiyQHfs; gw;wpa Vuhskhd nra;jpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.

jkpoH Itif epyj;Jf;Fk; FwpQ;rpg;gz;> Ky;iyg;gz;> kUjg;gz;>  nea;jw;gz;> ghiyg;gz; fz;ldH. mNjNghy; me;j Itif epyj;Jf;Fk; mNj ngaupy; Itif ahioAk;> njhz;lfg;giw (FwpQ;rp)> VWNfhl;giw(Ky;iy)> kzKoT (kUjk;) kPd;Nfhl;giw (nea;jy;)> epiuNfhl;giw (ghiy) vd Itifg; giwiaAk; fz;ldH.

gz;Zk; giwAk; fz;lNjhL epy;yhky; ,d;d gz; ,d;d nghOJ ghlj;jf;fJ vd ,yf;fzKk; tFj;jdH. ahkk; FwpQ;rpg; gz;Zf;FupaJ. khiy Ky;iy rhjhupg; gz;Zf;FupaJ. tpbfhiy kUjg; gz;Zf;FupaJ. ez;gfy; ghiyf;F cupaJ.

vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fspy; xd;whd GwdhEhw;wpy; ts;sy;fspy;  xUtdhd es;sp ms;spf;nfhLj;j gupRfspd; kaf;fj;jhy; ghzH fhiyapy; ghLk; kUjg; gz;iz khiyapYk;>  khiyapy; ghLk; nrt;topg; gz;iz fhiyapYk; Kiwkhwpg; ghLfpwhHfshk;. td;guzH ghba me;jg; ghly; ,J.

"es;sp thopNah es;sp ed;nsd;

GuTf;fld; G+z;l tz;ik aNd!"     (Gwk; 149)

jkpopy; vOe;j ,irEhy;fs; gy ,we;Jgl;ld. gupghly; (Kjw;rq;fk;)> KJehiu> KJFUF> fsupahtpid> ntz;lhsp> tpahokhiy Nghd;w ,ir Ehy;fs; ,d;W ,y;iy. ,oe;j ,e;j ,ir ,yf;fz Ehy;fis   rpyg;gjpfhuj;Jf;F ciunaOjpa mbahHf;F ey;yhH gl;bay; ,l;Lf;  fhl;btpl;L jk; fhyj;J ,Ue;j rpfz;b> ,irEZf;fk;> ,e;jpufhspak; Kjyhd ,irEhy;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. Ntjid vd;dntd;why; ,tw;iwAk; ,g;NghJ ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;! ek; Kd;NdhHfs; mspj;j nry;tq;fis ghJfhf;fj; njupahJ ePUf;Fk; neUg;Gf;Fk; fhyk;NjhWk; ,oe;JtpLtJ jkpopdj;jpd; rhgf;Nflhf ,Ue;JtUfpwJ.

jkpo;ehl;L ,ir Nkilfspy; Ntw;W nkhopapy; ghLtJ vd;w tpahjp kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahH fhyj;jpypUe;Nj tUfpwJ. "ehDk; ghHj;Jf;nfhz;Nl tUfpNwd;> ghl;Lf; fr;Nrup njhlq;FfpwJ> tpj;Jthd;  "thjhgp fzgjpk; vd;W Muk;gk; nra;fpwhH."uhkeP ]khd nktU" "kupahj fhJuh". "tuK nyh]hfp" ....... IiaNah IiaNah xNu fij.

ve;j [py;yhTf;Fg; Ngh> ve;j fpuhkj;jpw;Fg; Ngh. ve;j "tpj;Jthd;" te;jhYk; ,Nj fijjhd;. jkpo;ehl;L [dq;fSf;F ,Uk;Gf;fhjhf ,Ug;gjhy;  jpUk;gj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g ,e;j Vnol;Lg; ghl;Lf;fis tU\f;fzf;fhff; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. Njhw;fhJ cs;s Njrq;fspNy ,e;j Jd;gj;ijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f khl;lhHfs;." ,J ghujpahH RkhH vOgj;ije;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd; RNjrkpj;jpudpy; vOjpa fl;Liuapd; xU gFjp.  KOf;fl;LiuiaAk;  gbj;jhy; kl;LNk ghujpahH fhyj;jpy; jkpopir ,Ue;J Nfhyk;  ,y;iy myq;Nfhyk; njupAk;.

