April 11, 2000

Statement on the Status of Tamil as a Classical Language

Professor Maraimalai has asked me to write regarding the position of Tamil as a classical language, and I am delighted to respond to his request.

I have been a Professor of Tamil at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1975 and am currently  holder of the Tamil Chair at that institution.  My degree, which I received in 1970, is in Sanskrit, from Harvard, and my first employment was as a Sanskrit professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1969.  Besides Tamil and Sanskrit, I know the classical languages of Latin and Greek and have read extensively in their literatures in the original.  I am also well-acquainted with comparative linguistics and the literatures of modern Europe (I know Russian, German, and French and have read extensively in those languages) as well as the literatures of modern India, which, with the exception of Tamil and some Malayalam, I have read in translation.  I have spent much time discussing Telugu literature and its tradition with V. Narayanarao, one of the greatest living Telugu scholars, and so I know that tradition especially well.  As a long-standing member of a South Asian Studies department, I have also been exposed to the richness of both Hindi literature, and I have read in detail about Mahadevi Varma, Tulsi, and Kabir.

I have spent many years -- most of my life (since 1963) -- studying Sanskrit.  I have read in the original all of Kalidasa, Magha, and parts of Bharavi and Sri Harsa.  I have also read in the original the fifth book of the Rig Veda as well as many other sections, many of the Upanisads, most of the Mahabharata, the Kathasaritsagara, Adi Sankara’s works, and many other works in Sanskrit.

I say this not because I wish to show my erudition, but rather to establish my fitness for judging whether a literature is classical.  Let me state unequivocally that, by any criteria one may choose, Tamil is one of the great classical literatures and traditions of the world.

The reasons for this are many; let me consider them one by one.

First, Tamil is of considerable antiquity.  It predates the literatures of other modern Indian languages by more than a thousand years.  Its oldest work, the Tolkappiyam,, contains parts that, judging from the earliest Tamil inscriptions, date back to about 200 BCE.  The greatest works of ancient Tamil, the Sangam anthologies and the Pattuppattu, date to the first two centuries of the current era.  They are the first great secular body of poetry written in India, predating Kalidasa's works by two hundred years.

Second, Tamil constitutes the only literary tradition indigenous to India that is not derived from Sanskrit.  Indeed, its literature arose before the influence of Sanskrit in the South became strong and so is qualitatively different from anything we have in Sanskrit or other Indian languages.  It has its own poetic theory, its own grammatical tradition, its own esthetics, and, above all, a large body of literature that is quite unique.  It shows a sort of Indian sensibility that is quite different from anything in Sanskrit or other Indian languages, and it contains its own extremely rich and vast intellectual tradition.

Third, the quality of classical Tamil literature is such that it is fit to stand beside the great literatures of Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Chinese, Persian and Arabic.  The subtlety and profundity of its works, their varied scope (Tamil is the only premodern Indian literature to treat the subaltern extensively), and their universality qualify Tamil to stand as one of the great classical traditions and literatures of the world.  Everyone knows the Tirukkural, one of the world's greatest works on ethics; but this is merely one of a myriad of major and extremely varied works that comprise the Tamil classical tradition.  There is not a facet of human existence that is not explored and illuminated by this great literature.

Finally, Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modern Indian culture and tradition.  I have written extensively on the influence of a Southern tradition on the Sanskrit poetic tradition.  But equally important, the great sacred works of Tamil Hinduism, beginning with the Sangam Anthologies, have undergirded the development of modern Hinduism.  Their ideas were taken into the Bhagavata Purana and other texts (in Telugu and Kannada as well as Sanskrit), whence they spread all over India.  Tamil has its own works that are considered to be as sacred as the Vedas and that are recited alongside Vedic mantras in the great Vaisnava temples of South India (such as Tirupati).  And just as Sanskrit is the source of the modern Indo-Aryan languages, classical Tamil is the source language of modern Tamil and Malayalam.  As Sanskrit is the most conservative and least changed of the Indo-Aryan languages, Tamil is the most conservative of the Dravidian languages, the touchstone that linguists must consult to understand the nature and development of Dravidian.

In trying to discern why Tamil has not been recognized as a classical language, I can see only a political reason: there is a fear that if Tamil is selected as a classical language, other Indian languages may claim similar status.  This is an unnecessary worry.   I am well aware of the richness of the modern Indian languages -- I know that they are among the most fecund and productive languages on earth, each having begotten a modern (and often medieval) literature that can stand with any of the major literatures of the world.  Yet none of them is a classical language.  Like English and the other modern languages of Europe (with the exception of Greek), they rose on preexisting traditions rather late and developed in the second millennium.  The fact that Greek is universally recognized as a classical language in Europe does not lead the French or the English to claim classical status for their languages.

To qualify as a classical tradition, a language must fit several criteria: it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature.  Unlike the other modern languages of India, Tamil meets each of these requirements.  It is extremely old (as old as Latin and older than Arabic); it arose as an entirely independent tradition, with almost no influence from Sanskrit or other languages; and its ancient literature is indescribably vast and rich.

It seems strange to me that I should have to write an essay such as this claiming that Tamil is a classical literature -- it is akin to claiming that India is a great country or Hinduism is one of the world's great religions.  The status of Tamil as one of the great classical languages of the world is something that is patently obvious to anyone who knows the subject.  To deny that Tamil is a classical language is to deny a vital and central part of the greatness and richness of Indian culture.


George L. Hart
Professor of Tamil
Chair in Tamil Studies

jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk;

(g/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh)

ePH MUk; fly; cLj;j epykle;ijf;F vopy; xOFk;
rPH MUk; tjdk; vdj; jpfo;gujf; fz;lk;> ,jpy;
jf;f rpW gpiw EjYk; jupj;j eWk; jpyfKNk
njf; fzKk;> mjpw;rpwe;j jpuhtpley; jpUehLk;
mj; jpyf thridNghy; midj;J cyFk; ,d;gk; cw
vj; jpirAk; Gfo;kzf;f ,Ue;jngUk; jkpo; mzq;Nf
gy; capUk; gy cyFk; gilj;J mspj;Jj; Jilf;fpDk; XH
vy;iy mW guk;;nghUs;Kd;  ,Ue;jgb ,Ug;gJNghy;
fd;dlKk; fspnjYq;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKk; JSTk;
cd; cjuj;J cjpj;J vOe;Nj xd;Wgy  MapbDk;
Mupak;Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;J xope;J rpijah
cd;; rPH ,sikj;  jpwk;tpae;J nray;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk!

(kNdhd;kzpak; jkpo;g; NguhrpupaH Re;judhH)

jkpo;j; jha; tho;j;J

tho;f epue;juk; tho;f jkpo;nkhop

thopa thopaNt!

thdkse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk;

tz;nkhop thopa Nt

Vo;fly; itg;gpDe; jd;kzk; tPrp

,ir nfhz;L thopaNt!

vq;fs; jkpo;nkhop vq;fs; jkpo;nkhop

vd;nwd;Wk; thopa Nt

#o;fyp ePq;fj; jkpo;nkhop Xq;fj;

Jyq;Ff itafNk!

njhy;iy tpid jU njhy;iy afd;W

RlHf jkpo; ehNl!

tho;f jkpo;nkhop! tho;f jkpo;nkhop!

tho;f jkpo; nkhop Na!

thdk; mwpe;j jidj;Jk; mwpe;J

tsH nkhop thopa Nt!

jkpo;  - nrk;nkhop

cyfpy; njhd;ikahd jw;NghJ kf;fs; gad;ghl;by; cs;s nkhopfs; rpytw;iw nrk;nkhopfs; vd mwptpj;Js;sdu;. cyf kf;fs; NgRk; nkhj;j nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 6760 vd fzf;fpl;Ls;sdu;. ,tw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; 1652 nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLtjhf nkhopapyhsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.

nkhopfs; vz;zpf;if cyf mstpYk; ek; ehl;lstpYk; $Ljyhf ,Uf;f xNu fhuzk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd goq;Fb ,d kf;fs; nfhz;lJ ,e;j cyfk; vd;gNj. Nkw;fhZk; Muhapuj;J vOE}w;W mWgJ nkhopfSf;Fk; nkhopf; FLk;gk; cz;L. me;j nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jha;nkhop vDk; %ynkhopAk; cz;L. mk;%ynkhopf;F mbg;gilahd gpwpnjhU nkhopf; FLk;gj;Jld; cwTk; cz;L. Mf cyfk; gy nkhop NgRk; gy ,df; FOf;fspd;> gy epwj;jtu;fspd;> gy gz;ghLfspd;> gy jpiz epyq;fspd; rq;fkk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;nfd;W FLk;gk; cz;L. Mwhapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfspd; %y nkhopfSila vz;zpf;ifia Ma;e;jhy; rpy E}W nkhopfs; gl;bayplg;glyhk;. mJ Nghd;w gl;baypy; ,U gpupTfs; fhzg;gLk;.

1. ,aw;if nkhop

kdpj ,dj; njhlf;fj;jpd; ClhfNt ,ize;J tsUk; nkhop ,aw;if nkhop.

2. nraw;if nkhop

xU ,df; $l;lj;jhuplk; ,Ue;J gpupe;J GjpanjhU ,df; $l;lkhf gy;fpg; ngUFk; r%fk; ,aw;if nkhopf; $Wfspd; mbg;gilAld; Gjpjhff; FbNawpa R+oYf;F Vw;wthW Gjpa xypf;Fwpfis jq;fs; %jhijau;fspd; %y nkhopAld; fye;J NgRk; NghJ gpwg;git nraw;if nkhop.

,t;thW jhd; ,d;W E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd (%y nkhopfspypUe;J) ,aw;if nkhopfspypUe;J fpisj;J nraw;if nkhopj; jFjpAld; ,Ug;git gy;yhapuk; nkhopfshFk;. jpuhtpl ,aw;if nkhopf; FLk;gKk; mtw;wpy; xd;W. cyfpd; njhd;ikahd nkhopf; FLk;gk; vd;w ngUikAk; ,tw;wpw;F cz;L.

jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jhahf ,Ug;gJ jkpo; nkhop. jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpYs;s nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 22. ,jpy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwDs;s nkhopfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpwd; ,y;yh nkhopfs; vd ,UgpupTfs; cs;sd.

ghfp];jhdpYs;s gY}rp];jhd; njhlq;fp kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; goq;Fb jpuhtpl ,d kf;fs;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fu;ehlfk;> Me;jpuk;> kuhl;bak;> Nfus vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; kiyfspd; kPJ thOk; goq;Fb ,d jpuhtplu;fs;. njw;F Mrpa ehLfshd kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> nkhuPrpa];> gp[P jPT> njd;dhg;gpupf;fh> ,yq;if (<ok;) vdg; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; jpuhtpl ,d nkhopf; FLk;g kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;.

jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; vd;git ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; ngw;wit. ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; ,d;wp Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;ghl;bYs;s jpuhtplf; fpis nkhopfs; nfhykp> ghu;[p> eha;d;dp> Nfhz;b> Fa;> $tp> nfhz;lh> khy;l;lh> xuad;> Nfhah> Nghu;up> Kjyhd nkhopfs; gyTk; tl kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

jkpofk;> fd;dl ehL> njYq;F ehL kw;Wk; kiyahs ehLfspy; cs;s mlu;e;j fhLfspYk;> Nkw;F kiyj; njhlu;r;rpg; gFjpapYk; tho;e;J tUk; goq;Fb jpuhtplu;fs; Njhl> Nfhj;> glf> NflF> JS Kjyhd jkpopd; fpis nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;wdu;. ,tw;wpy; JS nkhopf;F jw;NghJ tuptbtKk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilg;ghf;fKk; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.

,t;thW jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; %y nkhopahd jkpo; Njhd;wp epd;W epiyngw;W nrope;jpUg;gjhy; nrk;nkhop vDk; jFjp toq;fpAs;sdu;. Vw;nfdNt rPdk;> `Pg;U> ngu;rpad;> mugp> yj;jPd;> fpuPf;> rk];fpUjk; Kjyhdit ,j; jFjpiag; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;jpahtpy; nrk;nkhopahf rk];fpUjk; cs;sJ. ,e;j tupirapy; jw;NghJ jkpOk; ,ize;Js;sJ.

cyfpy; cs;s gy fz;lq;fspy; xNu ehl;by; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrk;nkhopfs; ,Uf;Fk; ngUik ,e;jpahit kl;LNk rhUk;. me;j tifapy; jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; ,uz;Lk; jq;fs; njhd;ikahy; cyf nkhopfSf;F Kd;Ndhbaha; tpsq;Ffpd;w;d.

xU nkhopia nrk;nkhopahf jFjp cau;j;j nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; tpjpfs; tFj;Js;sdu;. me;j tpjpfs; midj;Jk; jkpOf;Fg; nghUe;jp tUtjhy; nrk;nkhop vDk; epiyf;F jkpo; cau;e;J tpl;lJ. cyf ,aw;if nkhopfspNyNa kpf kpf %j;j nkhopahf jkpo; ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;F cupa fhyj;jpy; nrk;nkhop vDk; kjpg;G fhyk; jho;j;jp toq;fpAs;sik rw;Nw neUlyhdJ.

jFjpfs;

nrk;nkhopf;fhd jFjpfs; gjpNdhU tpjpfshf toq;Ffpd;wdu;. mit :

    1. njhd;ik

    2. jdpj;jd;ik

    3. nghJikg; gz;G

    4. eLT epiyik

    5. jha;ikg; gz;G

    6. gz;ghl;Lf; fiy mwpT gl;lwpT ntspg;ghL

    7. gpw nkhopj; jhf;fkpy;yh jd;ik

    8. ,yf;fpa tsk;

    9. cau; rpe;jid

    10. fiy ,yf;fpaj; jdpj;jd;ik

    11. nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL

1. njhd;ik

nrk;nkhop epiyf;F xU nkhop Mapuk; Mz;Lf;fhy njhd;ik gilj;jjhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpNoh Mapuky;y <uhapuk; Mz;bw;Fk; Nkyhfg; Ngrp> vOjp> gilj;J jdf;Fs;Ns ngUk; ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jid vtuhYk; kWf;fg;glhky; Vw;fj;jf;f mstpw;F ,jd; njhd;ik rpwg;ghdJ. mj;Jldpy;yhky; ,d;wsTk; cyfnkq;Fk; gutpAs;s jkpou;fspd; Ngr;R nkhopahfTk;> vOj;J nkhopahfTk;> fy;tp fw;Fk; nkhopahfTk;> gilg;G Gidjypy; Gjpa Gjpa JiwfspYk; epfuw;W tpsq;FtJ mjd; jdpr; rpwg;G.

