jkpoH jpUkzk;
ef;fPud;
Kjy; gjpg;G - gq;Fdp 2000
tpiy - gj;J ($ 10) nlhyH
jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk;
(g/whopirf; nfhr;rff;
fypg;gh)
ePH MUk; fly; cLj;j epykle;ijf;F vopy; xOFk;
rPH MUk; tjdk; vdj; jpfo;gujf; fz;lk;> ,jpy;
jf;f rpW gpiw EjYk; jupj;j eWk; jpyfKNk
njf; fzKk;> mjpw;rpwe;j jpuhtpley; jpUehLk;
mj; jpyf
thridNghy; midj;J cyFk; ,d;gk; cw
vj; jpirAk; Gfo;kzf;f ,Ue;jngUk; jkpo; mzq;Nf
gy; capUk; gy cyFk; gilj;J mspj;Jj; Jilf;fpDk; XH
vy;iy mW guk;;nghUs;Kd; ,Ue;jgb ,Ug;gJNghy;
fd;dlKk;
fspnjYq;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKk; JSTk;
cd; cjuj;J cjpj;J vOe;Nj xhd;Wgy
MapbDk;
Mupak;Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;J xope;J rpijah
cd;;
(kNdhd;kzpak; jkpo;g; NguhrpupaH Re;judhH)
mUz;nkhop jkpo;r; nry;tp jkpo;j; jpUkzk;
ts;StH nra; jpUf;Fwis kWtwed; FzHe;NjhHfs;
cs;StNuh kDthjp xUFyj;Jf;F xU ePjp...
(kNdhd;kzpak; Re;judhH )
vdf;Fr; rupahf epidT njupahj (Kfk; kl;Lk; kdj; jpiuapy; kq;fyhfj; njupe;j) tajpy; kiwe;j Mdhy; fhybf; nfhYrpd; Xir kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; vd; fhjpy; ed;whf xypj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd; jhahupd; nghd;dbfSf;;Fk; vd;idg; gbf;f itj;J Mshf;fpa mUikj; je;ijahupd; jpUtbf;fSf;Fk; ,e;j Ehy; vdJ gilay;.
vd;Diu
,d;W ehk; fhZk; itjPf Kiwj; jpUkzq;fs; ,UEhW Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dNu jkpofj;jpy; tp[aefu kd;dHfs; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
tof;Ff;F te;jJ. ngUk;ghYk; GNuhfpjHfs; tUtha; fUjpNa ,g;gbahd jpUkzq;fis nra;a Muk;gpj;jhHfs;.
mg;gbj; jpUkzq;fis nra;J itj;j GNuhfpjHfs; gpuhkz r%fj;jpdhy; xJf;fp itf;fg; gl;lhHfs;.
jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzk; kpfTk; gioikahdJ. rq;f fhyk; njhl;L tUtJ. ,ilf;
fhyj;jpy; gpw nkhop> gz;ghl;Lg; gil vLg;ghy; mg;gbahd jpUkzq;fs; tof;nfhope;J Nghapw;W. ,Ue;Jk; mJ
Kw;whf tof;nfhope;J Nghftpy;iy. rq;f fhyj;jpy; ney;Yk; G+Tk; Jhtp tho;j;Jk; tof;fk; itjPfj;
jpUkzq;fspy; kQ;rs; muprpiaj; Jhtp tho;j;Jtjhf khwpaJ. jkpofj;jpy; ,d;W $l GNuhfpjHfs; ,y;yhj
jpUkzq;fs; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspYk;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tl;lhu
kf;fsplKk; njhlHe;J ,lk;ngw;W tUfpwJ.
,e;j Ehw;whz;bd; eLtpy; ngupahH> kiwkiy mbfs;>
ghujpjhrd;> mz;zh Nghd;NwhH jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzq;fis kf;fspil
Cf;fptpj;jjd; tpisthf tlnkhop ke;jpuq;fs;> GNuhfpjHfs;
,y;yhj jpUkzq;fs; gue;Jgl;l mstpy; eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
1967y; jkpo;ehl;bd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij
mwpQH mz;zhtpd; jiyikapyhd jp.K.f. ifg;gw;wpajd; tpisthf Rakupahijj; jpUkzq;fs; rl;lg;gb
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpUkz tpohtpy; ehd; tuNtw;Giu epfo;j;jpaNghJ vdJ jpUkzNk 37 Mz;LfSf;F
Kd;dH ,uz;L khiy> xU nrhw;nghopthsNuhL kpf vspa Kiwapy; ele;Njwpaijf; Fwpg;gpl;Nld;.
mg;NghJ ehd; kl;Lk; my;yhJ ez;gHfs; <oNte;jd;>
e.ngh.,uhrJiu Nghd;NwhUk; rPHjpUj;jj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhHfs;. gpd;dhy; Nf.V. kNfe;jpud;> fdf
kNdhfud; Nghd;NwhUk; mt;thNw jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhHfs;.
mz;ikapy; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; nghWg;ghsH
jkpo;r;nry;td; Njrpaj; jiytH gpughfud; jiyikapy; jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lJ ehNsLfspy;
nra;jpahf te;jJ.
jkpo;ehl;by; ngupahH> ghujpjhrd;> mz;zh Nghd;NwhH Njhw;Wtpj;j jpuhtpl
kWkyHr;rp gFj;jwpT rpe;jidfNs tlnkhop ke;jpuk;> GNuhfpjH ,y;yhj jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzq;fis nra;J
nfhs;sj; Jhz;L NfhyhapUe;jd. Kjy; Rakupahijj; jpUkzk; ngupahH jiyikapy; 28-05-1928y; mUg;Gf;
Nfhl;ilf;F mUNfAs;s Rf;fpyej;jk; vd;Dk; Cupy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mj;jpUkz tpohtpy; kiwe;j Kj;jkpo;f;
fhtyH fp.M.ng. tpRtehjk;> gl;Lf;Nfhl;il mofpup MfpNahUk; fye;J
nfhz;L rpwg;gpj;jhHfs;.
jkpo;ehl;by; rPHjpUj;jj; jpUkzq;fs; My;Nghy; jisj;J mWFNghy; NtNuhbg;
gy;fpg; ngUfp tsHe;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJk; vd;d fhuzj;jhNyh
jkpoPoj;jpy; me;jg; Nghf;F ePbf;ftpy;iy. mj;jp G+j;jhw;Nghy; mq;nfhd;W ,q;nfhd;whf rpy jpUkzq;fs;
kl;LNk ele;jd.
vdJ tPl;by; ,jw;F Kd;dH vdJ gps;isfs; nra;J nfhz;l jpUkzq;fs;
itjPfj; jpUkzq;fshfNt mike;jd. mjw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fs; cz;L. Kjypy;
toiknad;w ngaupy; CNuhL xj;Jg;Nghf Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;. kw;wJ jpUkz;k; vd;gJ ,uz;L tPl;lhuJ
rk;kjj;JlDk; xj;Jiog;GlDk; elf;f Ntz;ba kq;fsfukhd epfo;r;rp. mjpy; fUj;J Ntw;Wik vof;$lhJ vd;w
Kd;rhf;fpuij fhuzkhf rPHjpUj;jj; jpUkzk; gw;wpNa rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy.
mg;gbnad;why; ,uhNre;jpud; -,e;Jkjp jpUkzk;
kl;Lk; jkpoH jpUkzkhf mike;jJ vg;gb?
cz;ik vd;dntd;why; ehd; Nfl;fhkNyNa vdJ kfd; jhdhf ,g;gbnahU
jpUkzj;ij nra;a Kd;te;jhH. ey;yfhykhf ngz; tPl;lhUk; mjid kfpo;r;rpAld;
tuNtw;W xg;GjYk; xj;Jiog;Gk; ey;fpdhHfs;.
mg;gh topapy; jhDk; jkpo;j; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
vd;w vz;zj;ij tpl itjPfj; jpUkzq;fs; eilngWk; Kiwfs;> rk;gpujhaq;fis Neupy; ghHj;J mit
kdJf;Fg; gpbf;fhJ NghdJ ,e;jj; jkpo;kuGj; jpUkzj;Jf;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jj; jpUkzj;Jf;F ahiu jiyik tfpf;f
miof;fyhk; vd;W ehq;fs; Nahrpj;j NghJ vq;fs; fz;Zf;F Kd; te;J epd;wtH lhf;lH Mjp fzgjp NrhkRe;juk;
mtHfNs. ,tuh mtuh vd;w Ngr;Nr votpy;iy. xUtiuNa epidj;Njhk; me;j xUtiuNa jiyik jhq;f mioj;Njhk;.
mtUk; ve;j kWg;Gk; ,d;wp cld; jdJ xg;Gjiyj; je;J tpl;lhH.