jkpopy; ,irapy;iy> ,irnad;why; mJ njYq;F ,irjhd; vd;w khia ntF fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

Mdhy;  ,w;iwf;F ,uz;lhapuk;  Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH> jkpoupd; nghw;fhyk; vd  tHzpf;fg;gLk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; jkpopir nts;skhfg; gutpg; gha;e;NjhbapUe;jpUf;fpwJ. fypg;ghTk; mjd; cWg;Gfshfpa juT> jhopir> Rupjk;> tz;zfk;> mk;Nghjuq;fk; Nghd;w  ,irg;ghf;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. mNj Nghy; gjpw;Wg;gj;Jk; ,irg; ghly;fNs. xt;nthU ghl;bd; epiwtpYk; Jiw> tz;zk;> Jhf;F> ngaH vd;Dk; ehd;F Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; KOJk; gOjw;w xU Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;.  mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ,irEl;gq;fisAk;   ,irf;fUtpfisAk;   njd;jkpoPoj;jpd; kPd;ghLk; NjdhL ngw;nwLj;j tpGyhde;j mbfs; jhk; vOjpa "aho;Ehy; vd;w ,irj;jkpo;  Ehy;" (1947) thapyhf ntspf; nfhzHe;J jkpopirf;F mUk;ngUk; njhz;lhw;wpAs;shH.

Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUf;NfhitahH> jpUtpirg;gh> jpUtha;nkhop>   jpUg;Gfo;> jpUNeupir> jpUtpUj;jk;> jpUf;FWe;njhif> jpUj;jhz;lfk;> jhAkhdtH fz;zpfs;> ts;syhupd; jpUtUl;gh> fhtbr;rpe;J> rpj;jHghly;fs;> FwtQ;rp> gs;S> fPHj;jidfs;  ,it ahTk; jkpopirg;  ghly;fNs.

gpq;fy epfz;L jkpopirapy; 103 gz;fs;  cz;nld;W nrg;GfpwJ. irtklq;fspy;Xjg;gLk; gz;fs; 21   vd;Wk; mtw;iw XJk; fhyk; fhiy> khiy> gfy; vd tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,d;iwa fHehlf rq;fPjk;   jkpopirad;wp Ntwy;y. gd;dpuz;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; NrhNk];tu Gy;Nyhfkhy;  (1116-1127) vd;w kfhuh\;bu FWepy  kd;dd; njd;dpe;jpa rq;fPjj;ij  mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L "khdr cy;yhrk;" vd;w ,ir Ehnyhd;iw Mf;fpdhd;. jdJ ehl;bw;F njw;NfAs;s ehLfspy; fHehlfk; kfhuh\;buj;Jf;F mLj;J ,Ue;jjhy; jhd; fz;L Nghw;wpa njd;ehl;Lr; rq;fPjj;jpw;F "fHehlf rq;fPjk;" vd;W ngaH itj;jhd;. mtd; fhyj;jpy; njd;dhl;by; ,Ue;j rq;fPjk; jkpo;rq;fPjk; xd;Wjhd;.

jkpopy; ,Ue;j VopirfisNa  tlnkhopapy; "rg;jRuq;fs;" vd;W vOjp itj;jhHfs;. Fuy; Kjy; Ruk; rl;[kk; (r) vd;Wk;> Jj;jk; ,uz;lhk; Ruk; up\gk;(up) vd;Wk;> iff;fpis %d;whk; Ruk; fhe;jhuk; (f) vd;Wk;> cio ehd;fhk; Ruk; kj;jpkk; (k) vd;Wk;> ,sp Ie;jhk; Ruk; gQ;rkk; (g) vd;Wk;> tpsup Mwhk; Ruk; ijtjk; (j) vd;Wk;> jhuk; Vohk; Ruk; ep\hjk; (ep) vd;W khw;wp vOjg;gl;lJ.