2. jdpj; jd;ik

gy;NtW jpiz epyq;fspYk; jpuhtpl FLk;g nkhopfs; fpisj;jpl itj;j jkpo;> jhahf tpsq;fp jdf;nfd xU nkhopf; FLk;gj;ij cUthf;fp jd;idr; Rw;wp Ntu;fshfTk;> tpOjhfTk; nkhopfs; fpisg;gpDk; jd;dpiy khwhj cd;dj epiyAld; epiyngw;W tpsq;FtJ ,jd; jdpj;jd;ikahFk;.

3. nghJikg; gz;G

cyfpd; ve;j ,aw;if nkhopf;Fk; ,y;yhj rpwg;Gkpf;f ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;G nfhz;lJ jkpo; nkhop. jkpopd; ,yf;fzg; nghJikg; gz;G newpfs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhky; ,ju ,aw;if nkhop midj;Jk; gaDWk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ ,jd; rpwg;ghFk;.

4. eL epiyik

jkpopd; ,yf;fz tpjp cd;dj newpAldhd gd;Kfj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; ,jd; ,yf;fz tpjpfs; NtW vjDlDk; rhuhky; jdpj;jpaq;fp eLepiyAld; tpsq;FtJ.

5. jha;ikj; jd;ik

jkpo; vDk; %y nkhop jhd; kl;LNk vd;w jd;dykpd;wp jha;ikg; gz;Gld; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gk; cUthfpl mbg;gilapy; tpsq;fpaJ. Ngr;R nkhopnad;Wk;> ,yf;fpa tskpf;f nkhopfnsd;Wk;> gy;NtW jd;ikAs;s nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; Kjyha; Vidatw;Wf;Fj; njhlf;fkha; tpsq;Fk; jha;ikg; gz;G Vida ,aw;if nkhopfis tpl rpwg;ghdJ.

6. gz;ghl;Lf; fiyawpT gl;lwptpd; ntspg;ghL

jkpopd; cd;djNk mjd; ,yf;fpa tsq;fs; jhk;. jkpoupd; mfj;jpizf; Nfhl;ghLk;> Gwj;jpizf; Nfhl;ghLk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsu;fshd Kd;Ndhu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lf; fiyawptpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. mfj;jpiz Gwj;jpiz kl;Lky;yhky; nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLk;> mwtopf; Nfhl;ghLk; Ntnwe;j ,aw;if nkhopg; gilg;gpYk; jkpopy; cs;s msTf;F ,y;iy. ,e;j ,yf;fpa tsNk jkpo;g; Gytu; ngUkf;fspd; mwpTg; Gyd; rhd;whf ,d;wsTk; jpfo;fpwJ.

7. gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpy;yh jdpj; jd;ik

cyfpy; epyTk; nkhopf; FLk;gq;fspy; %y nkhopaha;j; jpfOk; nkhopfs; ahTk; Ntu;r; nrhy;yhf;fj; jpwd; Fiwthy; gpwnkhopfspd; $Wfis rpy Jiwfspy; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd.

tpidfshy; xU Gjpa Jiw rhu;e;j nrhw;fis jkpopy; vspjhf cUthf;Fk; msTf;F ,yf;fz tsk; nrwpe;jJ jkpo;. Mifapdhy; fle;j fhykhapDk; rup epfo;fhykhapDk; rup vjpu;fhykhapDk; rup vf;fhyj;jpYk; r%fg; gz;ghl;by; epfOk; khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g jdpj; jd;ikAld; jdf;NfAupa ,yf;fz nrOikAld; jkpopy; Gjpa nrhw;fis> Jiwfis cUthf;Fjy; vspJ.

fhl;lhf> fk;g;A+l;lu; vDk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;L rhjdk;. cynfq;Fk; gy Jiwfspy; gutpaJ Nghd;Nw jkpo; epyj;jpYk; fhY}d;wpaJ. gpwnkhopfs; mjpy; toq;Fk; Jiw rhu;e;j nrhw;fis Neubahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; jkpopy; mjid nghUSzu;e;J fzpak;> fzpdp> fzpg;nghwp vd Mf;fk; nra;J gad;gLj;jy; xd;Nw jkpopd; gpwnkhop fythj; jdpe;jd;ik tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

8. ,yf;fpa tsk;

jkpou; jkpo; ,dk; vDk; kf;fspdj;ijj; njspthf mwpaf;$ba fhyf; fz;zhbahf tpsq;FtJ jkpopy; cs;s ,yf;fpaq;fNs. ,yf;fpaq;fs; topahf jkpoiug; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ jkpo; epyj;jpy; Xq;fp ,Ue;j gz;ghl;il> r%f> nghUshjhu> ,aw;iff; Nfhl;ghl;Lld; ,ize;j jkpoupd; tho;it> tsj;ij mwpa ,aYk;.

rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J njhlq;Fk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; xt;nthU fhyk; NjhWk; me;je;j R+oy;fSf;Nfw;g murd;> jiytd;> nja;tk;> mw tho;f;if> mf tho;f;if> Gw tho;f;if> tPuk;> ,aw;if tsk;> gof;f tof;fk;> topghl;L Kiwfs; vd;gd Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; mjpfupf;fpd;wNjh mg;Nghnjy;yhk; mJ njhlu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. ve;j ,yf;fpakhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; ifahsg;gLk; nkhopapd; Xir> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Nghd;wit nghJikg; gz;Gld; Jyq;Fk; tifapy; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;Gld; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;G : nghJtpy; ,j;jifa ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; jdpegu;> jd;dhu;tf;FO> muR epWtdk; vDk; %d;W jsq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. rpw;rpy ,yf;fpak; jdpg;Gytu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mijg; NghyNt $l;lhf Gytu;fs; FOf;fSk; E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;sdu;. ,J Nghd;w gilg;gpyf;fpag; gzpfSf;F nfhilahsu;fshf muru;fs;> murhq;fk; tpsq;fpAs;sJ. rpy muru;fNs Gyikkpf;ftu;fshf tpsq;fp ,Ue;jikahy; Neub ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpYk; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.

ngUk;ghyhd rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; Gytu;fs; mku;e;j ngUk; FOthy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mitfis gpupnjhU Gytu; FO me;j ,yf;fpa jpwid mjd; nkhopaikg;ig Ma;T nra;tu;. gpwpnjhU Gytu; FO. mg;gilg;G vf;fhyKk; jkpou;fSf;Fg; nghJtpy; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; caupa rpe;jidahy; mjd; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;ig Ma;e;jpLtu;. ,t;thW xU gilg;G Ma;Tf;Fg;gpd;dNu kf;fis mile;jjhy; nkhopg; gad;ghL> nghJikg;gzghL jkpouplk; kpFe;jpUe;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; fw;gid eaj;ij tpl ,iaGW Nehf;F mjpfkpUf;Fk;. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;tpay; gz;ghl;il jkpou;fs; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; mJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfspYk; vjpnuhypj;jd.

jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu nra;As; eilapNyNa gilg;Gfs; cUthf;fk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. INuhg;gpau; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dNu ciueil vDk; Gjpa eil jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. gpd;du; <oj;J MWKfehtyu; njhlq;fp ehlfj;je;ij gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;> jpU.tp.f. tiu gyu; ciu eil ,yf;fpak; tsu tpj;jpl;ldu;. Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpaq;fisnahj;j Gjpdq;fs;> rpWfijfs; fl;Liufs; vdj; jkpopyf;fpak; ciueil gupkhzk; ngw;wJ. nra;As; eilfspy; gilj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;Gld; gy;NtW rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk;> fhg;gpaq;fSk; tputpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; J}J> gps;isj; jkpo;> guzp> fyk;gfk;> FwtQ;rp> gs;S> cyh> gy;re;jk; vdr; nra;As; tbt ,yf;fpaj;Js; cWg;Gfshf tpsq;FfpwJ.

,J NghyNt kuG eilr; nra;As; tbtpypUe;J GJf;ftpij> ma;f;$ vDk; tbTlDk; jkpo;f; ftpij gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jkpo; jd; ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fshy; ,iaGW> fw;gid ,yf;fpaj;Jld; epy;yhky; njhopy; El;gk; rhu;e;j mwptpay; E}y;fs; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;Ls;sJ. gilg;gpd; ve;j cWg;ghf ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;Nfw;w nrhy;tsKk;> nghUs; tsKk; jkpopy; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Ftjhy; cyf ,aw;if nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa jsj;jpy; jkpOf;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd ,lKs;sJ.

9. cau; rpe;jid

,yf;fpaj;jpy; cau; rpe;jid vd;gJ mJ vj;jifa gilg;ghf tpsq;fpbDk; kf;fs; r%fj;jpw;F gad; tpistpg;gjhf tpsq;FjNy. ,e;j mbg;giljhd; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUg; nghUshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vj;jifa fhyj;jitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mit khDlk; Nghw;Wk; cau; rpe;jidfspd; njhFg;ghfNt kpspu;tijf; fhzyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghLnghUshf tpsq;Fk; mfj;jpizAk;> Gwj;jpizAk;> mwtpaYk; jkpou; tho;Tld; ,ize;j cau; rpe;jid kughFk;. cau; rpe;jid kuGfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiy ngw;wpl Ntz;b ,yf;fz newpfs; gpioAw gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. jdpkdpju; njhlq;fp r%fk;> muR vd;w %d;W epiyfspYk; Nfhl;ghLfis> tho;tpay; newpfis typAWj;Jk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s cau;e;j rpe;jid kuG cyf rpe;jid kugpypUe;J cau;e;Njhq;fpait vd;gJ kWf;ftpayhJ.

10. fiy ,yf;fpa jdpj; jd;ik ntspg;ghL

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jpfOk; fiy eak; jdpj; jd;ik ngw;wJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jdpg;ghlyhapDk;> Gytu;fs; FO gilj;J> njhFj;j ghlyhapDk; muru;fs; muR cjtpAld; gilg;Gfis cUthf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,ioNahLk; fiy eaKk;> ftp eaKk; Nghw;wj;jf;fit.

Viog;Gytuhd rj;jpKj;jhg; Gytu; mf;fhyj;jpy; ghbg;gupR ngWk; tz;zk; Xu; CUf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mJ gdpf;fhyk; vd;gjhy; Nkyhil ,y;yh ftpQu; Fspu;jhq;fhky; Cu; Gwj;Nj ,Ue;j Fl;br; RtUf;fUfpy; eL eLq;fp ,Ue;jhu;. mr;rkak; ,iuNjlg; gwe;j ehiunahd;iwg; ghu;j;j rj;jpKj;jhg; Gytupd; rpe;jid ftpGidaj; njhlq;fpaJ. mtu; ftpijia cuf;ff; $wpa NghJ me;j topahf ,uTf; fhtYf;Fj; jhNk nghWg;Ngw;w mt;T+u; murd; Fl;br; RtuUNf xU ftpij xypg;gijf; fz;L $u;ikahf mijf; Nfl;ldd;.