,e;j kztpohTf;F jiyik jhq;f lhf;lH
Mjp fzgjp NrhkRe;juk; mtHfisj; NjHe;njLj;j fhuzq;fis ehd; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy vd;W
epidf;fpNwd;. ,Ue;Jk; ,uz;nlhU thHj;ij mijg;gw;wpr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
jkpoHfSf;F ,ilapy; njhopy; Jiwapy;
ntw;wp fz;ltHfs; gyH ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. fy;tpj;Jiwapy; fiu fz;ltHfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;>
Mdhy; r%f rpe;jidAs;stHfis> r%f czHTs;stHfis> jkpo;
,dg;gw;Ws;stHfis> jkpo;nkhopg; gw;Ws;stHfis ,d;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpYk; fhz;gJ kpfTk; mupjhFk;.
ngUk;ghNyhH
jhd; cz;L jd; FLk;gk; cz;L vd;w rpW tl;lj;NjhL epd;W tpLfpwhHfs;. mtHfs; jhk; gpwe;j
,dj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. jk; nkhopiag; gw;wpr; rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. gpwe;j kz;izg;gw;wpr;
rpe;jpg;gjpy;iy. mit vf;NfL nfl;lhYk; nfl;Lg; Nghfl;Lk; vd;W ,Ue;J tpLfpwhHfs;.
,d;iwf;F Ik;gJ Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH mur
cj;jpNahfj;jpy; gy jkpoHfs; nfhbfl;b tho;e;jhHfs;. fpl;lj;jl;l vy;yh mur jpizf;fs> mikr;Rf;fspd;
jiytHfshf> epue;jur; nrayhsHfshfj; jkpoHfNs ,Ue;jhHfs;.
Mdhy; mtHfspy; ahUNk Nritapy; ,Ue;j NghJk;rup> Nritapy; ,Ue;J ,iog;ghwpa gpd;dUk; rup jq;fsJ
Neuj;ijAk; epidg;igAk; jkpopdj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf> jkpo;nkhopapd; caHTf;fhf> Vd; rkaj;Jf;fhf
NtDk; nrytopf;ftpy;iy. ehd; mwpe;j mstpy; NrH fe;ijah itj;jpaehjd; xUtNu Njthug; ghly;ngw;w
jpUf;NfjPRtu Myaj;ij GJg;gpg;gjw;F jdJ Neuk;> nghUs; ,uz;ilAk; nrytopj;jtH. filrpf; fhyj;jpy; xU
rkaj; Jwtpahf tho;e;J kiwe;jtH. ,d;ndhUtH tTdpah khtl;l murhq;f mjpguhf ,Ue;j jpU. ,uhrJiu mtHfs;.
,tHfsJ nghJg; gzpia ed;wp mwpjNyhL ,e;j Neuj;jpy; epidj;Jg; ghHf;fpNwd;.
nghJg; gzpiag; gw;wpa mf;fiwapd;ik
,d;Wk; njhlUfpwJ. nrd;w Mz;Lf; filrpapy; ehd; ntspehL NghapUe;Njd;. ehl;bd; ngaiur; nrhy;yyhk;
vd;W epidf;fpNwd;. me;j ehL mT];jpNuypah. me;j ehl;Lf;F ,uz;L jiyKiwf;F Kd;gpd;dhfg; Gyk;ngaHe;j
jkpoHfs; nry;tj;NjhLk;> nry;thf;NfhLk; mq;F tho;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; mtHfshy; jkpo; kf;fSf;Nfh my;yJ
jkpo; ,dj;Jf;Nfh xU nrg;Gf;fhR$l gadpy;yhjthW jhKz;L jq;fs; kidtp gps;isfs; cz;L vd;w Nghf;fpy;
tho;fpwhHfs;. mq;F ele;j khtPuH tpohtpw;F Ik;gJ lhf;lHfSf;Ff; Fiwtpy;yhky; jdpj; jdp kly; vOjp mtHfSf;F miog;G mDg;gpNdhk;.
nrhd;dhy; ek;g khl;BHfs;. mtHfspy; xUtH $l me;j miog;ig Vw;W tpohTf;F
tUif jutpy;iy!
vjw;Fk; tpjp tpyf;Fz;L. xU rpyH
tpLjiy czHNthL ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. mjpy; NguhrpupaH fpwp];b n[aul;zk; vypNarUk; mtuJ JiztpahH ,uhzp
vypNarH Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftHfs;. NguhrpupaH jdJ vz;gjhtJ mfitapYk; jkpopd czHNthLk;> jkpo;nkhop
czHNthLk; tho;fpwhH. mtUf;F cw;w Jizahf mtuJ JiztpahH ,Ue;J tUfpwhH. fw;whiuf; fhz;gJTk; ed;Nw mtH
nrhy; Nfl;gJTk; ed;Nw vd;gjw;F ,zq;f ,e;j ,UtiuAk; nky;NghHd; efupy; Neupy; re;jpj;J mstshtpajpy;
vdf;F kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rp. ,uhzp vypNarH vdJ MrpupiaAk; $l
vd;gjhy; gy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J mtiur; re;jpj;jjpy; vdf;F ,ul;bg;G kfpo;r;rp.
lhf;lH Mjp fzgjp NrhkRe;juk; mtHfs;
fhJk; fhJk; itj;jJNghy> Xirg;glhky; gy ey;y njhz;Lfisr; nra;J tUfpwhH. mijapl;L ehd; mjpfk; nrhy;y
Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy. mg;gbr; nrhy;y Kd;te;jhy; mJ mtUf;Nf
rq;flkhf ,Uf;Fk;. jdp kdpjdJ Nehiag; Nghf;Fk; itj;jpauhfg;
gzpahw;WtNjhL jkpo; ,dj;jpd; Neha; jPHf;Fk; itj;jpauhfTk; ,Ue;J tUfpwhH. mtuJ gzp NkYk; njhlu
Ntz;Lk;.
jpUf;FwNs jkpoHfsJ nghJkiw> mJNt
jkpo;kf;fspd; tho;f;if topfhl;bahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ehd; jplkhd ek;gpf;if itj;jpUf;fpNwd;.
jpUf;Fwspy; nrhy;yhj nghUspy;iy. mjpy; ,y;yhj nghUspy;iy. xU Fws; xUtdplk; cs;s nry;tk; vg;gbahd
nry;tkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,yf;fzk; nrhy;fpwJ.
CUzp ePH epiwe;jw;Nw> cyfthk;
Nguwpthsd; jpU
( Fws; 215)
kw;wtHfSf;F cjTk; ngupa mwpthsdJ
nry;tk; Cupd; eLNt cs;s ePH epiwe;j Fsk; kf;fSf;F vg;gb cjTfpwNjh
mJ Nghd;W ed;ik gaf;fty;yJ.