,NjNghy; gz; ,uhfkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.  Ky;iyg;gz; NkhfdkhfTk;> Nfhbg;ghiy rq;fuhguzkhfTk;> mUk;ghiy fufug;gpupahthfTk;> nrk;ghiy mup fhk;NghjpahfTk;> nrt;topg;ghiy aJFy fhk;NghjpahfTk;> gLkiyg;ghiy fy;ahzpahfTk;>Nkw; nrk;ghiy eiligutpahfTk;> nre;JUj;jp kj;jpakhtjpahfTk;> rhjhup ge;JtuhspahfTk;> FwpQ;rpg;gz; ePyhk;gupahfTk;> GwePHik G+ghskhfTk; ngaH khw;wk;nra;ag;gl;lJ.

"Kj;jkpo;f; fy;tpAk; tpj;jff; ftpAk;" iftuf;fz;l ,sq;Nfh mbfs; ahj;j neQ;ir ms;Sk;  rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; (fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;L) CHfhz; fhijapy; kJiu tPjpfspy; Mly;> ,irg;ghly;fs;> tupf;$j;Jf;fs;> ghly;> VOtifj; Jhf;Ffs;> mjNdhL ,izfpd;w Njhw;fUtpfspd; $WghLfis czHe;J> epw;wy;> ,aq;fy;> ,Uj;jy;> fplj;jy;> vd;w ehy;tif kuGila mtpdaf; $j;Jf;fisAk; mwpe;J> Fuy; Kjyhf jhuk; <whf cs;s Vo;tif ,irf; $WfisAk; tpupf;Fk;  ,irty;NyhH  ,Ue;jJ tpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

"MlYk;> tupAk;> ghzpAk;> Jhf;Fk;

kiyg;G mUk; rpwg;gpd; jiyf;Nfhy; ........"    (rpyk;G 14> 150-154)

"Vo;tif epyj;jpd; va;jpaJ tpupf;fpd;" vd;gjw;F ciu vOjpa ey;yhHf;F  mbahH "vOtif epykhtd rupfkgjep vd;Dk; vOtifg;gl;l vOj;jbahfg; gpwf;Fk; Fuy; Kjy; jhuk; <whf VOk;" vd tpupj;Jiuf;fpwhH.

kPz;Lk;  Mr;rpaH Fuitapy; VO ,sk; ngz;fSf;F ,ilf;Fy KJkfshfpa khjup ,e;j VO Ruq;fisAk; jhd; tpUk;gpa ngaHfshfr; R+l;bajhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

",ilKJkfs; ,tHf;Fg;

tpupjU G+q;Foy; Ntz;ba ngaNu.          (rpyk;G 17> 18-22)

Guhjd jkpo; ,irf; fzpjj;jpd;gb Fuy;  "k" vd;w Kjy; Ruk;. Jj;jk; - g> iff;fpis - j> cio - ep>,sp - r> tpsup - up> jhuk; -f vd tFfg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j VO ,irfspd; Xirf;F   ctik KiwNa tz;L> fpsp> Fjpiu> ahid> Fapy;> NjD>  ML vd;gitahFk;. ,e;j ,irfspd; Ritf;F ctik KiwNa Njd;> japH> nea;> Vyk;>  thiof;fdp> khJsq;fdp vd;gitahFk;.

jpUtpirg;gh ghba xd;gjpkUs; Kjyhk; ,uhruhr Nrhodpd; (fp.gp. 1012-1044) ghl;lhdhH fz;lhuhjpj;j NjtH (fp.gp. 956-957) xUtH. Kjyhk; ,uhNrj;jpuDila kfs; tapw;Wg; NguDk; fPior;rhSf;fpa kd;dd; ,uhruhrdpd; kfDkhfpa Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; (fp.gp.1070-1120) "FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,ir" ,irEhnyhd;iw vOjpatd; vd;gJk; mtdJ murpahupd; ngaH Vopirty;ygp vd;gJk; tuyhW.

fHehlf ,irf;F  Kj;Jrhkp jPl;rpjH (1>1776-1>1835)> jpahifaH (1767-1847)> rpahkh rhj;jpupfs; (1>762-1>827)  %tUk; Kk;%Hj;jpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhHfs;.