"ehuha; ehuha; nrq;fhy; ehuha;

gok;gL gidapd; fpoq;F gpse;jd;d

gtsf; $u;tha; nrq;fhy; ehuha;

ePA epd; kidtpAk; njd;wpirf; Fkupahb

tl jpirf;F VF tPuhapd;

vk;%u;r; rj;jpKj;j thtpAl; lq;fp

eidRtu;f; $iwfis Fuw; gy;yp

ghL ghu;j;jpUf;Fnkd; kidtpiaf; fz;L

vq;Nfhd; khwd; tOjp $lypy;

Milapd;wp thilapd; nkype;J

ifaJ nfhz;L nka;aJ nghj;jpf;

fhyJ nfhz;L NkNy joP,g;

NgioAs; ,Uf;Fk; ghk;ngd Tapu;f;Fk;

Vioahsidf; fz;lDk; vDNk"

vd;W ghbdhu; rj;jpKj;jg; Gytu;. ghb Kbj;jJk; kiwtpypUe;j murd; mtuwpahky; jd; Nkyhilia mtu; Nky; Nghu;j;JkhW tPrp tpl;L cldpUe;j fhtyiu gzpe;J ,g;Gytiu muz;kidf;F mioj;J tu Mizapl;Lr; nrd;whd;.

jkpofj;ij Mz;l gy muru;fSk; rpwe;j GyikAilNahu;. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;tpy; Cwpj; jpisg;gtu;fs;. mjdhy; mtu;fs; ehl;L eyj;JlNdNa jq;fspd; Gyik tsu;f;Fk; jpwj;jhy; mwpT rhu; Gytu; ngUkf;fs; vg;NghJk; muritapy; R+o;e;jpUf;FkhW tho;e;jdu;. ,J Nghd;w mitf;fsj;jpy;jhd; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;> Gjpa nghUl;fis gw;wpa Ma;T> ,yf;fpak; gilj;jy; Nghd;w jkpo;g; gzpfs; ele;jJ. Nkw;fhZk; murDk; mj;jifatNd. ehiuapd; $u;ikahd ePs %f;fpw;F ,aw;ifahd vLj;Jf;fhl;il mwpa gy Gytu;fisAk;> E}y;fisAk; Ma;T nra;Jk; rupahd tpil njupahj epiyapy; murdpd; Iaj;ijAk; Nghf;fp> jd; epiyiaAk; jd; kidtpapd; gpupthw;whikiaAk; eak;glf; $wpg; ghba nra;As;.

xU Gytdpd; Gyik mtd; tWik. murdpd; Iak; vd;gtw;iw kl;Lk; nfhz;ljy;y. me;ehspy; Ms;NthUk;> GidNthUk; ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j ,ay;G tho;f;ifapy; jpisj;jdu;. mtu;fs; tho;f;if KOtJk; xU Nfhl;ghl;Lld; tpsq;fpAs;sJ. tho;tjw;Nfw;w epyk;> fhyk; mikag; ngw;wjhy; md;G jiof;Fk; mikjp tho;it nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mjdhy; mtu;fspd; rpe;jid vr;R+oypYk; ,aw;if tag;gl;ljhfNt tpsq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j gz;Ng nghJikahf ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ntspg;ghlhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

11. nkhopf;Nfhl;ghL

cyfpy; rpy ,dq;fspd; milahskhf nkhop fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j nkhopapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gilg;GfSk;> nkhopapd; gad;ghLk;> mjd; nghJikg;gz;GfSk; vy;yh fhyq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; nkhopahdJ jdf;Fs; cupathW fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gNj mk; nkhopapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j mUk;gz;Gfs; jkpOf;Fz;L.

nkhopapayhu; xU nkhopia kjpg;gpLifapy; nkhopapy; cUthd ,yf;fpaq;fis jpwdha;T nra;tu;. mjpy; mk;nkhopf;Fupa ,dk;> mJ tho;e;j> tho;e;JtUk; R+oy;> fhyk; vDk; %d;iwAk; Nehf;Ftu;.

Vnddpy; xU nkhopahy; cUthd ,yf;fpak; mr;r%fj;ij kl;LNk ekf;Fj; njuptpg;git my;y. $lNt mr;r%fj;ij njhlu;e;J tUk; kughu;e;j gz;G eyd;fs; gytw;iwAk; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

vdNt jhd; Kd;Ndhu;fs; jkpo; nkhopfspd; gilg;Gfs; rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;lJ vd;fpw fhuzj;jhy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; toq;Fk;NghJ nghUsikjp Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;il tFj;jdu;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il newpgpwohky; tpsq;f ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;jdu;. mjdhy; jhd; jkpo;nkhop jdf;Fs;Ns ,yf;fzk; vd;fpw fl;likg;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy; jukpf;f ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; midj;Jk; rq;ffhyk; Kjy; Xu; xOq;fikjpAld; Ngzg;gl;LtUfpwJ.

mj;Jld; tsu;e;J tUk; Gjpa Jiwfs; vJntd;whYk; mjidAk; Vw;W jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; J}a jkpo; nrhw;fspNyNa mj;Jiwfis mwpAk; tz;zk; rPupsikj; jpwDld; jkpo; nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;jpwNd mjd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.

,e;jg; gjpNdhU jFjpg;ghLfSk; jkpOf;F kl;LNk nghUe;JtdthFk; vd;gJjhd; jdpr; rpwg;G rk;];fpUjj;Jf;F VO jFjpg;ghLfSk;> yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f nkhopfSf;F vl;Lj; jFjpg;ghLfSk; kl;LNk nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ nkhopapayhsu; fzpg;G.

rq;f ehjk;

vq;fs; tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk;

kq;fhj jkpnod;W rq;Nf Koq;F!

vq;fs; giftu; vq;Nfh kiwe;jhu;

,q;Fs;s jkpou;fs; xd;whjy; fz;Nl!

jpq;fnshLk; nrOk;gupjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk; cLf;f NshLk;

kq;Fy; fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;> Mz;ikr;

rpq;fj;jpd; $l;lnkd;Wk; rpwpNahu;f;F Qhgfk;nra; Koq;F rq;Nf!

rpq;fsQ;Nru; njd;dhl;L kf;fs;

jPuhjp jPunud; WhJ}J rq;Nf!

nghq;F jkpou;f; fpd;dy; tpisj;jhy;

rq;fhuk; eprnkdr; rq;Nf Koq;F

ntq;nfhLikr; rhf;fhl;by; tpisahLk; Njhnsq;fs; ntw;wpj; Njhs;fs;!

fq;ifiag;Nghy fhtpupNghy; fUj;Jf;fs; CWKs;sk; vq;fs; cs;sk;!

ntq;FUjp jdpw;fko;e;J tPuQ;nra; fpd;wjkpo; vq;fs; %r;rhk;!

Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd;

nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikak; nrd;idapy; mikfpwJ

nrd;idapy; &. 150 Nfhb nrytpy; 50 Vf;fu; gug;gstpy; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikak; mikf;fg;glTs;sJ.

jpUr;rp fiyf;fhtpup Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; goe;jkpo; ,ir kuGfs; kw;Wk; gz;ila ,ir kuGfs; Fwpj;j gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;F ele;J tUfpwJ.

New;W njhlq;fpa ,e;j fUj;juq;if kj;jpa murpd; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikaKk;> fiyf;fhtpup Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}upAk; ,ize;J elj;Jfpd;wd.

,jpy; ,e;jpah jtpu mnkupf;fh> ,q;fpyhe;J> rg;ghd;> rpq;fg;G+u;> Jgha; Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,irf; fiyQu;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.

fUj;juq;fpw;F jiyik jhq;fpa jkpo; nkhop Nkk;ghl;L thupa cWg;gpdu; lhf;lu; vk;.gp. ghyRg;gpukzpad; $Wifapy;>

jkpo; nkhop Nkk;ghl;L thupak; jkpofj;jpy; ,Jtiu 200 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fUj;juq;Ffs;> gapyuq;fq;Ffis elj;jpAs;sJ. cyfpNyNa kpfTk; goikahd ,ir> jkpo; ,ir jhd;.

jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fdT fz;lhu;  gupjpkhw; fiyQu;. Kjy;tu; fUzhepjp vLj;j Kaw;rpfspd; fhuzkhf kj;jpa muR jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;jJ.

jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl;lhy; vd;d gad; fpilf;fg;NghfpwJ vd rpyu; Nfl;fyhk;. kj;jpa murpd; kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw nrk;nkhop jkpOf;fhf Nfhb Nfhbahf epjp xJf;FfpwJ> me;j epjpapy; ,Ue;J jhd; ,JNghd;w gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

nrd;idapy; 2 khjq;fSf;F Kd;G nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T epWtdk; njhlf;f tpoh ele;jJ. mjpy; gq;Nfw;w kj;jpa kdpjtsNkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw ke;jpup mu;[{d; rpq;fplk; ikR+upy; cs;s kj;jpa murpd; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikaj;ij nrd;idf;F khw;wNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;if itf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpof muR nrd;idapy; ,jw;fhf Rkhu; 50 Vf;fu; epyj;ij ,ytrkhf toq;f Kd; te;jJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; &.150 Nfhbapy; kj;jpa muR jkpo; Ma;T ikaj;jpw;fhd Gjpa fl;blq;fis fl;bj; juTs;sJ. ,jw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.

ehk; jkpOf;F vd;d nra;Njhk;?

fp. ,uhK

,e;jf; fl;Liuia tpUg;gj;NjhL ePq;fs; gbf;f Kw;gl;L ,Ug;gPHfshdhy;> jkpo; Nky; cq;fSf;F VNjh xU gw;W my;yJ mf;fiw ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W jhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahdhy; cq;fNshL Ngryhk;. ,d;Dk; nrhd;dhy; Ngrj;jhd; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fisg; Nghd;wtHfSld; fye;J ciuahlhky; NtW ahUld; ehd; ciuahlg; NghfpNwd;?

jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngr> gbf;f> kw;Wk; vOj vq;F fw;Wf; nfhz;BHfs;? cq;fs; ngw;Nwhuplk; ,Ue;jh? Mrpupauplk; ,Ue;jh? my;yJ cq;fisr; Rw;wp cs;s Rw;wk;> el;gpy; ,Ue;jh?

ePq;fs; ve;j ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; jkpopy; NgRfpwPHfs;? vq;nfy;yhk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgRfpwPHfs;?

cq;fs; neL ehisa ez;giuNah> my;yJ Kd;gpd; njupahj jkpoiuNah ghHf;Fk; nghOJ> me;jf; fzj;jpy; ePq;fs; jkpopy; ciuahLfpwPHfsh? my;yJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciuahLfpwPHfsh?

ePq;fs; NgRk; Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fs; cq;fis mwpahky; jkpo; CLUTfpwjh? mg;gb CLUtpdhy; mij xU ehfupfk; ,y;yhj gl;bf;fhl;Lj; jdk; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhQ;rk; ntl;fg; gl;Lf;nfhz;L mijj; jtpHf;f Kad;wpUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fs; Mq;fpy td;ik $Ltjw;fhfg; gy;NtW gapw;rpfs; nra;a Kw;gl;bUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fs; tPl;by; Mq;fpyk; - Mq;fpyk; mfuKjyp itj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fSf;Fj; njupahj Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisg; gapYk; NghJ mtw;wpd; nghUs; mwpa Ntz;br; rl;nld;W mfu Kjypiaj; NjLfpwPHfsh?

Mq;fpyg; Ngr;rpy; rpwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w xa;ahu vz;zj;jhy; ce;jg;ngw;W> cr;rf; fl;lkhf> jq;fs; ngw;NwhNuhLk; Rw;wj;jhNuhLk; ,Uf;Fk; cwitNa $lr; rpy NghJ Kw;wpYk; Jz;bj;Jf; nfhs;sr; rpyH KaYthHfs;. me;j tptuq; nfl;l epiyf;F ePq;fs; NghdJz;Nlh? Mq;fpyk; mwpahg; ngw;NwhH> Rw;wj;jhupd; thilNa cq;f@f;Fk;> cq;fs; gpwq;filfSf;Fk; tuf;$lhJ vd;W ePq;fs; vz;zpaJz;Nlh?

cq;fs; Ngr;rpy; jkpo; kpf kpff; Fiwe;J ,Ue;jhy; mJ vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ? jkpOk;> jkpod; vd;w milahsKk; Ntz;lhk; vd;W KbntLj;J tpyf;FfpwPHfsh? my;yJ Nrhk;gyhYk;> ftdf; FiwthYk;> Mq;fpyk; gofpdhy; FKfhaj;jpy; xU Nkyplk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w ce;JjyhYk; jkpio tpyf;FfpwPHfsh? jkpo; vd;gJ xU nkhop kl;Lky;y> mJ jkpo; ehfupfj;jpd; fUt+yk; vd;gij kWj;J> mJ ntWk; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;w nkhop> ,dp tUk; ehl;fspy; Mq;fpyNk NghJk; vd;W vz;ZfpwPHfsh?

,jw;nfy;yhk; Mk; vd;W ePq;fs; tpilaspj;jhy; cq;fNshL Nkw;nfhz;L ciuahLtjpy; nghUs; ,y;iy. Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfspy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L ehiye;J jiyKiwf;F mg;GwKk; jd; ngaiu Kl;lk;kh vd;W itj;Jf; nfhz;L jd; jhj;jh jz;lghzpf;Ff; 'nfhQ;#z;L' jkpo; njupAk; vd;W nrhy;ypj; jkpopy; Ngr ,ayhj xU ngz;Zf;Fk; cq;fSf;Fk; kpFe;j NtWghL ,y;iy ntF tpiutpy; ePq;fs; vq;fis tpl;Lg; ngUe; njhiyT tpyfpg; Ngha;tpLtPHfs;. vd;Nwh xU ehs; jkpouha; ,Ue;jjw;fhf cq;fNshL ehq;fs; md;G ghuhl;l KbAk; mt;tsNt vq;fpUe;jhYk; tho;f> tsKld;!

khwhf NkNy cs;s Nfs;tpfSf;F Mk; vd;W nrhy;yhky; nfhQ;rkhtJ jLkhwpdPHfs; vd;why; cq;fNshL ciuahLtjpy; ,d;Dk; gyd; cz;L. me;j vz;zj;jpdhNyNa NkYk; ,q;F ciuahLfpNwd;.