,e;jf; Fwspy; Cupd; eLNt cs;s Fsj;ij
NguwpthsdJ nry;tj;Jf;F xg;gpl;l ts;StH mLj;j Fwspy; ( 216tJ Fwspy;) cs;@upy; gOj;Jf; FYq;Fk;
gokuj;NjhL xg;gpLfpwhH. gpwUf;F cjtpnra;J tho;gtd; ,lj;jpy; cs;s nry;tk; cs;@upy; gOj;j gokuk;
kw;wtHfSf;Fg; gad; mspg;gJNghd;wJ vd;fpwhH.
gad;kuk; cs;@Hg; gOj;jw;why;> nry;tk;
gaDil ahd; fz;gbd;
(Fws; 216)
,jw;Fk; Nkyhf lhf;lH mtHfs; jd;dhyhd
jkpo;g; gzpiaAk; rkag; gzpiaAk; Mjp mUs;kiw kd;wj;ij epWtp mjd; Clhf ,dpJ nra;J tUfpwhH. caH jdpr;
nrk;nkhopahd jkpo; nkhopia vd;idg;NghyNt mtUk; kdjhu cskhu
Nerpf;fpwhH. jpUf;Nfhtpy;fspy; Qhdrk;ge;jH nkr;rpg; Nghw;wpa rq;fkyp nre;jkpopy; kl;Lk; G+ir
eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W ntspg;gilahff; $wptUfpwhH. mJjhd;
vd;idg; Nghd;w jkpo; czHthsHfsJ MirAk; MFk;.
,uz;lhtJ fhuzk;. jkpoHfSila
tho;tpaypy; vq;fs; jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhopf;Nf rPUk;
rpwg;Gk;> NgUk; ,lKk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. njhl;by; njhlq;fp fl;by; tiu> tPL njhlq;fp fhLtiu
jkpo;nkhopf;F Vw;wk; nfhLg;gjd; %yNk vq;fis ehq;fs; caHj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. vg;NghJ nre;jkpio
xJf;fptpl;L gpwnkhopfSf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh> mJ ve;j nkhopnad;whYk; rup> mg;NghJ
ehq;fs; vq;fisNa jho;j;jpf; nfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gJ vdJ epiyg;ghlhFk;.
,d;W jkpo;nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;gplk;
nfhLf;fj; jkpoHfs; jaq;Ftjw;F ehDhW Mz;Lfhy mbik tho;Tk;> mjdhy; Vw;gl;l jho;T kdg;ghd;ikAk;
fhuzkhFk;>
,d;W cyfpy; Ngrg;gLk; gioa nkhopfshd
fpNuf;fk;> rPdk;> ,yj;jpd;> rk];fpUjk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jkpo;nkhopAk; xd;W. jkpo; nkhopf;Fs;s ,yf;fpa
,yf;fzr; rpwg;G NtW ve;j nkhopf;Fk; fpilahJ. jkpopy; ,d;Ws;s kpfg; gioa Ehy; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; ,e;j %d;Wf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; nrhy;Yk; njhy;fhg;gpak; Nghd;w ,yf;fz Ehy; NtW ve;j
nkhopapYk; fpilahJ. Vd; jkpopy; $l njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij nty;Yk; ,yf;fz Ehnyhd;W ,Jfhytiu ve;j ,yf;fz
MrpupauhYk; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy!
rq;f
,yf;fpaq;fshd vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;by; kl;Lk; 2381; ghly;fs;; rpd;dJk; ngupaJkhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gj;Jg;ghl;L 8552 tupfisAk;> vl;Lj;njhif 2426 jdpepiyr; nra;As;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd.
,tw;iwg; ghba GytHfspd; njhif 575. ,jpy; ngaH njupe;J GytHfs; vz;zpf;if 473. ngaH njupahj GytHfsJ
njhif 102. fgpyH vd;w GytH khj;jpuk; 235 ghly;fs; ghbAs;shH.
vl;Lj;njhif>
gj;Jg;ghl;NlhL rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;J gjpnzd; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fisAk; NrHj;jhy; (3251 ghly;fs;)
nkhj;jg; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5>632 Mf caHfpwJ. ,j;jifa ePz;l ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz tuyhWk; tsKk; cyfpy;
NtW ve;jnkhopf;Fk; ,y;iy. Md fhuzj;jpdhy; jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk; ghba NguhrpupaH kNdhd;kzpak;
Re;juk;gps;is mtHfs;
"Mupak;Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;njhope;J rpijahTd;; rPupsikj; jpwk;tpae;J nray;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk"
vd;W jkpo;j; jhiag; Nghw;WfpwhH.
,e;jpahtpy; ,d;W Ngrg;gLk;
nkhopfspy; kf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; jkpo; nkhop Ie;jhtJ ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. kpff; $Ljyhf ,e;jp nkhop
NgRNthH Ehw;wpy; 39 tpOf;fhlhfTk;> mjw;F mLj;jjhf ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpy; tq;fhsp nkhop NgRNthH 8
tpOf;fhlhfTk;> %d;whtjhf njYq;F nkhop NgRNthH 7.7 tpOf;fhlhfTk;> mjw;F mLj;jjhf ehd;fhtJ ,lj;jpy;
kuhj;jp nkhop NgRNthH vz;zpf;if 7 tpOf;fhlhfTk;> Ie;jhtJ
,lj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop NgRNthH vz;zpf;if 6.2 tpOf;fhlhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjhtJ fpl;lj;jl;l 6 Nfhb
jkpoHfs; ,e;jpa cgfz;lj;jpy; tho;fpwhHfs;.
,j;jid rpwg;G tha;e;j nkhopapd;
nrhe;jf;fhuHfs; ehk;. vdNt jkpoH tPl;Lj; jpUkzq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapNyNa eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
vq;fSf;Fg; Gupahj> mJTk; tof;nfhope;j xU nkhopapy; jpUkzk; eilngWtij ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahJ. mJ
NghyNt jP tyk; tUjy;> mk;kp kpjpj;jy;> mUe;jjp ghHj;jy; Nghd;w gpw gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;FfisAk; ehk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ. jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzk; vd;gJ jkpopy; kl;Lk; eilngWk; jpUkzk; kl;Lk; my;y. itjPf
rlq;Ffs; ,y;yhj jpUkzkhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ jkpo;j; jpUkzk; my;y jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzkhf tpsq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthUtDf;Fk; mtidg; gj;Jkhjk;
tapw;wpy; Rke;J ngw;nwLj;Jg; ghYhl;b> rPuhl;b> jhyhl;b> mk;Gyp fhl;b tsHj;j jhNa nja;tj;jpd;
,lj;jpy; itj;Jg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhs;.
xUtDf;F mLj;j tPl;Lj; jha;
vt;tsTjhd; mofhdtuhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtDf;F mts; jhahf khl;lhs;.
jhahfTk; KbahJ. mJ NghyNt jkpoHfSf;F jkpNo jhahths;. jpUkz tPLfspy; kl;Lky;y jpUf;Nfhtpy;fspYk;
jkpNo xypf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;j epiy ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j epiy khwNtz;Lk;. khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
jkpoHfs; jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;Gj;
njupahj fhuzj;jhy; Ntw;W nkhopfSf;F Vw;wk; nfhLf;fpwhHfs;. EhW Mz;LfSf;F Kd; tho;e;j ghujpahH-
Nrud; jk;gp rpyk;G ,irj;jJk;
nja;t ts;Std; thd;kiw nra;jJk;
ghupy; ey;ypirg; ghz;ba NrhoHfs;
ghuspj;J jHkk; tsHj;jJk;
md;d ahTk; mwpe;jpyH ghujH
Mq;fpyk; gapy; gs;spAl; NghfpdH
(ghujpahH
ghly;fs; - Rarupij)
vd;W ftiyNahL
ghbdhH. ,d;W$l ghujpahupd; ftiyfs; njhlHfijahfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. vj;jid jkpoHfs; tPl;by; Nrud; jk;gp
,irj;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,Uf;fpwJ? vj;jid jkpoHfs; tPl;by; nja;t ts;Std; nra;j thd;kiw ,Uf;fpwJ?