,e;j %tUk; Me;jpu ehl;ltHfs; my;y. ,tHfs;   gpwe;j CH jkpo;ehl;bYs;s jpUth&H. ,tHfs;  Nfl;l ,irnay;yhk; jkpopirNa. Mdhy; jpahifaupd; tPl;L nkhop njYq;fhf ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy; jhk;Nfl;l jkpopiriaj; jkJ jha;nkhopahd njYq;fpy; fPHj;jdkhfg; ghbdhH.  jpUitahw;wpy; Mz;LNjhWk; mtUf;F tpoh vLf;fg;gLfpwJ.  ,e;j Mz;L jpahifaupd; 154tJ Muhjid tpohthFk;. rpahkh rhj;jpupfs; njYq;fpYk; jkpopYk; fPHj;jidfs; nra;jhH. jPl;rpjH Rj;jkhf tlnkhopapy; ghbdhH.

,g;gbr; nrhy;tjhy; ,e;j fUehlf Kk;%Hj;jpfs; Njhd;WKd;> fUehlff; fPHj;jidj; jkpo;g; ghly;fs; ,y;iyah? fPHj;jid ghLgtHfs; ,y;iyah?

,e;j Kk;%Hj;jpfSf;Fk; Kd;dNu jkpopirf;F  Kk;%Hj;jpfshf  rPHfhop Kj;Jj; jhz;ltH (fp.gp. 1>600)> jpy;iytplq;fd; khupKj;jhg; gps;is (1>712-1>787)> rPHfhop mUzhryf; ftpuhaH (1>711-1>779) ,Ue;jhHfs;. Mdhy; mtHfs; gpwg;Gf;fhuzkhf mtHfs; fhyj;jpy; mtHfsJ ,irty;Yik muq;fk; VwhJ ,Ue;Jtpl;lJ. njYq;F ,irf;F ,Ue;j Mjpf;fj;jpdhYk; mjd;kPJ tpraefu Ml;rpahsHfSf;F (16k; Ehw;whz;L),Ue;j Nkhfj;jhYk; mtHfsJ Gfo; ntspr;rj;Jf;F tuhJ Nghapw;W.

"njUtpy; thuhNdh - vd;idr; rw;Nw

vd;Dk; Kj;Jj;jhz;ltH fPHj;jdk;>

"fhiyj; Jhf;fp epd;whLk; nja;tNk -vidf;

ifJhf;fp Ms;  nja;tNk"

vd;Dk; khupKj;jhg;gps;is fPHj;jdKk;>

NgNuh mwpNaNd"

vd;Dk; mUzhryf; ftpuahH fPHj;jdKk; md;W kpfTk; gpugy;akhditahf ,Ue;jd.

xUKiw jpUitahw;wpNy jpahfuhrH tpohtpNy vk;.vk;. jz;lghzp NjrpfH jkpo; ghl;nlhd;W ghbtpl;lhH.jpahfuhrH tshfNk jPl;Lg;gl;L tpl;lJ vd;W njYq;fpir ghlte;j $l;lk; NghHf;nfhb Jhf;fptpl;lJ! ,dp jPl;Lf; fopj;jhy; md;wpg; ghlkhl;Nlhk; vd;W muq;fj;ijtpl;L  me;jf; $l;lk; ntspNawpaJ. jkpo;ehl;L fhw;iwr; Rthrpj;Jf;nfhz;L> fhNtupj; jz;zPiuf; Fbj;Jf;nfhz;L> jkpo;ehl;L cg;igj; jpd;W nfhz;L tho;e;j $l;lk; jkpopy; xU   ghl;Lg; ghbtpl;lijf; fz;L jPl;Lg;gl;L tpl;ljhff; $g;ghL Nghl;lJ jkpo; ehl;by; jkpopirf;F ve;jsTf;F  "kupahij" ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F ey;y vLj;Jf;fhl;L!