Rw;wk;> el;G Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ePq;fs; jkpo; Ngrj; jtpj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? mYty; jtpHj;J kw;NwhNuhL ePq;fs; NgRk; ciuahly;fspy; vj;jid tpOf;fhL jkpopy; ,Uf;Fk;? mbg;gil tho;f;ifr; nra;jpfspy; cq;fshy; jkpopy; ciuahl Kbfpwjh? jkpo; NgRk; NghJ Mq;fpyk; CLUtpdhy; mijg; gl;bf; fhl;Lj; jdk; vd;W vz;zhky;> ehfupfk; vd;W vz;ZfpwPHfsh?

me;j CLUtiyj; jtpHf;f KbAk; vd;W mwptPHfNsh? cq;fs; tPl;by; jkpo;-jkpo; mfuKjyp ,Uf;fpwjh? jkpo;- Mq;fpyk; mfuKjyp ,Uf;fpwjh? cq;fSf;Fj; njupahj jkpo;r; nrhw;fisg; gapYk; NghJ clNd jkpo;-jkpo; mfuKjypiaj; NjLfpwPHfsh?

cq;fs; ngw;NwhH mwpe;j jkpNohL cq;fs; jkpio xg;gpl;lhy; ,g;nghOJ me;jg; Ngr;rpy; jkpo; vt;tsT NjWk;? 98 tpOf;fhlhtJ NjWkh? ,uz;L tpOf;fhL Fiwe;jhNyNa VohtJ jiyKiwapy; Kf;fhy; gq;F jkpo; “NghNa Nghape;jp” vd;W cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh? ve;j xU nkhopapYk; fpl;lj;jl;l 85  tpOf;fhL tpiday;yhj ngaH> ,il kw;Wk; cupr; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; 15 tpOf;fhLfNs tpidr;nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh? nrhy;tsj;ijf; $l;LtJ vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhw;fis NkYk; NkYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;StNj vd;W Nfl;bUf;fpwPHfsh? ek; CHg;gf;fk; ehk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lit $lg; Goq;fpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;why; kwe;JtpLk; vd;W mwptPHfsh? jkpo; tl;lhuj;jpw;F tl;lhuk; XusT khwpg; Goq;FfpwJ vd;W njupAkh? ,e;jj; jkpo; epiyj;jpUf;f ehk; vd;ndnty;yhk; nra;fpNwhk; vd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh?

jkpo; vd;gJ ehk; goFk; xU nkhop vd;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> NkYk; rpy flikfs; ekf;F cz;L vd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? jkpo; ekf;F vd;d jUfpwJ? jkpOf;F ehk; vd;d jUfpNwhk; vd;w ,UNghf;F eilKiwiaf; nfhQ;rk; $He;J ghHg;Nghk;.

nkhop vd;gJ fUj;Jg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s xU tifahd Clfk;> kPbak; vd;gij ehk; vy;NyhUk; xg;Gf; nfhs;SfpNwhk;. jkpoHf;Fg; gpwe;j xU Foe;ijia me;jf; Foe;ijapd; ngw;NwhHfSila gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; ,y;yhj xU FKfhaj;jpy;> jkpo; mwpahj xU FKfhaj;jpy; tsHj;Njhk; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> mJ jkpo;g; gps;isahf my;yhky; NtW tifg; gps;isahfj;jhd; tsUk; Mdhy; jkpo; vd;gJ ntWk; Clfkh? kPDf;F mijr; Rw;wpYk; cs;s ePH ntWk; Clfkh? gpd; Gykh? cg;gpy;yhj ey;y jz;zPupy; tsHe;j xU nfz;il kPidf; nfhz;L Ngha; cg;gq; fopapy; Nghl;lhy; mJ capH tho KbANkh? gpd; Gyj;ij kPwpa xU tho;T cz;Nlh? Clfk;> Clfk; vd;W nrhy;yp nkhopapd; gq;iff; Fiwj;J tpl;Nlhk; my;yth? nkhop vd;gJ Clfk; kl;Lky;y mJ xU gpd;GyKk; $l.

,e;jg; gpd; Gyk; xU #o;epiyia cUthf;FfpwJ mJ ek; rpe;jidia xU tpjf; fl;bw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpwJ ehk; nkhopahy; fl;Lg; gLfpNwhk; khe;jUk; $l jhk; thOk; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gj;jhNd ,Uf;f KbAk;? gpwf;Fk; NghJ ,Uf;Fk; gpd; Gyj;jpd; jhf;fk; (mJ ngw;NwhH topahfNth> kw;NwhH topahfNth Vw;gl;lgpd;> jkpio xJf;fp xU jPT Nghy NtnwhU nkhopapd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; tsu KbANkh? ,g;nghOJ ePq;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; gpwe;J tpl;BHfs;>

my;yJ NtW ehl;by; gpwe;Jk; cq;fs; ngw;NwhH jkpo;g; gpd;Gyj;ij tplhJ fhg;ghw;wp tUfpwhHfs;> ,e;j epiyapy; ePq;fs; jkpio tpl KbAkh? xd;W fpzw;iwj; jhz;lhky; ,Uf;fyhk;> my;yJ Kw;wpYk; jhz;lyhk; ,ilg; gl;l epiyapy; ghjpf; fpzw;iwj; jhz;b capH tho KbANkh?

jkpOk; mJ Nghyj;jhd;. jkpo; vDk; gpd;Gyk; jkpo;g; gz;ghL> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;> rpe;jidfs; Mfptw;wpd; njhFg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ mtw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;shky; jkpo; mwpahjtdhf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ njupe;J nfhz;L jkpo; mwpe;jtdhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,ilg;gl;l epiy vd;gJ xUtifapy; jpuprq;F nrhHf;fNk! jkpo; fw;gJ vd;gJ xU gz;ghl;Lj; njhlHr;rp cq;fNshL ,e;jg; gof;fk; epd;W Nghfth ePq;fs; ,ijf; fw;Wf; nfhz;BHfs;? ,y;iyNa? thioab thioaha; ,e;j nkhop NgRk; gof;fk; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;WjhNd cq;fSf;F kw;wtHfs; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhHfs;? mg;gbahdhy;> ,e;jj; njhlHr;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;w ahUf;nfy;yhk; ePq;fs; jkpo; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jPHfs;?

Foe;ijaha; ,Ue;j NghJ fw;Wf; nfhz;l “epyh!epyh! Xb th” itAk;> “iftPrk;kh> iftPR” ghly;fis ,d;ndhU jkpo;f; Foe;ijf;F ePq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? thyWe;j eup> Rl;l gok; - Rlhj gok; Nghd;w fijfis ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? Mj;jp #b> jpUf;Fws;> ehybahH Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J xU rpy ghly;fis kw;wtHf;Fr; nrhy;y KbAkh? ,e;jf; fhyg; ghujp> ghujpjhrd; VjhtJ gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? nfhQ;rk; K.t.> nfhQ;rk; jpU.tp.f gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? XusthtJ mz;zh> fiyQH> GJikg; gpj;jd;> fy;fp gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? gy;NtW fhyj; jkpo;g; ghl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; ciueilfisg; gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh?

jkpo; NrhWNghLkh vd;W rpyH Nfl;fpwhHfs;. jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; xU rpyUf;Fr; mJ NrhW Nghlf; $Lk;. jkpo;j; jhspiff;fhuUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlf; $Lk;. ,d;Dk; xU rpyUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlf; $Lk; Mdhy; nghJthd kw;wtUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlhtpl;lhYk; rpe;jidiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpwJ vd;W mwptPHfsh?

NkNy ehd; nrhd;d jkpo; Mf;fq;fis vy;yhk; gbf;Fk; NghJ jkpo; tho;f;if Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;SfpwPHfs; my;yth? Vuzk; vd;gJ rpe;jid tsHr;rpapy; fhuz fhupak; ghHf;Fk; Kiw. ,ij NtW xU nkhopapd; %yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;StJ XusT KbAk; vd;whYk; jha;nkhopapy; fw;gJ vspJ vd;W mwptPHfsh?

rpe;jid Kiw $l nkhopahy; khWfpwJ vd;W mwptPHfNsh? ehd; mtidg; ghHj;Njd; vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ nfhQ;rk; epd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwJ my;yth?

nra;Ak; nghUs;> nrag;gLk; nghUs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpg; gpwFjhd; tpidiar; nrhy;YfpNwhk; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; vy;yhtw;wpYk;> Fwpg;ghf jkpopa nkhopfspy; ,e;jr; rpe;jid Kiw ,ay;ghdJ. ,ij Subject-Object-Verb vd;W nkhopapayhH nrhy;YthHfs;.  khwhf Nkiy nkhopfspy; SVO - ehd; ghHj;Njd; mtid vd;w Kiwapy; thf;fpaj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. SOV rpe;jid Kiw ,Uf;Fk; xUtd; SVO gof;fk; ,Uf;Fk; xUtidr; rl;nld;W Gupe;J nfhs;StJ fbdNk.

rg;ghdpaHfs; Kw;wpYk; SOV gof;fk; cilatHfs;. mtHfs; nts;isf; fhuHfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;StJk;> nts;isf;fhuHfs; rg;ghdpaiug; Gupe;Jnfhs;StJk; kpff; fbdk; vd;ghHfs;. mNj nghOJ ehk; XNuh Kiw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; SVO  Kiwiag; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. rPijiag; ghHj;J te;j Nrjpiar; nrhy;Yk; mDkd; ,uhkdplk; nrhy;Ytjhff; fk;gd; nrhy;Ythd; fz;Nld; rPijia. 

,J Nghy Ml;rpfs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; cz;L. mjhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik  SOV  vd;w rpe;jpf;Fk; ehk; XNuh Kiw  SVO  vd;Wk; rpe;jpf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jpaHfs; fpof;fpw;Fk; Nkw;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ghykhf ,Ug;gJ ,jdhy; jhd; NghYk;.

vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; vd;why; nkhop ek; rpe;jidiaf; fl;Lg; gLj;JfpwJ. eP cd; ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jidahtJ gps;is vd;w Nfs;tp jkpopy; kpf ,ay;ghf vOk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,ijr; Rw;wp tisj;Jj;jhd; nrhy;y ,aYk;. ,J Nghy Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;YtJ rpyNghJfspy; jkpopy; Neubahfr; nrhy;y KbahJ.

,e;jr; rpe;jid xU tifapy; ghHj;jhy; gz;ghl;L tUjpahdJ> nkhop tUjpahdJ. ,jpy; xU nkhopapd; tUjp caHe;jJ ,d;ndhU nkhopapd; tUjp jho;e;jJ vd;gJ jtwhd $w;W.

ek; tUjp ekf;F cfe;jJ vd;gij ehk; czuNtz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; nrhd;dhy; jkpo; vd;Dk; tUjp jkpoDf;F xU milahsk; xU Kftup jkpo; ekf;F ,ijj;jhd; nfhLf;fpwJ.

rup> jkpOf;F ehk; vd;d nfhLf;fpNwhk;? mjhtJ gz;ghl;L tUjpf;F ehk; vd;d

nra;fpNwhk;? ekf;F mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F vd;d jUfpNwhk;? ,Uf;fpd;w nrhj;NjhL $l vd;d NrHj;J itj;Jg; NghfpNwhk;? ,d;iwf;Fj; jkpo; vd;gJ gok;ngUik NgRjw;Fk;> gioa ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> mz;ikf;fhyf; fij> ftpij> fl;Liu> JZf;Ffs;> nfhQ;rk; murpay;> Vuhsk; jpiug;glk; gw;wp mwpa kl;LNk gad;gl;L tUtJ xU ngUq;Fiw vd;W mwptPHfsh?

ek;ik mwpahkNyNa mYty; vd;gjw;F Mq;fpyKk;> El;gtpay; vd;gjw;F Mq;fpyKk;> kw;wtw;wpw;Fj; jkpOk; vd Mf;fp itj;jpUg;gJ vt;tsT rup? GJg;GJ mwpTfisf; fiyfisj; jkpopy; nrhy;ytpy;iy vd;why; jkpo; Fiwgl;Lg; Nghfhjh? mg;Gwk; jkpopy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w ek; gpwq;filfs; Nfl;f khl;lhHfsh? ehk; nrhy;ypg; ghHj;J mjd; %yk; nkhop tsk; $l;ltpy;iy vd;why; ek; nkhop gadpy;yhj xd;W vd;W ,d;Dk; xU jiy Kiwapy; mope;J Nghfhjh? ehk; jkpOf;F vd;d nra;Njhk;?

ekf;Fj; njupe;j nra;jpfis> mwpitj; jkpopy; nrhy;ypg; ghHf;fpNwhkh? Mq;fpyk; njupahj ek; kf;fSf;Fg; Gupa itf;fpNwhkh? vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mq;fpyNk Goq;fp ek; vjpHfhyj;ij ehNk Nghf;fpf; nfhs;SfpNwhNk> mJ vjdhy;?

,e;jf; fl;Liuapy; Nfs;tpfis kl;LNk vOg;gpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwd;. mjw;fhd tpilfis ePq;fs; NjlNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; fUjpNa Nfs;tpfis vOg;GfpNwd;.

vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. jkpOf;F ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jPHfs;? fzp topf; fy;tp> fzpg; gad;ghL vd vj;jidNah gbf;fg; NghfpwPHfs;. ePq;fs; xj;Jioj;jhy; ,e;jf; fzpAfj;jpYk; jkpo; jiy epkpHe;J epw;f KbAk;>  nra;tPHfsh?

jkpo;j; Njd;

ftpQH fz;zjhrd; 'd; ' ia <whff; nfhz;l  Njd; vd;w nrhy;iy itj;J gynghUspy; mofhd jpiug; ghliyg; Gide;Js;shH.  

ghHj; 'Njd; rpupj; 'Njd;
gf;fj;jpy; mioj; 'Njd; -md;W
cidj; 'Njd; vdehd; epijj; 'Njd; - md;W
kiyj; 'Njd; ,Jntd kiyj; 'Njd;!

ghHj; 'Njd; rpupj; 'Njd;
gf;fk;tuj; Jbj; 'Njd; - md;W
cidj; 'Njd; vd ehd; epidj; 'Njd; -me;j
kiyj; 'Njd; ,tnud kiyj; 'Njd;! 

nfhbj; 'Njd; ,dpnaq;fs;
Fbj; 'Njd; - vd xU
gbj; 'Njd;” ghHitapy; Fbj; 'Njd; - xU
Jspj; 'Njd; rpe;jhky; fspj; 'Njd; -iffspy;

mizj; 'Njd; mofpid urpj; 'Njd;!
kyHj; 'Njd; Nghy; ehDk;
kyHe; 'Njd; gUtj;jpy; kze; 'Njd;
vLj; 'Njd; nfhLj; 'Njd; Ritj; 'Njd ;- ,dpj; 'Njd;
,y;yhjgb fij Kbj; 'Njd;!

vq;fs; jkpo; caHntd;W ehk; nrhy;ypr;nrhy;yp
jiyKiwfs; gy fopj;Njhk;> Fiwfise;Njhkpy;iy
jfj;jfhaj; jkpioj; jhgpg;Nghk; thuPH!

Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd;    

Days of week

The seven days of the week are :

Nyaayiru - Sunday

Thingal - Monday

Sevvaay - Tuesday

Budhan (aRivan) - Wednesday

Viyaazhan - Thursday

VeLLi - Friday

Sani (kaari) - Saturday

Months of the year (maatham / thingal)

The names of the months now in use are not Tamil
names; They are later year changes. The Tamil
names are given in brackets.

thai                        (suRavam   –  Rwtk;)             -  January-February

maasi                    (kumbam    –   Fk;gk;)            -  February-March

panguni                  (meenam   -   kPdk;)      -  March-April

chiththirai              (mezham   -   Nkok;)              -  April-May

vaigaasi                 (Vidai        -   tpil)              -  May-June

aani                      (aadavai     -   Mlit)           - June-July

aadi                     (kadagam     –  flfk;)             -  July-August

aavaNi                  (madangal  –   klq;fy;)            -  August-September

purattaasi             (kanni         –   fd;dp)               -  September-October

aippasi                 (thulai        -      Jiy)                -  October-November

kaarththigai           (naLi       -    esp)                   - November-December

maargazhi             (silai        -   rpiy)                  - December-January

jkpopy; ngaupLNthk;

jkpo; ehs;fs;

1 jpq;fs;

2 nrt;tha;

3 mwptd;

4 tpahod;

5 nts;sp

6 fhup

7 QhapW

jkpo; khjq;fs;

  nkhopj;jpupG     Jhajkpo;

1     ij          Rwtk;

2     khrp         Fk;gk;

3     gq;Fdp       kPdk;

4     rpj;jpiu      Nkok;

5     itfhrp      tpil

6     Mdp        Mlit

7     Mb         flfk;

8     Mtzp      klq;fy;

9     Gul;lhrp      fd;dp

10    Ig;grp       Jiy

11    fhHj;jpif    esp

12    khHfop      rpiy

ngaHg;gyifapy; jkpopy; vOJf!

1     bNuNlH];;          tzpf ikak;

2     fhHg;gNu\d;        FOkk;

3     V[d;rp            Kfthz;ik

4     nrd;lH            ikak;> epiyak;

5     vk;Nghupak;         tpw;gidafk;

6     ];NlhH];          gz;lfrhiy

7     \hg;              fil> mq;fhb

8     md;l Nfh          FOkk;

9     N\h&k;            fhl;rpafk;> vopyq;fhb

10    n[duy; ];NlhH];    gy;nghUs; mq;fhb

11    buhty; Vn[d;rp      Rw;Wyh Kfthz;ikafk;

12    buhty;];            Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdk;> Rw;Wyh epWtdk;

13    vyf;bupfy;];         kpd;nghUs; gz;lfrhiy

14    upg;Ngupq; nrd;lH       rPHnra; epiyak;

15    NtHf; \hg;           gl;liw> gzpkid

16    [nty;yH];           eif khspif> eifafk;

17    bk;gH];              kuf;fil

18    gpupz;lH];            mr;rfk;

19    gtH gpupz;;lH];        kpd; mr;rfk;

20    Mg;nrl; gpupz;lH];     kWNjhd;wp mr;rfk;

21    ypj;Njh];             tz;z mr;rfk;

22    $y; bupq;f;];          FspH Ritg;gfk;> FspH Rit epiyak;

23    ];tPl; ];lhy;          ,dpg;gfk;

24    fg;gp ghH              Fsk;gpf;  fil

25    N`hl;ly;              cztfk;

26    nla;yH];             ijayfk;

27    nlf;];ily;];         Jzpafk;

28    nubNkl;];            Maj;j Milafk;

29    rpdpkh jpNal;lH        jpiuafk;> jpiuauq;fk;

30    tPbNah  nrd;lH        xspehlh ikak;> tpw;gidafk;

31    Nghl;Nlh ];^bNah      Gifg;gl epiyak;> epow;gl epiyak;

32    Ngq;f;                itg;gfk;

33    yhz;lup              ntSg;gfk;

34    biu fpsPdH];         cyH ntSg;gfk;

36    mf;Nuh nrd;lH         Ntshz; eLtk;

37    mf;Nuh NrHtP];         coTg; gzp

38    VH nfhz;b\dH        FspH gjdp> rPHtsp

39    MHl;];                fiyafk;> fiyf;$lk;

40    M];ng];lH];          fy;ehH

41    XbNah nrd;lH          xypafk;> xypehlh ikak;

42    Xl;Nlh                 jhdpaq;fp

44    Ml;Nlh NrHtP];         jhdpg; gzpafk;

45    Ngf;fup                ntJg;gfk;

46    gl;lup rHtP];            kpd;fyg; gazpfk;

47    grhH                   filj;njU> mq;fhb

48    gpa+l;b ghHyH            moF epiyak;> vopy; Gidafk;

51    NghHbq; nyhl;[pq;         cz;Liw tpLjp

52    nghapyH                nfhjpfyd;

53    gpy;lH];                 fl;LeH> fl;blf; fiyQH

54    Nfgps;                  fk;gptlk;> tlk;

55    fhg;                    thlif tz;b

56    fNg                    mUe;jfk;> cztfk;

57    Nfd; xHf;];              gpuk;Gg; gzpafk;

58    Nfz;Bd;                 rpw;Wz;br;rhiy

59    rpnkz;l;                 igQ;Rij

60    nfkpf;fy;];              Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;

62    fpsg;                   kd;wk;> fofk;>

                             cztfk;> tpLjp

63    fpspdpf;                 kUj;Jt tpLjp

65    fyH Nyg;                tz;zf;$lk;> tz;z Ma;tk;>

66    fk;ngdp                 FOkk;> epWtdk;

67    fhk;g;sf;];               tshfk;

68    fk;gpa+l;lH nrd;lH         fzdp ikak;

69    fhq;fpuPl; NtHf;];          jpz;fhiug;gzp

70    fhHg;gNu\d;              $l;L epWtdk;

71    $upaH                   JhjQ;ry;

72    fl;gP]; nrd;lH            ntl;Lj; Jzpafk;

73    irf;fps;                 kpjptz;b

74    bg;Ngh                   fplq;F> gzpkid

75    bu];Nkf;fH               Mil Mf;FeH

76    biu fpsPdH];             cyH ryitafk;

77    vyf;l;upfy;];              kpd;nghUsfk;

78    vyf;l;u'dpf;];             kpd;dZg; nghUsfk;

79    vk;Nghupak;                tpw;gidafk;

80    vz;lHgpiur];             Kidtfk;

81    irf;fps; ];Nl'H];          kpjptz;b mq;fhb

82    Ngf;lup                   njhopyfk;

83    Ngd;rp ];NlhH             GJikg;  nghUsfk;

84    gh];l; G+l;                tpiu cztfk;

85    Ngf;];                   njhiyg; gb

86    igdhd;];                epjpafk;

87    ngHdpr;rH khHl;            miwfyd; mq;fhb

88    fhHnkd;l;];               ciltif

89    N`H bu];]H             Kb jpUj;JgtH

90    `hHL NtH];              td;ruf;F> ,Uk;Gf;fil

91    Aty;yup                  eif khspif> eif khlk;

92    ypj;Njh gpu];              tz;z mr;rfk;

93    nyhl;[;                   jq;Fkid> jq;Fk; tpLjp

94    khHf;fl;                   re;ij> mq;fhb

95    eHrpq; N`hk;               eyk; Ngzfk;

96    Ng[H                     tpspg;ghd;> mftp

97    ngapz;l;];                 tz;zg;g+r;R

98    Ngg;gH ];NlhH              jhs;tifg; nghUsfk;

99    gh]; NghHl;                flTr;rPl;L

100   ghHry; rHtP];              rpg;gk; nrYj;jfk;> rpg;gk; mDg;gfk;

101   ngl;Nuhy;                  vupnghUs;

102   ghHkrp                    kUe;jfk;

103   Nghl;Nlh ];^bNah           xspg;gl epiyak;

104   gpsh];bf; ,d;l];l;up         nefpyp njhopyfk;

105   gpsk;gH                    Foha;g; gzpahsH

106   gpisTl;];                 xl;Lg;gyif

107   nghyp fpspdpf;              gyJiw kUj;Jtkid> gyJiw kUe;jfk;

108   gtHYhk;                   tpirj;jwp

109   gtH gpu];                  kpd; mr;rfk;

110   gpu];> gpupz;lH];             mr;rfk;> mr;Rf;fiyafk;

111   nw];lhnuz;l;                jhtsk;> cztfk;

112   ug;gH                       njha;it

113   Nry;]; nrd;lH               tpw;gid epiyak;

114   \hg;gpq; nfhk;sf;];           tzpf tshfk;

115   N\h&k;                     fhl;rpf;$lk;

116   rpy;f; fT];                  gl;L khspif

117   Ngf;fup                      ntJg;gfk;

118   ];Nl\dup                   kspif> vOJnghUs;

119   rg;isaH];                  toq;FeH>

121   bNul;                       tzpfk;

122   bNulH];                     tzpfk;

123   bNubq; fhHg;gNu\d;            tzpff; $l;bizak;

124   buhty;];                     gaz Vw;g;ghl;lhsH

125   B ];lhy;                     NjdPufk;

127   xHf; n\hg;                   gl;liw> gapyuq;F

128   n[uhf;];                     gbngUf;fp>

129   vf;];Nu                      CLfjpH

nkhopf; fy;tpapy; gw;whf;Fiw - jkpq;fpykhFk; jkpo;!

kwtd;GyT f. rr;rpjhde;jd;

jpz;izg; gs;spfspy; jkpo; nkhopf; fy;tp tsu;e;J fhyj;ijf; fle;J tho;e;j ikf;F fw;gpj;jy; KiwAk; jpwikAk; juKk; mbj;jskhapd. vz; vOj;J cr;rupg;G> tuptbtk; Mad Kjyht jhAk;> nrhy;> vOj;Jf;$l;ly;> cr;rupg;G> nrhy;ypd; tiffs; Mad ,uz; lhtjhfTk; zfu efu dfu NtWghL> ufu wfu NtWghL> yfu ofu sfu NtW ghL Mad cr;rupg; gpYk; vOj;Jf; $l;lypYk; tUkhW %d;whtjhfTk;> thf;fpa mikg;G> xUik- gd;ik> ghy; NtWghL> cUGfs;> Gzu;r;rp ,d;Ndh ud;d mbg;gil ,yf;fzk; ehd;fht jhAk; nrhy;tsk; ngUf;fYf;fhf epfz;Lg; gapw;rp Ie;jhtjhfTk; ,d;dTk; gpwTkhf> tud;Kiwahd jkpo;nkhopg; gapw;rpNa fhyq;fSf; $lhfj; jkpOk; tsu;e;J jkpoiuAk; tsu;j;jJf;Ff; fhuzk;.

mbg;gil nkhop mwpT ,y;yhj ve;jr; r%fKk; Kd;Ndw Kb ahJ. jd;dk; gpf;if aw;w r%fj; ijNa gw;whf;Fiw nkhop mwpT cUthf;Fk;. mfuhjpiaAk; epfz;ilAk; fw;wwp ahjtu; jkpopy; NghJkhd nrhy; tsk; ,y;iyNa vd;W Vq;Ftu;. mbg; gilj; njhlu;GfSf;Fk; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ehLtu;. njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jkpohy; <L nfhLf;f Kba tpy;iyNa vdg; Gyk;Gtu;. gpw nkhop fisf; fw;whNy Kd;Ndw yhk; vd Nkhfpg;gu;. nkhop mwptpy; gw;whf;Fiwg; gapw;rp> thf;fpag; gpwo;jy; fisAk;> Gzuhr; nrhw; fl;LfisAk;> cUG fsw;W jdpj;jdpaha;j; njhq;Fk; nrhy; mLf;Ffshyhd thf;fpaq;fisAk; jUk;. jkpopy; nrhy;yTk; vOjTk; mr;rk; kPepw;f> gpw nkhop xd;iwr; rpwpNj njupe;J nfhz;lhYk; jtWfs; kype;jjha; mk; nkhop mikg;igg; gpd;gw;wj; Njhd;Wk;.

fyg;igahdhYk; coT ve;jpu khdhYk; Vu;jhd; kz;iz cOtjw;F cfe;jJ. $uw;w Vu; ve;jj; njhopy; El;gj;jhYk; cohJ. gilg;Gf; fsq;fs; khwyhk;; fw;gid tsu;r;rp ngUfyhk;; nkhop mwpTf; $u;ik ,d;wpAk; nkhop mwpTj;jpwd; ,d;wpAk; mikAk; gilg;Gfs; epiyf;fh> gaDWj;jh.fle;j E}whz;L fhyg; gFjpapy; mnk upf;ff; fupgpad; tis Flhg; gFjpYk; njd; Nkw;F ,e;Jg; ngUq;fly; gFjp apYk; njd; grpgpf; jPTf;$l; lq;fspYk; GJg;GJ nkhopfs; Njhd;w> cs;Shu; kf;fspd; miu Fiw nkhop mwpNt fhuzkh apw;W. jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yynfq;Fk; kzpg; gputhsj;ijr; rhf;filf;Fs; tPrp XAKd; jkpq;fpy neb %f;if milf;fpwNj.