,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd gjpiy cq;fs; kdl;rhl;rpf;Nf tpl;L tpLfpNwd;.
jkpo;nkhop cz;ikapNyNa ,dpikahd
nkhopah vd;w re;Njfk; rpyUf;F ,Uf;fpwJ. mtutUf;Fk; mtutuJ nkhop ,dpikahfNt ,Uf;Fk;. jkpo;nkhop
jkpoUf;F ,dpikahf ,Ug;gJ Nghy; rPdnkhop rPdHfSf;F ,dpikahf ,Uf;Fk; my;yth? vd;W Nfl;fpwtHfs;
,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,g;gbahd re;Njfj;jpw;F> Nfs;tpf;F kfhftp ghujpahH vg;NghNjh gjpy; ,Wj;jp ,Uf;fpwhH.
ghujpahUf;F mtuJ jha;nkhopahd
jkpiotpl tlnkhop njupe;jpUe;jJ. GJr;Nrupapy; gy Mz;L tho;e;jjhy; mtUf;F gpuhd;R nkhop
njupe;jpUe;jJ. fhrp rHtfyhrhiyapy; Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wpaNghJ ,e;jp nkhop gbf;Fk; tha;g;Gf;
fpl;baJ. ,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Gyik ,Ue;jJ. vdNt gy nkhop njupe;j ghujpahH-
"ehk; mwpe;j nkhopfspNy
jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;" vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $wpapUf;fpwhH.
jkpo; ,dpikahd
nkhop vd;w fhuzj;jhNyNa
",Ue;jkpNo cd;dhy; ,Ue;Njd;> ck;gH tpUe;jkpo;jk; vd;whYk; Ntz;Nld;"
vd;W jkpo;tpL
JhJg; GytH ghbdhH. fy;tpapy; ngupa fk;gd;
"vd;WKs;s njd;jkpo;"
vd;W rpwg;gpj;Js;shH.
jkpOf;F cs;s
milnkhopfs; Nghy; NtW ve;j nkhopf;Fk;> tlnkhop cl;gl> ,y;iy. nre;jkpo;> rq;fkyp nre;jkpo;> ,irkyp
jkpo;> ige;jkpo;> jPe;jkpo;> tz;lkpo;> xz;lkpo;> jz;lkpo;>
jz;zhH jkpo;> ew;wkpo;> G+e;jkpo;> %thj;jkpo;> NjkU jkpo;>
Qhdj;jkpo;> Kj;jkpo;........ ,g;gb mbf;fpf; nfhz;L
Nghfyhk;.
jpUkz
tpohtpy; ehd; mtruj;jpy; vOjp toq;fpa ,e;jj; jkpoH jpUkzk; vd;w rpW Ehiyj; jUkhW gy ez;gHfs; Nfl;l
tz;zk; cs;shHfs;. nfhLg;gjw;F mjd; gbfs; vd;dplk; ,y;iy. vd;dplk; kl;Lky;y mjid mr;Rr; nra;J
nfhLj;j lhf;lH NrhkRe;juk; mtHfsplNk ,y;iy. vdNt gyuJ Miria epiwNtw;w mjid ey;y Kiwapy; kPs;
gjpg;Gr; nra;jpUf;fpNwhk;.
vjidAk; Rk;kh
nfhLj;jhy; mjid thq;FgtUf;F mjd; ngWkjp njupa epahak; ,y;iy vd;W epidf;fpwtd; ehd;. vdNt ,e;j
EhYf;F xU tpiyia epHzapj;Js;Nshk;. ,jpy; ,yhgk; fpilj;jhy;
mJ jkpoH GdH tho;Tf; fof epjpf;Fr; NrHg;gpf;fg;gLk;.
,e;j Ehiy
ehd; tpupj;J vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mjid <oehL gjpg;gf ntspaPlhf ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; <oehL fpoik
Vl;bd; MrpupaH jpU. guNkRtud; mtHfsJ tpUg;gkhFk;. mtH Nfl;lthW tpupj;J vOjyhk; vd;W cl;fhUk;NghJ
NtW Nrhypfs; FWf;Nf te;J tpLfpd;wd. NeuKk; fhyKk; tUk;NghJ tpupj;J vOj
,Uf;fpNwd;. jw;Nghijf;F Ehypy; rpw
khw;wq;fs; kl;Lk; nra;Js;Nsd;. 'capNu jkpNo tzf;fk;' vd;w gFjp ehd; NtnwhU
re;jHg;gj;jpy; vOjp 'ek;ehL' gj;jpupifapy; ntspte;j fl;LiuahFk;.
"vd;Diu" ePz;L tpl;lJ.
Mdhy; fhuzj;NjhLjhd; ePz;l Kd;Diu
vOjpAs;Nsd;. ,e;j Ehy; Clhfj; jkpo;g; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;igAk;> jkpo; nkhopapd; ePHikiaAk;> jkpo; kiwapd; mUikiaAk;
XusthtJ jkpo; kf;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;L> mtw;iwg; Nghw;wpg; gad;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w MHtj;ij rw;NwDk; Jhz;l
cjtpapUe;jhy; ehd; nkj;j kfpo;r;rp milNtd;.
vdJ kfdpd; jpUkzj;ijg;
gpd;gw;wp Rtp]; ehl;ilr; NrHe;j ,ukzd; jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzk;
nra;J nfhz;Ls;shH. nrd;w Mz;L ,Wjpapy; ele;j ,j;jpUkzj;Jf;F Mapuk; jkpoHfs; tUif je;J
rpwg;gpj;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,j; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ ehd; vOjpa 'jkpoH jpUkzk;" vd;w Ehy; mofhfg; gjpg;gpj;J
ntspaplg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,uhrd;> ,ukzd; Nghy; NkYk; ,isNahHfs; jkpo; kuGj; jpUkzq;fisr;
nra;J jkpoH gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bf; fhf;f Kd;tuNtz;Lk;. tzf;fk;.
ef;fPud;
fdlh
gq;Fdp
23> 2000
nghUslf;fk;
1. nghw;fhyk; gf;fk; 11
2. rq;ffhy
,yf;fpaq;fs;
gf;fk; 16
3. xy;fhg; Gfo;
njhy;fhg;gpak;
gf;fk; 19
4. nghJ kiw
gf;fk; 29
5. mfj;Jiw
Gwj;Jiw ,yf;fzk;
gf;fk; 35
6. fstpay; -
fw;gpay;
gf;fk; 41
7. rq;f fhyj;
jpUkzk;
gf;fk; 44
8. jpUkz cwT
Kiw
gf;fk; 52
9. itjPfj;
jpUkzj;jpd; Njhw;wk
gf;fk; 55
10. jkpNo capNu
tzf;fk;
gf;fk; 60
11. ,it ,dpait
gf;fk; 67
12. gpd;,izg;G
gf;fk; 74
jkpoH
jpUkzk;
1. nghw;fhyk;
cyf tuyhw;iwg;
gbg;gtHfs; xt;nthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; xt;nthU nghw;fhyk; ,Ue;jpUg;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Gjpa cyf ehfuPfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd
tHzpf;fg;gLk; fpNuf;fHfSf;F fp.K. 7k; Ehw;whz;L njhlf;fk; fp.K. 4k; Ehw;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyk;
nghw;fhykhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
cyfk;
ke;jpuk;> je;jpuk; khak; epiwe;j rlg;nghUs; vd;w khiaapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L cyfj; Njhw;wk;>
tsHr;rp gw;wp mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; Muha Kw;gl;l ngUik fpNuf;fHfisNa rhUk;. mwptpay; rhHe;j
vy;yhj;JiwfspYk; fpNuf;fHfsJ if tz;zj;ijAk; fiy tz;zj;ijAk; fhzyhk;.
kdpjd; flTshy;
gilf;fg;gl;ltd; vd;w vz;zj;ij khw;wp flTisj; jdJ cUtj;jpy; gilf;f Muk;gpj;jtHfSk; fpNuf;fHfNs.
cyfk; cl;gl vy;yhtw;iwAk; vz;zq;fshfTk;
(concepts)
cUtq;fshfTk;
(figures)
fpNuf;fHfs;
ghHj;jhHfs;.
,e;jf; fhy
fl;lj;jpNyNa Gfo;ngw;w jj;Jt Qhdpfshd Njy;];
(Thales)
(
fp.K 640-546)> mwpT Mrhd; Nrhf;ful;b];
(Socrates - fp.K. 469-399)
gpshl;Nlh mup];Nuhl;ly;
(Aristotle -
fp.K 384-322)>
Nghd;wtHfs; Njhd;wpdhHfs;.