"jkpopir vd xd;Wk; ,y;iy ,Ug;gnjy;yhk; Ntw;wpirNa" vd;W jkpo;ehl;bd; tsj;ij mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;L jkpopirf;Fg; giftHfs; NfL nra;J nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; jkpopirapd; kWgpwg;Gf;Fk;> kWkyHr;rpf;Fk; jkpopirr; rq;fk; fz;ltUk; "jkpopirapd; je;ij" vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;ltUkhd ts;sy; uh[h NrH mz;zhkiy murH> MH.Nf. rz;KfdhH> je;ij ngupahH> tpGyhd mbfs;>  vd;.v];. fpU\;zd; Nghd;NwhH tpj;jpl;lhHfs;.   ,tHfisj; njhlHe;J jkpopirf; fhtyH uh[h NrH Kj;ijah> t.R.g. khzpf;fdhH>  b.vd;. ,uhruj;jpdk;> vk;.vk;. jz;lghzpNjrpfH>   "fy;fp" fpU\;z%Hj;jp> GutyH nghs;shr;rp kfhypq;fk;>  Nghd;w gyH  jkpo; ,ir tsHr;rpf;F msg;gupa njhz;L Mw;wpdhHfs;. jkpopirg; ghly;fis Mf;fpa kfhftp Rg;gpukzpaghujpahH> ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd;> cLkiy ehuhazftp>Rj;jhde;jghujpahH> ftpkzp Njrpftpehafk;gps;is> ftpaurH fz;zjhrd; Nghd;w ftpQHfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs;.   HHhh  

,d;W  nrd;id jkpo; ,irr; rq;fk;> kJiu jkpopirr; rq;fk;> nghs;shr;rp jkpopirr; rq;fk;> ngupahH Kj;jkpo; kd;wk;> ngupahH jkpopir kd;wk;   jkpo; ,iria ew;wkpo; thzHfs; Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; ehlshtpa mstpy; tsHj;J tUfpd;wd. nrd;id> kJiu>   fhQ;rp> NtYhH> rpjk;huk; Kjyha ,lq;fspy; jkpo;ehL murpd; ,irf; fy;Yhupfs; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wd.  jkpopirf;  fiyQHfSf;F khj Cjpak;> Mz;L NjhWk; tpUJ> nghw;fpop toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

fle;j Vohz;Lfshf ,aq;fptUk; ngupahH jkpopir kd;wk;  jkpopirg; ghly;fs; ghfk; 1> ghfk; 11 vd ,uz;L xypehlhf;fis ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jg; ngupahH jkpopir kd;wj;jpd; jiytH jkpopdg; gw;whsHfSf;Fk;> jkpoPo tpLjiyahsHfSf;Fk; Mykuk; Nghy; epoy; jUk; GutyUk;;> "ee;jd;"; jpq;fs; ,UKiw ntspaPl;bd; MrpupaUkhd eh.mUzhryk; vd;gJ kfpo;r;rp jUk; nra;jp.

,e;jj; jkpopirg; ghly;fis fiykhkzp G\;gtdk; Fg;Grhkp> vk;.V. vk;.vy;. gpvr;b jdJ fk;gPukhd Fuypy; rHf;fiug;  ge;jypy; Njd;khup nghope;jNghy; kpf ,dpikahfg; ghbAs;shH. ghly;fis jkpoPoj; Njrpaf; ftpQH fhrp Mde;jd;> Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd;> fiykhkzp Kj;Jf;$j;jd;   ,aw;wpAs;shHfs;. Kjy; ghly; ftpQH fhrp Mde;jdpd; Mf;fk;. gz; - Nkhfdk;> jhsk; - Mjp. ghly; ,J.

mtid vd; ifths; mopf;Fk;! Kbf;Fk;! - jkpNo capNu

jkpo; ,irf;F ,g;NghJ  ey;y fhyk; gpwe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjw;F ,e;j ntspaPLfs;  fl;bak; $Wfpd;wd. ghly;fs; Njdhff; fhjpy; te;J tpOk;NghJ cs;sKk; clYk;  kfpo;r;rp nts;sj;jpy; Fspf;fpwJ.

nre;jkpoH tho;tpy; njhl;by; njhlf;fk; RLfhLtiu tz;zj;jkpOk;>  ,d;gj;jkpopirAk; mq;fpq;F vd;dhjgb vq;Fk; ePf;fkw epiwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.