E}W Ngupy; ehd;ife;J NgNu jkpo; nkhopia mwpe;j jpz;izg; gs;spf;fhyk; Ngha;> E}W Ngupy; gjpide;J NgNu jkpo; nkhopia mwpe;j Nkdhl;ltu; fhyk; Ngha;> E}W Ngupy; vOgj;ije;J Ngu; jkpo; nkhopia mwpe;jpUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; tho;fp Nwhk;. Gs;sptptuq;fs; %yk; tsu;r;rpiaf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;l ,e;j vz;zpf;ifAk; tpfpjhrhu msTNfhYk; Njit.

midtUf;Fk; fy;tp fpilf; Nfhl;L tsu;r;rpNa nkhop iaj; njupe;Jnfhs;sy; my;yJ vOj;jwpT ngwy; fy;tpahfhJ. gzpapy; Nru;t jw;fhf tho;f;ifia tskhf;Ftjw;fhf nkhopiag; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpNa gbg;gwpT. fpilf; Nfhl;L tsu;r;rpia epkpu;j;jpr; nrq;Fj;J tsu;r;rpahf;fg; gbg;gwpTs;s kf;fs; cUthf Ntz;Lk;. nkhopiag; Gupe;J nfhs;shkNy tFg;Ngw;wk; ngw;Wj; Nju;TfisAk; jhz;b gzpNjLk; tupirf;F tUNthu; Nru;e;jJk; gzpaplq;fspy; jpzWfpd;wdu;. mtu;fspd; nkhop Mw;wypd; ntspg;ghNl ,f;fhyj; jkpOk; jkpq;fpyKk;. mr;R> xyp> xsp Clfq;fspd; jkpo;j; juk; ,jw;Fr; rhd;W. ,f;fhyg; gilg;GfSs; gyTk; nkhop mwpTg; gw;whf;Fiwapd; ntspg; ghNl!fpilf;Nfhl;L vOj;jwpT tsu;r;rp ehw;gJ Ik;gJfspy; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhak;. nrq;Fj;Jg; gbg;gwpT tsu;r;rp> njhz;Z} Wfspy; njhlq;f Ntz;baNj fl;lhak;. ,d;dKk; njhlq;f tpy;iyNa vd;gNj Vkhw;wk;

jkpo;nkhop Mrpup au;fspd; juKk; jpwikAk; <LghLk; flikAzu;Tk; jkpio thOk; nkhopahf;Fk; eil Kiwapy; nrk; nkhopahf;Fk;. khztu;fs; jahuhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. gps;is ahu; gpbf;fg; NghfpNwhkh? Fuq;F gpbf;fg; NghfpNwhkh vd;gijj; jkpo; nkhop Mrpupau;fNs jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 jkpo; ,dp cynfq;Fk; guTk;: fUzhepjp ngUkpjk;!

nrd;id: "nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gltpUg;gjhy; jkpo; ,dp cynfq;Fk; guTk>” vd;W fUzhepjp $wpAs;shu;.

jp.K.f.> jiytu; fUzhepjp $wpapUg;gjhtJ:

gy;NtW Kw;Nghf;F rl;lq;fSk; jpl;lq;fSk; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; vd Rl;bf;fhl;b neQ;rpdpf;fg; gy nra;jpfisj; jUk; [dhjpgjp ciuapy; vl;lhtJ ml;ltiz nkhopfis kj;jpa Ml;rp nkhopfshf;fpl Ma;T elf;Fk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. "jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gLk;' vd;w Njd; Njha;e;j gyhr; Ris nra;jpAk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;nra;jp Nfl;L ,q;Fs;s jkpou; kl;Lkpd;wp fly; fle;J tho; jkpou;fSk; Mbg;ghb mfkfpo;e;J tho;j;njhyp Koq;Ffpd;wdu;.

jkpo; nrt;tpay; nkhopahf Mf;fg;gLtjhy; jkpofj;jpw;F vd;ndd;d gad;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;fpl tpUk;GfpNwd;. kj;jpa muR jkpio nrk;nkhop vd;W mwptpj;jhy; cldbahf ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FO mjid Vw;Fk;. mjd;gpd; midj;J ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; jkpo;j;Jiw jdpj; Jiwfshf cUthFk;. jkpo; nkhop> jkpof fiy> ,yf;fpa Ma;Tfs; Kidg;ghf eilngWk;. ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FO jkpio nrk;nkhopahf Vw;why; cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; midj;Jk; mij Vw;Fk;.

jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fk; cyf mstpy; kjpg;G caUk;. gd;dhl;L nkhopf; fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> fl;Liufs;> tuyhW> gz;ghl;L fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk; ngWk;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jw;NghJ jkpo; nkhop fPo;j;jpir nkhop vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;epiy khwp ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; jkpo; nkhopf;F jdp ,Uf;if epWtg; ngWk;. mj;Jiwfs; jdpj;jd;ikAld; nray;gl tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. rk];fpUjj;jpw;F ,e;jpa muR Neubahf 40 Nfhb &ghAk; muR rhu;G epWtdq;fs; thapyhf 100 Nfhb &ghAk; xJf;fp> me;j nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjtp tUtJ Nghy jkpo; nkhop tsu;r;rpf;Fk; cjtp fpilf;f tha;g;G Vw;gLk;.

jkpofj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; gue;J tpupe;J fplf;Fk; fy;ntl;lha;T> Xiyr;Rtb Ma;Tfs; rk];fpUjj;ij ikag;gLj;jpNa Muhag;gLfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy;> jkpo; nkhopia ikag;gLj;jp cz;ikahd tuyhw;W gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;Jf;fs; ntsptu KbAk;. mwptpay; jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;F Ntf%l;Lk; tifapy; NkYk; gy jpl;lq;fs; tFj;Jr; nray;gl tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; kl;Lk; my;yhJ Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;r; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; etPd gilg;GfSk; nkhop ngau;f;fg;gl;L cynfq;Fk; guTk;.

vdNt> jkpOf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fk; vOr;rp kpFe;j Vw;wk; epiwe;j vjpu;fhyk; miktjw;F ,d;iwa I.K.> $l;lzp murpd; rhu;gpy; [dhjpgjp ciuapy; nfhb cau;j;jg;gl;bUg;gjw;F ed;wp. Xuhapuk;> yl;rk;> xU Nfhb ed;wp. ,t;thW fUzhepjp $wpAs;shu;. 

nky;yj; jkpo; ,dp tsUk;

tsHjkpo;r; nry;tH kzit K];jgh  

,d;iwf;F vd;Wkpy;yhj xUtif ngUkpj czHT fye;j kfpo;r;rpg; ngUf;F jkpo; kf;fspilNa fiu Guz;NlhLfpwJ ,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk;> mz;ikapy; eilngw;w ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypy; ntw;wpthif #b> muR mikj;Js;s If;fpa Kw;Nghf;Ff; $l;lzp muR> jd; Fiwe;jgl;r nray;jpl;lj;jpy;> jkpior; nrk;nkhopahf kj;jpa muR Vw;Fk; vd;W mwptpj;jpUg;gJjhd;!  

,jd; mbg;gilapy; nra;jpj;jhs;> njhiyf;fhl;rp Nghd;w nra;jp Clfq;fs; jq;fs; Nghf;fpy; jkpo; nrk;nkhopahtjd; %yk; ngwg;NghFk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wp Muha Kw;gl;Ls;sd xUtifapy; ,njy;yhk; tuNtw;fj;jf;f epfo;TfNsahFk;.  

xU nkhop nrk;nkhopahf gjpNdhU jFjpg;ghLfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; mit>

     1 njhd;ik>

     2 jdpj;jd;ik>

     3 nghJikg; gz;G>

     4 eLT epiyik>

     5 jha;ikj; jd;ik>

     6 gz;ghl;L> fiy gl;lwpT ntspg;ghL>

     7 gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpyh jdpj;jd;ik>

     8 ,yf;fpa tsk;> 9 caH rpe;jid>

    10 fiy ,yf;fpaj; jdpj;jd;ik ntspg;ghL>

    11 nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL

,e;jg; gjpNdhU jFjpg;ghLfSk; jkpOf;F kl;LNk nghUe;JtdthFk; vd;gJjhd; jdpr; rpwg;G rk;];fpUjj;Jf;F VO jFjpg;ghLfSk;> yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f nkhopfSf;F vl;Lj; jFjpg;ghLfSk; kl;LNk nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ nkhopapayhsH fzpg;G.  

,J> jkpopd; jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; jdpg;ngUk; rpwg;igAk; vy;yh tifapYk; cWjpg; gLj;JtjhFk;.  

mJrup> jkpo; nrk;nkhop vDk; mq;fPfhuj;ij muR Kiwg;gb toq;FtJ jkpopd; ngUikia Ntz;Lkhdhy; caHj;Jtjhf> rpwg;igg; giwrhw;Wtjhf mikayhk; Mdhy;> ,ijj; jtpHj;J NtW vd;d ngUk; tpisTfs;> tsHr;rpf;fhd toptiffs; cUthfptplg; NghfpwJ? vdg; gyUk; Mq;fhq;Nf KZKZg; gJ Nfl;fNt nra;fpwJ.  

jkpior; nrk;nkhopahf kj;jpa muR mq;fPfupj;jhy;> mij ,e;jpag; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FO mg;gbNa mq;fPfupf;Fk; gpd;dH mjid cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,jdhy;> rk;];fpUjj;Jiwapd; xU gFjpahfNth my;yJ ‘Xupaz;l; yhq;Nt[]; vdg; gLk; fPo;j;jpir nkhopfspy; xd;whfNth jkpo; xl;Lf; Fbj;jdk; elj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;yhky; nkhopg;ghlk; cs;s cyfg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; jkpOf;nfd jdpj;Jiwfs; cUthf tha;g;G Vw;gLk;.  

,q;nfy;yhk; jkpo; fw;gpf;fg;gLtNjhL Kiwahd Ma;Tg; gzpfSk; Ma;thsHfshy; Kidg;NghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epiy cUthFk; ,Jtiu ntspg;gLj;jg;glhj rpy Gjpa jfty;fs;> Ma;T KbTfs; Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,jd; thapyhf gy Gjpa jkpopay; gupkhzq;fs; ntspg;gl VJthFk; jkpopd; rpwg;Gk; jkpopdg; ngUikAk; epiyAWk;.  

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf 5 cyf ehLfspy; thOk; jkpoHfs; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf <oj; jkpoHfs;> jkpopy; caHfy;tp ngwTk; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ,e;jr;#oy; ngU tha;g;ghf mikAk;.  

fdlh Nghd;w muRfs; jtpHf;f ,ayh epiyapy;> jkpo; nkhopf;F muR mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jpUg;gNjhL> jkpopy; ngWk; gl;lq;fisAk; rl;lg;g+Htkhf mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ Nghd;Nw cyf ehLfs; gyTk; mq;fPfupf;Fk; epiy cUthFk; jkpo; nkhopia mq;fPfupj;jpUg;gNjhL mjd; tsHr;rpf;F me;j muRfs; Jizahf epw;Fk; ,dpa #o;epiyAk; cUthFk; mJkl;Lkh? jkpo;nkhop> fiy> ,yf;fpa> gz;ghl;L tsHr;rpf;Fk; Ma;Tf;Fk; And];Nfh Nghd;w gd;dhl;L mikg;GfSk; /NghHL /ngsz;Nl\d;> uhf;/ngy;yH /ngsz;Nl\d; Nghd;w gd;dhl;L mwf;fl;lisfSk; jdpahH mw epWtdq;fSk; gy;NtW tifahd Ma;TfSf;Fg; Nghjpa epjp cjtp ju Kd;tuyhk; mjd; tpisthf jkpo; Ma;T Gjpa gupkhzk; mila KbAk;.  

nrk;nkhop vd;w Kiwapy; jkpo;g;gilg;Gfs; cyf nkhopfspy; gutyhf nkhopngaHf;fg;gLk; jw;NghJ ,e;jpa murpd; epjp cjtpNahL rk;];fpUjk;&Mq;fpy mfuhjpj; njhFg;Gfs; gy cUthf;fg;gl;L tUtJNghy; jkpo; Mq;fpy mfuhjpj; njhFg;Gfs; gy cUthf top Vw;gLk;.  

mnjy;yhk; rup> jkpo; nrk;nkhop Mtjhy; jkpoH tho;tpy; mg;gb vd;d Gjpa khw;wq;fs;> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;> Ntiy tha;g;G trjpfs; Vw;gl;Ltplg; NghfpwJ? vd rpyH tpdh njhLf;fyhk;. 

jkpo; nrk;nkhop MtJ ,jw;nfy;yhk; xU tifapy; fjT jpwe;JtpLk; epfo;NtahFk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. 

Mq;fpNyaHfs; mOj;jkhf cUthf;fpr; nrd;w mbik czHtpypUe;J Kw;whf tpLglhj jkpoHfSk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tp tzpfHfshy; tYthfg; gug;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;> Mq;fpyk; ,y;iynadpy; vjpHfhy tho;Nt ,y;iy vd;w gpurhuKk; ek; kf;fSf;F Mq;fpyj;jpd; kPJ msTf;F mjpfkhd ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jpcs;sJ.

,jd; tpisthf jha;nkhopf; fy;tp ntFthfg; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. vq;Fk; ,y;yhj mjprakhf midj;J ehLfspYk;> ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehL jtpHj;Js;s midj;J khepyq;fspYk; Muk;gf; fy;tp mtutH jha;nkhopapy; jug;gl;L tUk; epiyapy; jkpo;ehl;by; kl;Lk; koiyg; gs;spfs; %yk; Mq;fpy nkhoptopNa Muk;gf; fy;tp fw;Wj; jUk; jtwhd topKiw filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. kugpay; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gf; fy;tp jha;nkhopapy; ngWk;NghJjhd; fw;gtupd; Ra rpe;jid Cw;Wf;fz; jpwf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ kUj;Jt mwptpay; Nkij lhf;lH RNdhlh Nghd;w cyfg;Gfo;ngw;w euk;gpay; ty;YeHfs; fz;lwpe;J $wpAs;s cz;ik.