"tuyhw;wpd;
je;ij"
("Father of
History”)
vd miof;fg;gLk; n`uNlhu];
(Herodotus)>
nrhw;nghopthsH nlnkhjPd];
(Demosthenes)
(fp.K
384-322)> "xt;nthU Neha;f;Fk; ,aw;ifahd fhuzk; cz;L"
(”every
illness has a natural cause”)
vd;W
$wpa kUj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij
("Father of Medicine”)
vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;l fpg;NghfpNwl;];
(Hippocrates - fpK
460-377) kfjPd];
(Magathenes)
vfpg;J>
ghurPfk;> tl Nkw;F ,e;jpah ,tw;wpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntw;wp fz;l kfh mnyf;rhe;jH
(Alexander
the Great)
fhyKk;
,Jjhd;. kfh mnyf;rhe;jupd; MrpupaH mup];Nuhl;ly; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fJ.
,e;jf; fhy
fl;lj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ngsjPfk;> Ntjpay;> jj;Jtk;> fzpjk;> kUj;Jtk;> ,yf;fpak;> rkak;>
,ir> ehlfk;> rpw;gk;> Xtpak; rk;ke;jkhd Ehy;fis
nkhopngaHj;Jg; gbj;jjpdhNyNa INuhg;gh mwpahik vd;w ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J
(Dark
Age)
mwpTlik
epiwe;j ehfupf cyfj;Jf;F (fp.gp. 4tJ - 11tJ Ehw;whz;L)
fhyb vLj;J itf;f Kbe;jJ.
INuhg;gpa
nkhopfspd; mupr;Rtb fpNuf;f nkhopapypUe;J rpwpa khWjYld; cUthf;fg; gl;ljhFk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; cs;s gy
fiyr;nrhw;fs;
(democracy,
aristocracy, psychology)
fpNuf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J Neubahf xypkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;litahFk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;wpypUe;J cyf ehfupf
tsHr;rpf;F fpNuf;fHfsJ gq;fspg;ig XusT njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.
Mq;fpNyaiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mtHfsJ
nghw;fhyk; tpf;Nlhupah murpahupd; (1819-1901) 65 Mz;L fhy ePz;l Ml;rpf; fhyk; (1837-1901)vd;W
nrhy;yyhk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpd; fly; fle;j rhk;uh[;ak; ,tuJ fhyj;jpNyNa tYg;ngw;wJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
rf;futHj;jpdpahf 26 Mz;Lfs; (1976-1901)muR fl;bypy; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhH. gpupj;jhdpahtpd; njhopw;Gul;rp
,tuJ fhyj;jpNyNa Vw;gl;lJ. mwptpay;> NghH> nghUshjhuk;> fiy> ,yf;fpaj; Jiw Nghd;w vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk; gpupj;jhdpah nfhb fl;bg;gwe;jJ. cyf
Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; nkhj;j cUtkhf ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpah R+upad;
m];jkpf;fhj ehL vd;W tHzpf;fg; gl;lJ.
jkpopdj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; rq;f fhyNk
jkpoHfsJ nghw;fhyk; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. jkpoHfsJ ePz;l fhy tuyhw;iw ca;j;J czHe;J Muha;gtHfs;
,e;j cz;ikia vspjpy; xg;Gf; nfhs;thHfs;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy;
Ml;rp Gupe;j murHfNs jkpo; kd;dHfshf tpsq;fpdhHfs;. mtHfs; kl;Lky;y mtHfsJ ngaHfSk; Jha jkpopy;
,Ue;jd.
rq;fg; GytHfshy; gilf;fg; gl;l
vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg; ghl;L Ehy;fSk;> rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOe;j gjpnzd; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs;
jkpoHfsJ ehfupfr; rpwg;Gf;Fk;> fiy> gz;ghl;bw;Fk;> ,aw;ifNahL ,ire;j tho;Tf;Fk; fl;baq; $Wfpd;wd.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
gpwnkhopg; gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;ghy; vOe;j rhjp> rka> NtWghLfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy;
mikg;G uPjpahd rkak; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nga;> gprhR> ke;jpu je;jpuk;> rFdk;> Nky; cyfq;fs;> fPo;
cyfq;fs;> eufk;> nrhHf;fk; Nghd;w %lek;gpf;iffs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nghJ kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,e;j
ek;gpf;iffs; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; gbj;jtHfs; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis
r%fj;jpd; gy gbfspYk; ,Ue;j GytHfs; gilj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. Gtp Mz;l kd;dHfs; njhlf;fk; $ythzpfHfs;
<whf ftp ghbAs;shHfs;. MltUk; ngz;bUk;> me;jzUk;> tzpfUk;>
FwtDk; Fwj;jpAk; vd;W gy;NtWgl;l GytHfs; ghly;fs; ghbAs;shHfs;. rq;fg; GytHfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
500f;Fk; mjpfkhFk;. NtW ve;j ehl;bYk; fhzhjthW ngz;ghy; GytHfs; kl;Lk; 50f;Fk; mjpfkhf
,Ue;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,J rq;f fhyj;jpy; Mz;fisg; NghyNt ngz;fSk; xj;j fy;tpfw;W xj;j cupikNahL
tho;e;jpUe;j caHe;j tho;f;ifKiwiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
"cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;
gpw;iw epiyahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw"
vd;W ghba
Mupag;gil fle;j ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;>
"ahd; thOk; ehSk; gz;zd; thopa"
vd;W ghba
FsKw;wj;Jj;JQ;rpa fps;sptstd;>
"gpr;ir GfpDk;
fw;f ed;Nw"
vd;W ghba mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;>
"cz;lhyk;k
,t;Tyfk;"
cl;gl gupghlypy; gjpide;J ghly;fisg;
ghba ,sk;ngUtOjp>
gilg;Gg; gy gilj;J gyNuhL cz;Zk;
cilg;gLk;
nry;tuhapDk;> ,ilg;glf;
FW FW ele;J> rpwif
ePl;b......
vd;W njhlq;Fk;
Gwg;ghliyg; ghba ghz;bad; mwpTilek;gp> ghiy ghba
ngUq;fLq;Nfh> fypj;njhifapy; Ky;iyf;fypapd; ,ay;igg; gjpNdO ghly;fspy; eakhfj; jPl;ba Nrhod; ey;YUj;jd; ,tHfs; vy;NyhUk; Gtp Mz;l muruhtH.
rq;fg;
GytHfshd fbaYhH cUj;jpuq; fz;zdhH> ciwA+H KlNkhrpahH> fgpyH> ef;fPuH> guzH Nghd;NwhH me;jzuhtH.
kJiu mWit thzpfd; ,sNtl;ldhH>
$ythzpfd; rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhH Nghd;NwhH tzpfg; ngUkf;fs; MtH.
Mjpke;jpahH> G+jg;ghz;badpd; murpahH
ngUq;Nfhg;ngz;L murFyj;jpy; gpwe;j ftpaurpfs; MtH.
mjpakhd; ney;ypf; fdp <e;j mtdJ
muritg; GytH xsitahH> fhf;ifghbdpahH> xf;$H khrhj;jpahH> fhkf;fz;zpahH> Nghd;NwhH ngz;ghy;
GytHfspy; rpyuhtH.
irt rkaj;ijr; rhHe;j ef;fPuH>
Gj;jrkaj;ijr; NrHe;j ,sk;NghjpahH> rkz kjj;ijr; rhHe;j cNyhr;rdhH ,yf;fpak; gilj;Js;shHfs;.
,q;Nf xd;iwf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
rq;fg; ghly;fisg; ghba GytHfs; xj;j fhyj;jtNuh my;yJ Xuplj;jtNuh my;y. fp.K. ehEhW Mz;Lfs;
njhlq;fp fp.gp. Kjy; Ehw;whz;L fhy ,ilntspapy; tho;e;j GytHfs; ,g;ghly;fisg; ghbajhfj; njupfpwJ.
mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; ghba fhyk; NtW gpd;dH mg;ghly;fs; njhFf;fg; gl;l fhyk; Ntwhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
kpfr; rpwe;j ghly;fNs njhFf;fg; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbj; njhFf;fg; glhJ tpLgl;l ghly;fs;
Mapuf;fzf;fpy; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. mitnay;yhk; fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;J Nghapd. Vd; Kjy; rq;fk;> ,ilr; rq;f
fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l gy Ehy;fSk; ,d;W ,y;iy.
2. rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg; ghl;L>
gjpnzd; fPo;f;fzf;F ,itNa rq;f fhy> rq;fk; kUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd NkNy $wpNdhk;.
vl;Lj;njhif Ehy;fs; vitnait vd;gijf;
Fwpf;f xU gok; ntz;ghg; ghly; cs;sJ. me;jg; ghly; ,J.
ew;wpiz ey;y FWe;njhif Iq;FWEhW
xj;j gjpw;Wg;gj;J Xq;F
gupghly;
fw;wwpe;jhH Nghw;Wk; fypNahL
mfk;Gwk; vd;W
,j;jpwj;J vl;;Lj; njhif.
,tw;Ws; Iq;FWEhW> FWe;njhif>
ew;wpiz> mfehEhW> fypj;njhif mfg;nghUs; gw;wpad. GwehDhWk;> gjpw;Wg; gj;Jk; Gwg;nghUs; Ehy;fshFk;.
nkhj;jk; 2426 jdpepiyr; nra;As;fis vl;Lj;njhif nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j vl;bDs; mfehDhWk; GwehDhWk;
jkpoHfsJ mftho;f;ifapidAk; Gwtho;f;ifapidAk; glk;gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. gz;ila jkpoHfspd; tho;f;if
Kiwia ,e;jg; ghly;fspd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ gy mupa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisAk;
,it cs;slf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd.
gj;Jg; ghl;L Ehy;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
ghl;Lilj;
jiytdhf KUfid itj;J ef;fPuH ghba (1)
jpUKUfhw;Wg; gil.
fhtpupf;F
mizfl;ba fupfhy; Nrhoidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J Klj;jhkf;
fz;zpahH ghba (2)
nghUeuhw;Wg; gil.
ey;ypaf; Nfhlid ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf
itj;J ej;jj;jdhH ghba (3)
rpWghzhw;Wg; gil.
Nrukd;dd;
,se;jpiuaidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH ghba (4)
ngUk;ghzhw;Wg; gil.
ed;dd;Nra;
ed;didg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J ngUq;nfsrpfdhH ghba (5)
kiygLflhk; ($j;juhw;Wg; gil).
Mupa murd;
gpufj;jDf;F jkpo;nkhopiar; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;f fgpyH ghba
(6)
FwpQ;rpg;
ghl;L.
Mupag;gil fle;j
neLQ;nropaid ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J eg;G+jdhH ghba (7)
Ky;iyg; ghl;L.
fupfhyidg;
ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH ghba (8)
gl;bdg;ghiy.
ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropaidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J ef;fPuH ghba (9)
neLey; thil.
ghz;bad;
neLQ;nropaidg; ghl;Lilj; jiytdhf itj;J khq;Fb kUjdhH ghba (10)
kJiuf; fhQ;rp.
,e;jg; gj;Jg; ghl;L Ehy;;fs;
nkhj;jk; 8552 tupfisf; nfhz;lJ.
gj;Jg; ghl;L vl;Lj;njhif ,uz;ilAk; NrHj;J Vwj;jho 461 GytHfs; ,aw;wpAs;shHfs;.
,tHfspy; fgpyH> guzH> xsitahH>
ef;fPuH Nghd;NwhH ngUk;ghd;ikahd ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shHfs;.
rq;f
fhyj;jpy; Cd; cz;gJk;> kJ mUe;JtJk;> guj;ijaNuhL ,d;Gw;wpUg;gJk; ,ay;ghd gz;ghlhf vz;zg;gl;lJ.
mjpakhd; JQ;rpaNghJ mtdJ gpupit Mw;wKbahj xsitahH ,dpj; jdf;F ahH fs; jug;NghfpwhHfs; vd;w
nghUs;glg; ghly; ghbAs;shH.
Mdhy; gjpndz;
fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs; vOe;j rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; Cd; cz;gJ> fs; Fbg;gJ>
guj;ijaH Nrupehbg; NghtJ kpf td;ikahff; fz;bf;fg; gLfpwJ. fzf;F vd;w nrhy; Ehiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy;
fhYhd;wpa rkz> ngsj;j kjf; nfhs;iffspd; jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhfNt
,e;j khWjy; Vw;gl;ljhf ehk; nfhs;syhk;. ngsj;j kjk; nfhy;yhikia kl;Lk; tw;GWj;j rkzk; nfhy;yhik>
Gyhy; cz;zhik ,uz;ilAk; fLikahf typAWj;jpaJ. mfpk;irf; Nfhl;ghL ngsj;jk; rkzk; ,uz;bd; mr;rhzpahf
tpsq;fpaJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,jdhy; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ghLnghUshff;
nfhs;sg;gl;l mfj;Jiw> Gwj;JiwNahL mwj;JiwAk; NrHe;J nfhs;fpwJ.
NkYk; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fspy;
tlnrhy; fyg;G rq;f fhyj;ij tpl mjpf tpOf;fhL cilajhf ,Ug;gijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,J rq;f fhyj;jpy; jiyfhl;ba
Mupa nkhop Mjpf;fk;> rkag; gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhl;ghLfs; rq;fk;
kUtpa fhyj;jpy; ed;whff; fhy;nfhs;sj; njhlq;fp tpl;lijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F Ehy;fs; vitnait
vd;gjw;Fk; xU gok; ntz;ghg; ghly; cs;sJ. mJ ,J.
ehyb ehd;kzp ehdhw;gJ Ie;jpizKg;
ghy;fLfq; Nfhit gonkhop - kh%yk;
,d;dpiynrhy; fhQ;rpNahL Vyhjp vd;gJhck;
ife;epiyAkhk; fPo;f; fzf;F.
,e;jg;
ghlypy; jpUf;Fws; Kg;ghy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg; gLtJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,j; njhFg;gpy; Vwj;jho 3>250
nra;Al;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd. ,tw;Ws; ehyb> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ,d;dh
ehw;gJ> ,dpait ehw;gJ> jpupfLfk;> Vyhjp> KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp> Kg;ghy;> Mrhuf;Nfhit> gonkhop> rpWgQ;r
%yk; Mfpa gjpndhd;Wk; mwnthOf;fk; gw;wpa ePjp Ehy;fshFk;. Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ> Ie;jpiz vOgJ> jpiznkhop
Ik;gJ> jpiz khiy Ehw;iwk;gJ> ife;epiy> fhH ehw;gJ mfg;nghUs;gw;wpa Ehy;fshFk;.
jpUf;Fws; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;J
gjpndz;fzf;F Ehy;fspy; xd;whfr; NrHf;fgl;lhYk; fhyj;jhy; jpUf;Fws; njhd;ik tha;e;jJ. mJ kl;Lk;
my;yhJ kw;w vy;yh mwEhy;fisAk; tplf;
fUj;jhsj;jpYk;> nrhy; eaj;jpYk; caHe;J epw;fpwJ.
jpUf;Fwspd; rpwg;ig jpUts;StH khiy vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. tuyhw;Wf; fz;Nzhl;lj;NjhL Nehf;Fk;NghJ ts;Stupd;
Fws; jkpo; vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;glh tpl;lhYk; mJ jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;Lf;Fk; ehfupfj;Jf;Fk; tiutpyf;fzk; $wpa kiwEhy;
vd;W nfhs;syhk;. ,ijapl;Lg; gpd;dH tpsf;fpf; $WNthk;.
rq;f fhyg; GytHfs; tho;f;ifapd;
cWjpg; nghUl;fs; %d;nwd nkhoptH. mitahtd mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;. ,e;j cWjpg; nghUl;fs; %d;WNk jkpo;
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;F mbj;jskhf ,Ue;jd. jkpo;nkhopapy; ,d;W cs;s kpfj; njhd;ikahd ,yf;fzf;fz Ehyhd
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; MrpupaH njhy;fhg;gpaH ,e;j cWjpg; nghUl;fisg;gw;wp kpf tpupthf vOjpapUf;fpwhH.
njhy;fhg;gpaiug; gpd;gw;wp
jpUts;StH ,e;j %d;W cWjpg; nghUl;fisAk; mZitg; gpse;J
vOfliyg; GFj;Jkhg; Nghy; Ehw;wpKg;gJ %d;W mjpfhuq;fspy;> mjpfhuj;Jf;Fg; gj;Jf; Fws; tPjk; Mapuj;J
Kd;Dhw;W Kg;gJ Fwl;ghf;fspy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH.
jkpo;kfs; vd
kfhftp ghujpahuhy; Nghw;wg;gl;l xsitahH mNj %d;W cWjpg;nghUl;fis %d;Nw %d;W mbfspy;
RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itg;ghH. ghly; ,J.
