(ef;fPud;)

Klhf; Fbfhud; kJtpyf;Fg; gw;wp nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpdhy;?

frhg;Gf; filf;fhud; cyf cj;jkH fhe;jpahupd; gpwe;j ehs; tpohTf;F jiyik jhq;fpdhy;;?

tpiykfs; xUj;jp fw;Gf;furp fz;zfpf;F Nfhapy; fl;bdhy;?

jhiaAk; je;ijAk; nfhd;wtd; md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk; vdf; fl;Liu vOjpdhy;?

,it Nghd;wJjhd; mnkupf;f rdhjpgjp G\; ePjp gw;wpAk;> epahak; gw;wpAk;> kf;fshl;rp gw;wpAk;> gaq;futhjk; gw;wpAk; NgRtJ!

,uhf; kPJ gpupj;jhdpag; gpujkH Nuhdp gpNsaH kw;Wk; mnkupf;f rdhjpgjp NahH[; G\; ,UtUk; Nkw;nfhz;l rl;lj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhd gilnaLg;Gf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;l fhuzk; ,uhf; rdhjpgjp rjhk; FNrd; mZf;Fz;L> capupay; Nghd;w NguopT MAjq;fis Ftpj;J itj;jpUf;fpwhH. me;j NguopT MAjq;fs; mnkupf;fh gpupj;jhdpah Nghd;w ehLfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jf; fhuzk; file;njLj;j ngha; vd;gJ ,d;W vz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rjhk; FNrdplk; NguopT MAjq;fs; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nuhdp gpNsaUf;Fk; NahH[; G\;Rf;Fk; njupahjjy;y. ,Ue;Jk; ,uhf; ehl;ilg; gpbj;J me;j ehl;bd; vz;nza; tsq;fis Ruz;Lk; Nehf;fj;ij kiwf;fNt ,e;j NguopT MAjq;fs; gw;wpa ehlfj;ij ,UtUk; muq;Nfw;wpdhHfs;.

mnkupf;fh xU ngupa ty;yuR. kf;fs; njhif 280 kpy;ypad; (28 Nfhb). ,uhf; %d;whtJ cyf tsHKf ehL. kf;fs; njhif 2 Nfhb.

mnkupf;fh ghJfhg;Gf;F Mz;nlhd;Wf;Fr; nrytopf;Fk; gzk; 401 gpy;ypad; (40>100 Nfhb) A+v]; nlhyHfs;. ,e;jj; njhif rjhk; FNrdpd; ,uhf; ghJfhg;Gf;Fr; nrytopj;j njhifia tpl 250 klq;F $LjyhdJ. ,e;j ,yl;rzj;jpy; xU NehQ;rhd; ehlhd ,uhf; mnkupf;f ty;yuRf;F mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Nfs;tufpy; nea; tbfpwJ vd;W nrhd;dtd; fij Nghd;wJ.

mnkupf;fh gpw ehLfs; kPJ gilnaLj;Jj; jhf;Fjy; elj;JtJ ,J Kjy; jlit my;y. may; ehLfspd; muRfis rPHFiyj;J mtw;iwf; ftpo;;f;Fk; ePz;l tuyhW mnkupf;fhtpw;F cz;L. mNj Neuk; nfhba rHthjpfhu ,uhZt Ml;rpfis Mjupf;Fk; tuyhWk; cz;L.

gy ehLfspd; Ml;rpj; jiytHfis mnkupf;f csT epWtdkhd rpIV jPHj;Jf; fl;bAs;sJ. NahH[; G\; gjtpf;F te;jJk; rjhk; FNridf; nfhy;y rpIVf;F mDkjp toq;fpapUe;jhH.

gpA+l;Nlh wpf;Nfh (Puerto Rico -July, 1898)

rPdh (1945-1946> 1950-1953)

tlnfhupah (1950-1953)

,;e;Njhdprpah (1958)

fTj;jkhyh (1960> 1967-1969)

fpA+gh (Vg;gpuy; 1961)

nfhq;Nfh (1964)

tpal;ehk; (1964-1975)

NgU (1965)

yhNth]; (1964-4973)

fk;Nghbah ( 1969-1970)

gdhkh ((1989)

nlhkpdpf;fd; FbauR (1965)

gdhkh (1979)

gpypg;gpd;];

rpyp (1973)

vy;ry;tNlhH (1980)

fpnwndlh (1983)

,uhf; (1990-1999)

A+NfhrpNytpah (1999)

Mg;fdp];jhd; (1998-2001)

rjhk; FNrid cyfj;jpd; ngupa nfhLq;Nfhyd; vd mnkupf;fh rpj;jupf;fpwJ. rjhk; FNrd; xU rHthjpfhup. mtuJ Ml;rp nfhLikahdJ. ,jpy; re;Njfk; ,y;iy. kWg;Gk; ,y;iy.