,jd; mbg;gilapNyNa And];Nfh gd;dhl;L epWtdk;> ve;j ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk; ve;jr; #oypy; ,Ue;jhYk; Muk;gf; fy;tp Ie;jhz;Lfs; mtutH jha; nkhopapNyNa fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; mg;NghJjhd; fw;gtupd; Ra rpe;jid Cw;Wf;fz; jpwf;fg;gLk;’ vd;W mjd; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ ,q;F ftdpf;fj; jf;fjhFk;.  

jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl;lhy; jha;nkhopf; fy;tpf;Fk; %is tsHr;rpf;FKs;s njhlHGfs; NkYk; mwptpay; Ma;Tg;g+Htkhf Muhag;gLk; ‘jha; nkhopahfpa jkpo;nkhopf; fy;tp ngWtjd; thapyhfNt Ra rpe;jid Cw;Wf;fz; jpwf;fTk; Rarpe;jid Mw;wiyg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;sTk; KbAk; vd;w cz;ikia czHtjd; %yk; jha;nkhopahfpa jkpopd; kPJ ekf;F KO ek;gpf;if Vw;gl topgpwf;Fk; ,q;F ,d;ndhU NgUz;ikia ehk; njspthf mwpe;J czHjy; mtrpak.; jkpo; fw;gJ NtW jkpopy; fw;gJ NtW. jkpo; fw;gjhdJ jkpo;nkhop> ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fzk; %yk; jkpo;nkhop mwpit ngUf;fpf;nfhs;tJ jkpopy; gbg;gjhdJ> jkpo;nkhop %yk; mwptpay;> nghUshjhuk;> r%ftpay; Nghd;w midj;Jj; JiwfisAk; fw;Wj; NjHtjhFk;.

Mq;fpy nkhop %yk; fw;Fk;NghJ ekf;Fs;s Mq;fpy nkhopr; nrhy;yhl;rpf;Nfw;gNt nghUs; mwpit cs;thq;f KbfpwJ jkpo; jha;nkhopahf ,Ug;gjhy; nghUs; mwpit gprpW ,y;yhky; KOikahf cs;thq;fp mwpTj; njspT ngWfpNwhk; ,jw;fhd KO ek;gpf;if jkpo; nrk;nkhop Mtjd; %yNk cUthf ,aYk; vd;gJ cWjp. 

Rarpe;jid Mw;wiyg; ngWk;NghJ> GJg;GJ cj;jpfspd; %yk; nra;Ak; njhopiy tpupTgLj;jTk; mjd;%yk; Ntiy tha;g;ig ngUf;fTk; tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ ,jd;%yk; tho;T nropf;fTk; top Vw;gLfpwJ. 

,t;thW NeupilahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; tho;tpy; Vw;wk; gy fhz jkpo; nrk;nkhopahtJ gad;kpF nrayhFk; vdj; Jzpe;J $wyhk;. 

,d;Dk; mwptpay; jkpo; tsHr;rpf;F nrk;nkhop mq;fPfhuk; XH khngUk; ce;J rf;jpahf mikaKbAk; fiyr; nrhy;yhf;fk;> nkhop ngaHg;G> xyp ngaHg;G> mwptpay; gilg;gpyf;fpa cUthf;fk; njhlHghd Gjpa Gjpa cj;jpfis tFj;Jr; nray;gl ngUk; tha;g;ghf mikAk; ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> ,d;iwaj; jkpopay; mbg;gilapy; ,d;iwa ,d;wpaikahj; Njitahd jkpo;g; Gj;jpyf;fzk; cUthf top Vw;gLk;.  

nkhj;jj;jpy; jkpo; Mz;lhf mikaTs;s 2005 Mk; Mz;L> jkpOf;Fk; jkpoHf;Fk; tpir ,af;fpahf nrk;nkhop xg;Gjy;  mikAk; vd vjpHghHf;fyhk;.

cyf nrk;nkhopfs; vit?

cyfpy;> nrk;nkhopfshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sit rk];fpUjk;> fpNuf;fk;> ®j;jPd;> rPdk;> ghurPfk; kw;Wk; muG MFk; jkpio ,e;jpah nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;j gpd;du;> jkpo; NgRk; gpw ehLfshd> ,yq;if> nkhuPrpa];> rpq;fg;g+u;> kw;Wk; kNyrpah ehLfSk; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; And];Nfh mij nrk;nkhopahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ey;tha;g;G cs;sJ.  

An Introduction to Tamil

Tamil, one of the two classical languages of India, is the oldest and the only living language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past [1]. Today, this Dravidian language is spoken by 60 million Indians, mainly in Tamil Nadu. It is also spoken as a mother tongue, chiefly in Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), Singapore and Malasiya, and by small groups in Burma, parts of Africa, the Fiji Islands, and the West Indies.

The ancient Tamil literature, dated between 100 B.C. and 250 A.D. is known as 'Sangam Literature'. ... The total number of available poems are 2381  written by 473 poets. ...

Madurai, an ancient city in South India, was associated with fostering and developing the Tamil language by hosting Tamil Sangams (an academic gathering for the poets and the writers). Although three Tamil Sangams existed in different time eras, the works of the First Tamil Sangam were lost in time. The oldest extant literary work in Tamil is 'Tholkaappiyam' (Old Composition), a treatise on Grammar and Poetics written by Tholkaappiyanar during the Second Tamil Sangam period, around 100 A.D. [2]. Tholkappiyam is considered to be the First Grammar Book ever written in any language in the world. The Third Tamil Sangam works (150 - 250 A.D.) are traditionally known as 'Sangam Literature', which comprises eighteen books [3]. Eight are collection of anthology poems, which is known as 'Ettu Thogai'. The remaining ten books are known as Ten Songs or 'Paththu Pattu'. The total number of available poems are 2381, which were written by 473 poets. 'Thirukkural', (Holy Kural) written by Saint Thiruvalluvar in 200 A.D. is a highly acclaimed code of ethics in secular nature. Thirukkural contains 1330 couplets, and each verse is extremely short containing two lines with fourteen syllables.

There were four major Tamil Kingdoms in South India. There are Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallava dynasties [4]. The Pandyas and Cheras were dominating from 500 B.C. to 400 A.D., the Pallavas from 5th to 8th Century, and the Cholas between 9th and 12th Century. They were great patrons of Tamil literature, culture and fine arts. The Temple gopurams (Towers) all over Tamil Nadu, the Tamil State of India, are standing testimony to the Tamils' mastery of fine artistic sculptures. Also, the roots of today's 'Carnatic Music' (Classical Music) and 'Bharatha Naattiyam' (Classical Dance) can be found in 'Silappathikaaram' (The Lay of the Anklet), one of the five great epics in Tamil.

Now, it so happens that archaeological findings in Tamil Nadu, though scanty, are nevertheless decisive. Indeed, we now have a broad convergence between literary, epigraphic and archaeological evidence.[9] Thus names of cities, kings and chieftains mentioned in Sangam literature have often been confirmed by inscriptions and coins dating back to the second and third centuries BC. Kautilya speaks in his Arthashastra (c. fourth century BC) of the “easily travelled southern land route,” with diamonds, precious stones and pearls from the Pandya country ;[10] two Ashokan rock edicts (II and XIII[11]) respectfully refer to Chola, Pandya and Chera kingdoms as “neighbours,” therefore placing them firmly in the third century BC ; we also have Kharavela’s cave inscription near Bhubaneswar in which the Kalinga king (c. 150 BC) boasts of having broken up a “confederacy of the Dravida countries which had lasted for 113 years.”[12] From all these, it appears that the earliest Tamil kingdoms must have been established around the fourth century BC ; again, archaeological findings date urban developments a century or two later, but this small gap will likely be filled by more extensive excavations. But there’s the rub : beyond the fourth century BC and back to 700 or 1000 BC, all we find is a megalithic period, and going still further back, a neolithic period starting from about the third millennium BC. While those two prehistoric periods are as important as they are enigmatic, they show little sign of a complex culture,[*] and no clear connection with the dawn of urban civilization in the South.

The Tolkappiyam also formulates the captivating division of the Tamil land into five regions (tinai ), each associated with one particular aspect of love, one poetical expression, and also one deity : thus the hills (kuriñji ) with union and with Cheyon (Murugan) ; the desert (palai ) with separation and Korravai (Durga) ; the forests (mullai ) with awaiting and Mayon (Vishnu-Krishna) ; the seashore (neytal ) with wailing and Varuna ; and the cultivated lands (marutam) with quarrel and Ventan (Indra). Thus from the beginning we have a fusion of non-Vedic deities (Murugan or Korravai), Vedic gods (Indra, Varuna) and later Puranic deities such as Vishnu (Mal or Tirumal). Such a synthesis is quite typical of the Hindu temperament and cannot be the result of an overnight or superficial influence ; it is also as remote as possible from the separateness we are told is at the root of so-called “Dravidian culture.”

The Kural (second to seventh century AD), authored by the celebrated Tiruvalluvar, is often described as an “atheistic” text, a hasty misconception. True, Valluvar’s 1,330 pithy aphorisms mostly deal with ethics (aram), polity (porul) and love (inbam), following the traditional Sanskritic pattern of the four objects of human life : dharma, artha, kama, and moksha—the last implied rather than explicit. Still, the very first decade is an invocation to Bhagavan : “The ocean of births can be crossed by those who clasp God’s feet, and none else”[44] (10) ; the same idea recurs later, for instance in this profound thought : “Cling to the One who clings to nothing ; and so clinging, cease to cling” (350). The Kural also refers to Indra (25), to Vishnu’s avatar of Vamana (610), and to Lakshmi (e.g. 167), asserting that she will shower her grace only on those who follow the path of dharma (179, 920). There is nothing very atheistic in all this, and in reality the values of the Kural are perfectly in tune with those found in several shastras or in the Gita.[45]

Characters in Tamil

There are 12 vowels, 18 consonants, 216 consonant vowels and one aaydham in the Tamil language and hence there is a total of 247 characters in Tamil.

Vowels

There are twelve vowels in Tamil. They are, m> M> ,><> c> C> v> V> ma;> x> X> xs.

Kinds of vowels

Depending on the duration of utterance the vowels are classified into two, namely -.

Short Vowels (kuril)  -  m> ,> c> v> x

Long Vowels (nedil)  -  M> <> C> V> ma;> X>

Consonants

There are eighteen consonants in Tamil. They are : க், ங், ச், ஞ், ட், ண், த், ந், ப், ம், ய், ர், ல், வ், ழ், ள், ற், ன்

vallinam     -  f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;

mellinam    -  q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;

idayinam   -  a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;

Gyk;ngaH ehLfspy; jkpo; thOkh? my;yJ nky;yr; rhFkh?

ef;fPud;

Gyk; ngaH ehLfspy; jkpo; thOkh? my;yJ ghujpahH nrhd;dJ Nghy nky;yr; rhFkh? vd;w Nfs;tp ,d;W gl;bkd;wg; nghUshf tpthjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

fdlhtpy; fle;j  A+d; 24 – 29 tiu jkpo;nkhopf; fpoik nfhz;lhlg; gl;lJ. “jkpopd; tho;Nt jkpoH tho;T” vd;w Kof;fj;ij Kd;itj;J jkpo;nkhopf; fy;tp> jkpo;nkhopg; gad;ghL> jkpo;nkhop Nkk;ghL> jkpopay; Ma;T Kjypa jiyg;Gf;fspy; fUj;juq;Ffs; ,lk; ngw;wd. ,e;jf; fUj;juq;Ffspy; gy jkpo; mwpQHfs;> nkhopj;Jiw tpw;gd;dHfs; kw;Wk; jkpo;g; ngw;NwhHfs; fye;J nfhz;L rpwg;gpj;jdH.

fdlhtpy; mz;zsthf 30>000 jkpo; khztHfs; fy;tp fw;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F khztHfNs jkpio xU ghlkhff; fw;fpwhHfs;. gy;fiyf; fof EioTf;F Ntz;ba 30 jpwik rpj;jpfspy; 4 jpwik rpj;jpfis (9>10>11>12 Mk; tFg;G)  jkpio xU ghlkhfg;  gbg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. NkYk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbf;f Ntz;ba 6 ghlq;fspy; Fiwe;jJ 1 my;yJ $baJ 2 ghlq;fis jkpopy; gbf;fyhk;. ,t;thW fdba fy;tpj;Jiw tha;g;Gk; trjpAk; nra;J nfhLj;Jk; jkpio %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F khztHfs; gbg;gjpy;iy vd;gJ ftiy jUk; nra;jpahFk;.

nghJthf Nehf;Fkplj;J Gyk; ngaHe;j ehLfspy; thOk; jkpo;g; gps;isfs; jq;fs; jha;nkhopia tpiuthf kwe;J tUfpwhHfs;. ,jw;Fg; gy fhuzq;fisr; nrhy;yyhk;.

        (1)    ,q;F gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; 2 mfit tiu jkpior; ruskhfg; NgRfpd;wd.  Mdhy; mjd;gpd; mf; Foe;ijfs; gfy; gs;spfspy; NrUk; NghJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; Ngrg; goFfpd;wd. ,e;jg; Gwr; #oypd; jhf;fj;jhy; Foe;ijfs; jkpio nky;y nky;y kwe;J Mq;fpy nkhopiag; Ngrj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.