<jy; mwk;> jPtpid ePf;fp
<l;ly; nghUs;
fhjyH ,UtH fUj;njhUkpj;J
MjuT gl;lJ ,d;gk;.
mwk;> nghUs;>
,d;gk; vd;w %d;wpDs;Sk; ,d;gg; gFjpNa (,y;ywtho;f;if) kdpj tho;;f;ifapd; capHehbahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,d;gk; gw;wpNa kdpjd; nghUisj; NjLfpwhd;. nghUs; nfhz;L mwk; nra;fpwhd;.
njhy;fhg;gpaH njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; %yk; jkpo;nkhopf;F ,yf;fzNtyp mikj;jhH vd;why;
Kd;dH $wpaJNghy jpUts;StH jpUf;Fwspd; thapyhf jkpo;g;
gz;ghl;Lf;F Ntyp Nghl;lhH.
3. xy;fhg;Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpak;
cyfpy;
Ngrg;gLk; njhd;ikahd nkhopfspy; jkpo; nkhopAk; xd;whFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; toq;Fk; nkhopfspy; jkpo; nkhopkl;LNk ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzr;
rpwg;NghL tpsq;FfpwJ. ,r;rpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf jkpo;nkhop caHjdpr; nrk;nkhop vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo;nkhop NghyNt tlnkhopf;F ,yf;fpa-,yf;fzr; rpwg;gpUe;Jk; mJ fpwpj;J rfhg;jj;jpw;F Kd;dNu Ngr;R
tof;if ,oe;J tpl;lJ.
nrk;nkhop vd;why; nrk;ikahd> jpUj;jkhd nkhop vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
jkpo;nkhop Vida gy nkhopfs;Nghy; mope;njhopahJ my;yJ Ngr;R tof;F ,of;fhJ rPupsikNahL vj;jpirAk;
Gfo;kzf;f nfhYtPw;wpUg;gjw;F fhuzk; mjd; ,yf;fzfl;likg;Gf;fNs.
jkpo;nkhopapy; ,d;W fhzg;gLk; Ehy;fspy; kpfg; gioikahdJ njhy;fhg;gpaH
,aw;wpa njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w ,yf;fz EhNyahFk;.
jkpou; jk; nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk; gw;wpaJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ jkpoupd;
tho;T> gz;ghL> ehfupfk; ,tw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; tuyhw;W EhYkhFk;.
njhy;fhg;;gpak; ,aw;wg;gl;l fhyk; vJntd;W mwpjpapl;Lr; nrhy;yKbahJ
,Uf;fpwJ. mJ fp.K. Ie;J Ehw;whz;L goikahdJ vd;gJ mwpQHfs; nghJthf xj;Jf;nfhz;l fUj;jhFk;. ,jidtpl
njhy;fhg;gpak; goikahdJ> Kjy;> ,il> filr; rq;fq;fspy; njhy;fhg;gpak; ,ilr;rq;;fj;ij rhHe;j Ehy;
vd;W $WthUk; csH.
vJ vg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; njhy;fhg;gpak; jkpo; kf;fspd; kpfg; goikahd xU r%f
mikg;igg; glk;gpbj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhy; mJ cz;ikapNyNa xU njhd;ikahd Ehy; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa nkhopfspNyh> NtW ve;j cyf
nkhopfspNyh mJNghd;w xU ,yf;fz Ehy; Njhd;wtpy;iy vd;W Jzpe;J nrhy;yyhk;.
gpwnkhopAk;> gpwgz;ghLk; jkpo; nkhopNahLk; jkpo;g; gz;ghNlhLk;
cwTnfhs;sj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy;jhd; njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpapUf;fpwJ. jkpo; nkhopapd;
jdpj;jd;ikfisAk;> jkpo;kf;fsJ gz;ghl;bd; jdpj;jd;ikfisAk; ghJfhj;J
mtw;wpw;F NtypNghlTk;> gpwnkhopahsHfSk;> gpwgz;ghl;lhsHfSk; jkpo;nkhopiag;gw;wpAk;>
jkpo;kf;fsJ gz' ghl;ilg; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpYk; njhy;fhg;gpak; cUthfpapUf;fpwJ.
vs;spypUe;J vz;nza; gpwg;gJ Nghy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,yf;fzk;
gpwf;Fk vd;W $WthHfs;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F Kd;dH Vuhskhd ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz Ehy;fs;
jkpopy; fl;lhakhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NguhrpupaH nj.ngh. kPdhl;rpRe;judhH
,e;j cz;ikiag; gpd;tUkhW vLj;J ,ak;GthH:
Tholhappiyam is a book
on phonology, grammar and poetics. Therefore, it implies the prior existence of Thamizh
literature. There is a distinction made therein between literary language and colloquial or
non-literary language- ceyyuL and valaKku, thus implying certain
literary conventions not only in grammatical forms but also in literary forms and subject matter…”
njhy;fhg;gpaNu jdJ Ehw;ghf;fspy; $wg;gLk; tpjpfSf;F jdf;F Kd;dUk; jdJ
fhyj;jpYk; ,Ue;j GytHfsJ $w;Wf;fisr; rhd;whff; fhl;LthH.
,g;gb Vwj;jho 260 ,lq;fspy; jhd; Kd;ida GytHfsJ newpfisNa jhk; vLj;Jiug;gjhff; $WthH.
vd;g
vd;kdhH GytH
ahg;ngd nkhopg ahg;gwp GytH
Njhnyd nkhopg njhd;nkhopg; GytH
,ay;G czHe;NjhNu
vd;g Fwpawpe;NjhNu
vd;W Ehypd; ,ilapilNa gutyhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. NkYk; njhy;fhg;gpaH
"ehlf tof;fpDk; cyfpay; tof;fpDk;> ghly; rhd;w Gynewp tof;fk;" vd;W jkf;F Kw;gl;l ,yf;fpa kuigf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,jdhy; mtUf;F Kd;Ng ,yf;fz Ehy;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwnjd;gij Jzpe;J nrhy;yyhk;.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w nrhy; Ehiyf; Fwpf;Fk; NghJ xU nrhy;yhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
nghUis tpsf;Fk; NghJ mijj; njhy; rf fhg;G rf ,ak; vdg; gpupj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. njhy;
vd;why; goik - goikia> jkpoupd; njhd;ikiaf; fhj;J ,ak;Gk; Ehy; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
njhy;fhg;gpad; vd;w ngaH Gidngauhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij vOjpajhy; njhy;fhg;gpad; vd;W ngaH ngw;whH vd;W njupfpwJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ghapuk; ghba gdk;ghudhH-
tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkup Mapil
jkpo;$Wk; ey; cyfj;J>
tof;Fk; nra;ASk; MapU Kjypd;
vOj;Jk; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; ehb>
nre;jkpo; ,aw;if rptzpa epyj;NjhL
Ke;J Ehy; fz;L> Kiwg;gl vz;zp
Gyk; njhFj;NjhNd--Nghf;F mW gDty;
epyk; jU jpUtpd; ghz;bad; mitaj;J
mwk; fiu ehtpd; ehd; kiw Kw;wpa
mjq;Nfhl;L Mrhw;F mupy; jgj; njupe;J
kaq;fh kugpd; vOj;J Kiwfhl;b>
ky;F ePH tiug;gpd; Ie;jpuk; epiwe;j
njhy;fhg;gpad; vdj; jd; ngaH Njhw;wp>
gy; Gfo; epWj;j gbikNahNd"
"vdj; jd; ngaH Njhw;wp" vd;gjhy; "njhy;fhg;gpad;
vdg; ngaH itj;Jf; nfhz;lhH" vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
,e;j ghapuk; %yNk gz;ila jkpofj;jpd; vy;iy tlf;Nf Ntq;flk; (,d;iwa
jpUg;gjp) njw;Nf Fkup vd;gJk;> njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; MrpupaH
njhy;fhg;gpadhH vd;gJk;> njhy;fhg;gpak; muq;Nfwpa ,lk; epye;jU jpUtpw; ghz;bad; mit vd;gJk;> me;j
mitf;F jiyikjhq;fpa GytH mjq;Nfhl;lhrhd; vd;gJk; njhy;fhg;gpaH mtH fhyj;J toq;fpa Ie;jpunewpiag;
gpd;gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij ,aw;wpdhH vd;gJk; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhy;fhg;gpak; topEhy; vd;Wk; mjd; Kjy; Ehy; mfj;jpak; vd;Wk;
nrhy;yg;gLtJ cz;lhapDk; mjw;F ,e;jg; ghapuj;jpNyh my;yJ njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpNyh rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.