,uhd; kPJ rjhk; FNrd; njhLj;j Nghupd; (1980-1988) fhuzkhf 1>000>000 ,uhdpa JUg;Gf;fSk; 375>000 ,uhf;fpa tPuHfSk; ,we;jhHfs;. mWgjpdhapuk; ,uhf;fpa ,uhZtj;jpdH rpiw gpbf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. ,uz;L jug;gpYk; gy ,yl;rk; nghJ kf;fs; ,we;J gl;lhHfs;.

Fitj;J ehL kPJ rjhk; Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjy; mg;gl;lkhd Mf;fpukpg;G MFk;. Fitj;J xU fhyj;jpy; ,uhf; ehl;bd; xU gFjp vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lJ nrhj;ijahd thjkhFk;.

mnkupf;fh midj;Jyf Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wj;ij (International Criminal Court) mq;fPfupf;f kWf;fpwJ. mJ kl;Lky;y mnkupf;fh jdJ Fbkf;fis ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; NerehLfs; epWj;jf; $lhJ vd Nfhupf;if tpLj;Js;sJ.

rjhk; FNridg; nghWj;jstpy; mtH xU Gfo; ngw;w tpy;yd; MthH. mtH gpbgl;lJ ,uhf;ifg; nghWj;jstpy; ngupa nra;jpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. mijtpl cyf Clfq;fSf;F mijtplg; ngupa nra;jpahf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mtH kl;Le;jhd; tpy;yd; vd;gJ rupay;y. &tz;lhtpd; Kd;dhs; gpujkH Nad; fk;gd;lh (Jean Kambanda) vd;gtH 800>000 Fbkf;fs; 1994k; Mz;L nfhiy nra;ag;gLtjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jij mtUf;F vjpuhd tprhuizapy; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhH. Mdhy; 1997 A+iy khjk; mtH ifJ nra;ag;gl;l NghJ mJ nra;jpahfNt fzpf;fg;gltpy;iy. fdlhtpy; ntspahFk; FNshg; md;l; nkapy; gj;jpupif 11Mk; gf;fj;jpy; me;jr; nra;jpia Nghl;bUe;jJ. nuhwd;Nuh ];uhH gj;jpupif nra;jpNa Nghltpy;iy.

kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; rjhk; FNrd; xU ruhrup rHthjpfhup. FHb\; kf;fis nfhd;W Ftpj;jhH vd;gJ cz;ikNa. Mdhy; NtW ahHjhd; FHb\; kf;fisf; nfhy;ytpy;iy? Nel;Nlh ehLfspy; xd;whd JUf;fp (fdlhtpd; el;G ehLk; $l) mNj FHb\; kf;fsJ tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij eRf;Fk; Kfkhf Mz;Lf; fzf;fpy; mtHfisf; nfhd;W Ftpj;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.

mnkupf;fhtpd; el;G ehlhd vfpg;Jk; xU rHthjpfhu Ml;rp eilngWk; ehLjhd;.mnkupf;fhtpd; vjpup ehlhd rpupahTk; xU rHthjpfhu Ml;rp eilngWk; ehLjhd;.

,];;Nuy; ehl;Lf;F vjpuhf muG ehLfs; ,uz;L Kiw NghH njhLj;Js;sd. mNj Nghy; ,];Nuy; muhG ehLfSf;F vjpuhf ,uz;L Kiw NghH njhLj;Js;sJ.. ,jpy; xd;W 1956,y; gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; ehl;NlhL ,];Nuy; ifNfhHj;Jf; nfhz;L vfpg;J kPJ Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;FjyhFk;.

Mdhy; G\; khkhit Fw;wthspf; $z;by; epWj;j KbahJ. fhuzk; mtH Nghupy; ntd;W tpl;lhH. rjhk; FNrd; jz;bf;fg;gl;lhy; mjw;fhd fhuzk; mtH rHthjpfhup vd;gjy;y. mtH Nghupy; Njhw;Wtpl;lhH vd;gNj.

,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghupy; ,l;yH ntd;wpUe;jhy; gpujkH tpd;];ud; NrHr;rpYk; rdhjpgjp &];nty;Lk; Jhf;fpy; njhq;fp ,Ug;ghHfs;!

vdNt vJ ePjp> vJ mePjp vd;gJ ntd;wJ ahH Njhw;wJ ahH vd;gijNa nghWj;jpUf;fpwJ!

,uhDf;F vjpuhd ,uhf; Aj;jj;jpy; mnkupf;fhTk; gpupj;jhdpahTk; MAjq;fisAk; ,uhZt Gydha;T ,ufrpaq;fisAk; ,uhf;Ff;F nfhLj;J cjtpaJ. n[Hkdp er;R thAit ,uhf;Ff;F tpw;gid nra;jJ. ,uhid xLf;fNt ,uhf;Ff;F cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,d;iwa mnkupf;f ghJfhg;G ke;jpup 1983,y; ,uhf;Ff;fhd mnkupf;f JhJtuhf ,Ue;jhH. mtUk; rjhk; FNrDk; ifFYf;fpf; nfhz;l Gifg;glq;fs; mg;NghJ gj;jpupiffspy; ntspte;jd.

rjhk; FNridg; gpbj;J mtiu njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; xU fhl;rpg; nghUs;Nghy; fhl;baJ G\; epHthfj;jpw;F khngUk; ntw;wpahfTk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; gug;Giuf;F fpilj;j ngupa ntw;wpahfTk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; mJ ,uhf; gw;wpa mbg;gil cz;ikia kiwj;J tpl KbahJ. mjhtJ mnkupf;fhtpd; gilnaLg;G midj;Jyf kw;Wk; mnkupf;f rl;lq;fSf;F Kw;wpYk; vjpuhdJ vd;gNj.

mnkupf;fh ,uhf;fpy; xU nfhnyhdp ehl;Lg; ghzp fhty;Jiwia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. mJNghyNt Gydha;Tg; gpupTfisAk; nfhiyf; FOf;fisAk; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. FLk;g cWg;gpdHfisg; gazf; ifjpfshf gpbf;fpwJ. ,];Nuy; ghzpapy; '$l;L jz;lid' ( collective punishment) toq;FfpwJ.

,uhf;if jdJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fs; itg;gjw;fhfNt mnkupf;fh ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;ig Nkw; nfhz;lJ. ,g;NghJ tl nfhupah> fpA+gh> ,uhd;> rpupah> rpk;ghNt Nghd;w ehLfis mopg;gjw;F mnkupf;fh Kad;W tUfpwJ. ,uhf;fpy; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd nghJ kf;fsJ capiu mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; gwpj;Js;sJ. ,we;j ,uhf;fpaHfis vz;z Ntz;ba mtrpaNk ,y;iy vd;W mnkupf;fh jpkpNuhL mwptpj;Js;sJ. ,uhf; kf;fspd; ,iwiaia mnkupf;fh fhypy; Nghl;L kpjpj;Js;sJ.

rjhk; FNrd; gpbgl;lhYk; mnkupf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilfSf;F vjpuhd nfupy;yhj; jhf;Fjy;fs; epd;w ghby;iy. fhuzk; vyp tisf;Fs; gJq;fp ,Ue;j rjhk; FNrDf;Fk; ,e;jj; jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; njhlHNg ,y;iy. rjhk; FNrd; gpbgl;lNghJ mtuplk; ve;jtpj njhiyNgrpNah> thndhypNah my;yJ NtW njhiyj; jfty; fUtpfNsh ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

,uhf;fpy; mnkupf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilfSf;F vjpuhd nfupyhj; jhf;Fjy;fis xUtUf;F xUtH njhlHgpy;yhj %d;W gpuptpdH elhj;JfpwhHfs;.

(1) rjhk; FNrdpd; MjuthsHfs;.

(2) mnkupf;f gilapdiu ek;gpf;if <dHfs; vdf; fUJk; ,];yhkpa mbg;gil thjpfs;.

(3) ,uhf;fpd; tpLjiyf;fhf NghuhLk; ,uhf;fpa Njrpathjpfs;.

mnkupf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilapdUf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLk; nfupy;yh gilapdiu mlf;Ftjw;F mnkupf;fg; gilfs; ifahSk; fLk;Nghf;F mtHfSf;F vjpuhd vjpHg;igAk; ntWg;igAk; NkYk; $l;LtjhfNt cs;sJ.