mfj;jpak; ,d;W mope;Jgl;L tpl;lJ. ,Ue;Jk; mfj;jpak; vd;w ,yf;fz Ehy;
Kjw;rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jjw;Fk;> mJ ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpOf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; fz;ljw;Fk; Gwr;
rhd;Wfs; cs. ,iwadhufg;nghUSiu mfj;jpaH Kjw;rq;fj;J jiyikg; Gytnud;Wk;> jiyr;rq;fj;jhUf;F
mfj;jpaNk Kjy;Ehyhf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk;> ,ilr;rq;fj;jhUf;F mfj;jpaKk; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; ,yf;fz Ehy;fshf
,Ue;jnjdTk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.
,yf;fz ciuahrpupaHfSk; mfj;jpak; Kjy;Ehy;> njhy;fhg;gpak; mjd;
topEhy; vd;Wk;> mfj;jpaH njhy;fhg;gpaupd; MrpupaH vd;Wk; jj;jk; ciufspy; Fwpg;gl;Ls;shHfs;.
mfj;jpak; gd;dPuhapuk; R+j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;l Ehy; vd;gH. ,jdhy; ,jw;F
Ngufj;jpak; vd;w fhuzg; ngaUk; cz;lhfpw;W.
njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;Dhy;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp ciuahrpupaHfs;
mfj;jpa Ehw;ghf;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b ciu nra;Js;shHfs;. ,g;gb Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;b vOjpa nkhj;jk; 26
Ehw;ghf;fs; kl;Lk; ,d;W fpilj;Js;sd.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;J> nrhy;>
nghUs; vd %d;W mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU mjpfhuKk; KiwNa xd;gJ ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ. nkhj;jk;
1>610 Ehw;ghf;fis cs;sbf;fpaJ.
nghUsjpfhuk; NtW
ve;j cyfnkhop ,yf;fzq;fspy; fhzg;glhj rpwg;gpyf;fzkhFk;. Vida ,yf;fz Ehy;fs; vOj;J> nrhy; ,tw;Wf;F
kl;Lk; ,yf;fzk; nrhy;Yk; NghJ njhy;fhg;gpak; nghUSf;Fk; ,yf;fzk; etpy;fpwJ.
"nre;jkpo;
khztd;" vd;W jdJ fy;yiwapy; vOjp itf;FkhW ngUikahff; $wpf;nfhz;l
G.U.
Nghg; IaH njhy;fhg;gpa Ehypd; rpwg;igg;gw;wp gpd;tUkhW $WfpwhH:
“The ancient grammatical works
existing in Tamil and its wonderful metrical system proves its assiduous cultivation for ages. An
elaborate scientific series of metres such as Tamil glories is adapted to every style and theme of
composition is the growth of centuries. Classical Tamil bears every mark of slow and natural
evolution.” (G.U. Pope- Thamilar Charithtram-Swami Gnanapragasar).
Nghg;igaH NghyNt njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd;
ngUikiaAk;> rpwg;igAk; KidtH t.Rg. khzpf;fk; mtHfs; mjw;F vOjpa ciuapd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
gpd;tUkhW $WthH.
"njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w cyff;
fsQ;rpak; nkhopapYk; mftho;tpYk; Gwr;R+oypYk; fl;Lg;ghL> tsHr;rp> Jha;ik Ntz;Lk; tuk;G Ehy;.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w jkpo; KjDhy;> topte;j goikj; jlq;fhl;b> epfo;fhyr; nrt;tp NrHj;J> tsUk;
vjpHfhyg; GJikg; Gul;rpf;F ,lk; tFf;Fk; ,af;f Ehy;.
njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;w kiwEhy;
gpwg;G> kjk;> ghy;> FO> ,lk;> nghUs; epiy Ntw;Wikfisg;
gw;whJ ,aw;ifmwk;> kwk;> ntw;wp> mikjp> fhjy; ,d;gk; vd;Dk;,t;Tyfpaq;fis khdplj;jpw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; cyf tho;T Ehy;. ,af;f tho;Tg; ngUkiwahd njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij <d;wts; jkpo;j;jha;.
jkpoHfshfpa ehk; %thapuk; Mz;Lj;
njhd;ikAila ,e;Ehiy ek; jha;nkhopapNy ,d;Wk; gbf;Fk; vspa ,dpa NeHtha;g;gpidg; ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;.
,JNt jkpo;g;gpwg;gpd; xU rpwg;ngd czHf. NkYk; njhy;fhg;gpaj;Jf;F ,d;WfhWk; gpd;Njhd;wpa ngupa
rpwpa ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz Ehy;fspnyy;yhk; njhy;fhg;gpa ePNuhl;lk; cz;L. Mjypd; njhy;fhg;gpa epidTk;
njhy;fhg;gpaf; fUj;jwpTk; ngWjy; jkpod; vd;ghd; xt;nthUtdpd; gpwg;Gf; flikahFk;."
vy;yhr; nrhw;fSf;Fk; nghUs;jhd; mbg;gil. nghUs; ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;f
nrhw;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mr; nrhw;fs; vOj;Jf;fspdhy; Mdit. vdNt nghUs; ,yf;fzj;ijr; nrhy;yj;jhd;
njhy;fhg;gpaH vOj;J ,yf;fzj;ijAk;> nrhy; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; nrhd;dhH.
nghUsjpfhuk; cyfj; Njhw;wk;> capHfspd; tifg;ghL> ntt;NtW epyk;> me;j
epyj;Jf;Fupa nja;tq;fs;> kf;fs;> kf;fspd; mftho;f;if> Gwtho;f;if newpfs;> MltHf;Fupa gz;Gfs;>
ngz;fSf;Fupa gz;Gfs;> kuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> ,yf;fpa tiffs;> ,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> ,yf;fpa kuGfs;>
,yf;fpaj; jpwdha;Tfs;> clypYk; cs;sj;jpYk; Njhd;Wk; nka;g;ghLfs; ,g;gb xl;L nkhj;j r%fj;ijg;
gw;wpr; nrhy;fpwJ>
njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; ,yf;fzk; jkpoHfSf;F kl;Lk; nrhd;d
,yf;fzk; md;W. cyf kf;fSf;Fr; nrhd;d ,yf;fzkhfTk; mJ tpsq;FfpwJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf njhy;fhg;gpak; nrhy;Yk; vl;Ltif nka;g;ghLfshd eif>
mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if> mr;rk;> ngUkpjk; cyfj;jtH ahtUf;Fk; nghUe;JtdthFk;.
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