Rw;wp tisj;jy;> NjLjy;> Culq;fr; rl;lk;> re;Njfg;gLk; nfupy;yhf;fs; kw;Wk; mtHfsJ FLk;gj;jpdHfsJ tPLfis Fz;L Nghl;Lj; jfHj;jy;> fpuhkq;fis KOjhf Kl;fk;gp Ntyp Nghl;L jdpikg;gLj;jy;> Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;Lk; vOjg;gl;l mnkupf;f gilapduhy; nghJ kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; milahs ml;ilfs; ,t;thwhd mlf;FKiwfs;> mtkhdq;fs; ,uhf;fpauJ Nfhgj;ij NkYk; fpswptpLfpd;wd.

vq;Nf mnkupf;f Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilfs; =yq;fh rpq;fsg; gilaplk; ghlk; gbj;Jf; nfhz;L> gbj;j ghlq;fis ,uhf;fpy; eilKiwg; gLj;Jfpwjh vd;w epahakhd re;Njfk; vOfpwJ!

mG `\;kh (Abu Hishma) vd;w fpuhkj;ijr; Rw;wp Kl;fk;gp Ntyp Nghl;l Nfzy; ejhd; r];khd; vd;gtH New York Times gj;jpupiff;Ff; nfhLj;j nrt;tp xd;wpy; 'ngupa mstpyhd gaj;jpd; %yKk; td;Kiw %yKk;> jpl;lq;fSf;F gzk; nfhLg;gjpd; %yKk; ehq;fs; mtH;fSf;F cjtp nra;a te;jpUf;fpNwhk; vd mtHfis ek;g itf;f KbAk; vd ehd; epidf;fpNwd; ( With a heavy dose of fear and violence, and a lot of money for projects, I think we can convince these people we are here to help them." ) $wpapUf;fpwhH. mq;Nf cs;s gyif xd;wpy; gpd;tUkhW vOjp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

"This fence is here for your protection. Do not approach or try to cross or you will be shot."

',e;j Ntyp cq;fsJ ghJfhg;Gf;fhfg; Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid neUq;fNth my;yJ flf;fNth Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;lhk;. Kad;why; ePq;fs; Rlg;gLtPHfs;.'

Nkw;Ff;fiu kw;Wk; fhrh gFjp ,uz;bYk; ,lk;ngWk; ghy];jPdpaHfsJ nfupy;yhg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kwpabf;f ,];Nuy; ,uhZtk; nfhiyf; FOf;fisg; (assassination squads) gad;gLj;JtJ Nghd;W mnkupf;f ,uhZtKk; nfhiyf; FOf;fis jhuhskhf ,uhf;fpa nfupy;yhf;fSf;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. mnkupf;f gilapd; Gjpa jhf;Fjy; mzpahd 'nray;g; gil 121' (Task Force 121 ) me;epa ,];yhkpa Nghuhspfis nfhiy nra;tjw;F Vw;fdNt rpupah ehl;bd; cs;Ns gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

,e;jr; nray; gil 121f;F jpl;lkpl;l nyt;bdd;l; n[duy; tpy;ypak; ngha;f;fpd; mnkupf;f Oregon Njthya topghbfsplk; NgRk;NghJ 'mnkupf;f gil xU 'fpwpj;Jt gil' MFk;. ,e;jg; gil rhj;jhDf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLfpwJ' vd xspT kiwtpd;wp Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhH.

,uhf;Ff;F vjpuhd Aj;jk; mnkupf;f gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fspd; igfis epug;gTk; gad; gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dH mnkupf;f Jiz rdhjpgjp bf; nrdp (Dick Cheny ) gzpGupe;j Halliburton vd;w epWtdk; ,uhf;Ff;F Fitj;jpy; ,Ue;J vupnghUis thq;fp tpiyiaf; $l;b tpw;wjpy; 60 kpy;ypad; nlhyiu RUl;bAs;sJ.

mNj Neuj;jpy; mnkupf;fh cUrpah> n[Hkdp> gpuhd;];> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfis ,uhf;fpd; kPs;fl;likg;Gf;fhd xg;ge;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J nky;yf; fol;b tpl;Ltpl;lJ!

nkhj;jj;jpy; rjhk; FNrdpd; ifJ mnkupf;fhitg; nghWj;jstpy; jiyapb Ngha; jpUFtyp te;j fijahfNt ,Uf;fg; NghfpwJ!  (cyfj;jkpoH - 19-12-2003)