        (2)    fw;ifnkhop Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w gpwnkhopahf ,Ug;gjhy; rpW tajpy; jkpio ed;whfg; Ngrpa Foe;ij tpiutpy; jkpio Kw;whf kwe;J tpLfpwJ.

       (3)    njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; Mq;fpy fhl;^d; glq;fis gy kzpj;jpahyq;fshfg; ghHg;gjhy; jkpOf;Fg; gjpy; Mq;fpyj;ijg; gps;isfs; tpiutpy;  ruskhfg; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;.

        (4)    jkpio xU ghlkhf vy;yhg; gs;spf; $lq;fspy; gbf;Fk; tha;g;G ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpwJ.

        (5)    ngw;NwhHfSf;Fj; jkpo;kPJ gw;Wk; ngUkpj czHTk; NghjpasT ,y;yhjjhy; gps;isfSf;Fk; jkpo; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir  ,y;yhky; NghfpwJ.

jkpo;nkhop njhd;ikahd nkhop. ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz tsk; epiwe;j nkhop. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kk;ikAk; ngw;w nkhop. fUj;Jr; nrwpthy; Ez;ikAk;  xypr;rpwg;ghy; ,dpikAk; nrwpe;j nkhop. gapYtjw;Fk; NgRtjw;Fk; vspikahd nkhop. ,it fhuzkhfNt  ghujpahH –

“ehkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk;” vd;Wk;

“nrhy;ypy; caHT jkpo;r; nrhy;Ny” vd;Wk;

"thdk; mwpe;j midj;Jk; mwpe;jpLk; tz;nkhop thopaNt!" vd;Wk;

rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghbapUf;fpwhH.

kNdhd;kzpak; vd;w ehlf Ehiy ,aw;wpa NguhrpupaH Re;juk;gps;is mtHfs; jdJ jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fj;jpy; -

gy;YapUk; gyTyFk; gilj;jspj;Jf; Jilf;fpDNkhH
vy;iyaW guk;nghUs;Kd; ,Ue;jgb apUg;gJNghy;
fd;dlKq; fspnjYq;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKe; JSTk;
cd;DJuj; cjpj;njOe;Nj nahd;Wgy Ma;tpbDk;
Mupak;Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;njhope;J rpijahTd;
rPupsikj; jpwk;tpae;J nrad;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk!

vdj; jkpopd; rPH ,sikj; jpwk; tpae;J ghuhl;bapUf;fpwhH.

,tHfs; kl;Lky;y ,tHfSf;F Kd;tho;e;j ehad;khHfSk; GytHfSk; jkpo;nkhopapd; rPiuAk; rpwg;igAk; ePHikiaAk; Nghw;wpg; ghb ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

jkpopd;ePHik Ngrpj;jhsk; tPiz gz;zpey;y
Kotnkhe;ij ky;Fghly; nra;if aplNkhthH
Fkpopd;Nkdp je;JNfhy ePHik aJ nfhz;lhH
fkOQ;Nrhiyf; fhDhHNka gts tz;zNu.        (Kjyhk; jpUKiw 47-8)

jkpo; ehl;;by; irtrka FutHfshd mg;gUk; Re;juUk; MSilg; gps;isahUk; itzt Mo;thHfSk; ,iw topghl;by; jkpo;nkhopiaAk; jkpopiriaAk; gad;gLj;jpdhHfs;. 

mg;gH> MSilg; gps;isahH ,UtUf;Fk; gpw;fhyj;jtuhd Re;ju%Hj;jp ehadhH ,iwtd; mg;gUf;Fk; MSilg; gps;isahUf;Fk; fhRfs; nfhLj;J jkpopir ghLkhW Nfl;ljhfg; ghly; mUspapUf;fpwhH.

njupe;j ehd;kiwNahHf; fplkha jpUkpoiy
,Ue;J ePH jkpNohbir Nfl;Fk;
,r;irahy; fhR epj;jy; ey;fpdPH
mUe;jz; tPop nfhz;BH mbNaw;Fk; mUSjpNu..  Vohk; jpUKiw 899)

jkpo;tpL JhJ MrpupaH -

,Ue;jkpNo cd;;dhy; ,Ue;Njd; ,ikNahH
tpUe;jkpo;jk; vd;whYk; Ntz;Nld; ………

vd mbj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhH. “jkpNo! cd;dhy;jhd; ehd; capH tho;fpNwd;! cdf;F <lhf NkYyf NjtHfs; cz;Zk; mkpo;jj;ijf; nfhLj;jhYk; ehd; nfhsy; khl;Nld;” vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;.

Mdhy; ngUk;ghyhd ngw;NwhHfs; jkpo;nkhopapd; mUik ngUik gw;wp mwpahjtHfshfNt ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,J mtHfs; Fw;wk; my;y. gy Ehw;whz;L fhykhf jkpoHfs; nfhbAk; KbAk; nfhw;wKk; ,oe;J mbikfshf tho;e;jjhy; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fpar; rpwg;igNah jkpoupd; gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fisNah mwpAkhW ,y;yhJ ,Ue;J tpl;ldH.

mz;ikf; fhykhf jkpo;nkhop gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpd; 22 Njrpa nkhopfspy; jkpOk; xd;whFk;. NkYk; ghurPfk;> cUJ> rkw;fpUjk; Nghd;W jkpOk;; nrk;nkhopnad ,e;jpa murhy; 2004 ,y; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo;ehL> ,yq;if kw;Wk; rpq;fg;G+upy; jkpo;nkhop murnkhopahf tpsq;FfpwJ. kNyrpah> njd; Mgpupf;f ahg;gpy; jkpo;nkhop NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpoHfsJ Gyg;ngaHT mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy;jhd; eilngw;wJ vd;wpy;iy. Kd;dUk; Ntiy epkpj;jk; gpwe;j kz;izj; Jwe;J me;epa ehLfspy;  FbNawpdhHfs;. mt;thW Gyk;ngaHe;j jkpoHfis fhy mbg;gilapy; %d;W  FOf;fshf tFf;fyhk;.

        1)     RkhH 150 - 200 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; nts;isf;fhuHfshy; fUk;Gj; Njhl;lk;> Njapiyj; Njhl;lk;> ,ug;gH Njhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; $yp Ntiy nra;tjw;F ,yq;if> kNyrpah> njd; Mgpupf;fh> gpA+[p> nkhNurpa];> wPA+dpad;> rPnry;];> fadh jpupehl; Nghd;w Nkw;fpe;jpa jPTfs; Nghd;w ehLfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l jkpoH.

       2)     fle;j 50 – 100 Mz;Lfspy; njhopy;rhH Ntiy epkpj;jkhf kNyrpah> gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh> mT];jpNuypah  kw;Wk; fdlh ehLfSf;Fg; Gyk; ngaHe;j jkpoH.

       3)     ,yq;ifapy; ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; cs;ehl;Lg; NghH fhuzkhf ma;Nuhg;gh> mnkupf;fh> fdlh> gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; mT];jpNuypah Kjypa ehLfSf;F murpay; Gfyplk; Nfl;Lg; Gyk; ngaHe;j jkpoH.

jkpoHfsJ Njrpa milahsk; nkhop MFk;. KjyhtJ FOitr; NrHe;jtHfs; jhq;fs; FbGFe;j ehLfspy; jq;fs; Njrpa milahsj;ijj; njhiyj;J tpl;lhHfs;. jkpo;nkhopia Kw;whf kwe;J NghdhHfs;. ngaustpy; kl;Lk; jkpoHfshf tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfsJ ngaHfs; $l milahsk; fhzhjthW Nja;e;Jk; RUq;fpAk; rpije;Jk; Ngha;tpl;ld. tpjp tpyf;Fk; cz;L.

,t;thW rpy Ehw;whz;LfSf;F Kd;dH Gyk; ngaHe;j jkpoHfs; jha;nkhopia  kwe;J jq;fs; Njrpa milahsj;ijj; njhiyj;J tpl;ljw;Fg; gy fhuzpfs; cz;L. Gyk; ngaHe;jtHfs; -

        1)     fy;tp mjpfk; fy;yhjtH.

        2)     r%f - nghUshjhu Vzpapd; fPo;g; gbapy; ,Ue;jtHfs;.

        3)     njhiyNgrp> njhiyg;gb> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp. fzpdp; Nghd;w etPd
       njhlHG rhjdq;fs; ,y;yhj fhyj;jtHfs;.

        4)     tpiuthd Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd thDhHjpfs; ,y;yhjtHfs;.

        5)     murpay; gyk; ,y;yhJ me;epa #oypy; mbik czHNthL thoe;jtHfs;. 

ey;yfhykhf Kd;dH Gyk;ngaHe;jtHfsJ ,d;iwa jiyKiwapdH jq;fs; Ntiuj; NjLk; gzpapy; mf;fiw fhl;b tUfpwhHfs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkhuprpa]; jPitAk; njd; Mgpupfh ehl;ilAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jkpof muR jkpo;nkhop tsHr;rpapy; mf;fiw fhl;b tUfpwJ. jkpiog; gbg;gpf;f MrpupaHfisAk; ghlg; Gj;jfq;fisAk; Gyk;ngaH ehLfSf;F mDg;gp tUfpwJ. ,J NkYk; tpuptila Ntz;Lk;. Gyk;ngaH jkpoHfs; jkpiog; gbf;f jkpo;ehl;Lf; fy;YhupfspYk; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; ,.l xJf;fPL nra;J nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J jkpo; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;f $Ljyhd MrpupaHfisg; Gyk; ngaHe;j ehLfSf;F mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpw ehl;Lg; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; jkpo;nkhopf;F gPlk; mikf;f Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j jdp mikr;R cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

jkpoHfs; FbNawpa ehLfspy; fdlh kl;LNk gy;fyhrhuj;ij Cf;fptpf;fpw ehlhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Vida ehLfspy; ,y;yhj trjpfSk; tha;g;Gf;fSk; fdlhtpy; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; mg;gbay;y. FbtuthsHfs; me;je;j ehl;L nkhopiag; gbj;Jg; ngUk;ghd;ik Njrpa – fyhrhu  ePNuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J tpl Ntz;Lk; vd me;j ehLfs; vjpHghHf;fpd;wd. ghypy; rHf;fiu fiutJ Nghy;  Mq;fpNyaH my;yhjtHfs; Njrpa ePNuhl;lj;jpy; fiue;J jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;J Mq;fpNyaHfshf khw Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mnkupf;f ehl;L murpd; nfhs;ifahR ,Uf;fpwJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; thOk; 3.5 Nfhb fUg;G ,dkf;fs; ,d;W jq;fs; nrhe;j nkhopia kwe;J Mq;fpyj;ij jq;fs; jha; nkhopahff; nfhz;L tpl;lhHfs;. kjkhw;wk; fhuzkhf mtHfs; jq;fs; czT cil eil ghtid gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpadtw;iwf; $l khw;wp tpl;lhHfs;. Mq;fpNyauplk; ,Ue;J mtHfis ,d;w gpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ mtHfsJ epwk; xd;W kl;LNk.

fUg;G ,d kf;fisg; NghyNt mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNawpa njd; mnkupf;f Hispanic kf;fSk; ehsilapy; jq;fs; milahsj;ij ,oe;J Mq;fpNyaHfshfp tpLthHfs;.

,g;gb xU ,dk; ,d;ndhU ,dj;ij xNuabahf ,y;yhky; gbg;gbahf tpOq;Ftij Mq;fpyj;jpy; assimilation vd;W miof;fpwhHfs;.

fdlhtpy; jkpio thoitf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ngw;NwhHfs; rpy cUg;gbahd gbKiwfis mf;fiwNahL gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

        1)     gps;isfSf;F jkpopy; nghUs; epiwe;j ngaH #l;ly; Ntz;Lk;.

        2)     tPl;by; vy;NyhUk; jkpo;nkhopapNyNa vg;NghJk; Ngry; Ntz;Lk;.
 

        3)   mk;kh> mg;gh> khkh> khkp> ghl;ld;> ghl;b Nghd;w cwT Kiwfis
       gps;isfSf;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

       4)     gs;spfspy; jkpo; gbf;f tha;g;gpy;yhtpl;lhy; jdp MrpupaHfsplk; jkpo; fw;f
       xOq;F nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

       5)     ,iw topghl;il nre;jkpopy; elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

       6)     jpUkzq;fis ige;jkpopy; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

       7)     Mj;jp#b> nfhd;iw Nte;jd; Nghd;w Ehy;fis gps;isfSf;Ff; fw;Wf;
      nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

      8)     jkpo;nkhop Ngr;R vOj;Jg; Nghl;bfspy; gps;isfis gq;Fgw;wr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

      9)     jkpopd; mUik ngUik ePHik jz;ik gw;wpg; gps;isfSf;F njupe;jsT 
     vLj;Jr; nrhy;yy; Ntz;Lk;.

     10)   Xa;T Neuj;jpy; ey;y jkpo; ehlfq;fs;> fhl;^d;> jpiug;glq;fs;> rpWtH epfo;r;rp
     Kjypatw;iwg; ghHf;f Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

    11)      Kbe;j kl;Lk; gpwe;j nghd;dhl;Lf;Fg; gps;isfisf; $l;br; nrd;W cw;whH
      cwtpdiuf; fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. 

vkJ jha;nkhopahd jkpo;nkhop  ekJ Kd;NdhH ekf;F mspj;j ngUk; nry;tkhFk;. mjid ehk; nghd;Nd Nghy; Nghw;wp mLj;j jiyKiwf;Fk; ifaspf;f Ntz;baJ ngw;NwhHfsJ flikahFk;.

rPdHfisg; ghUq;fs;. vj;jid jiyKiw me;epa ehLfspy; tho;e;jhYk; rPd nkhopia kwf;fhky; Foe;ij Kjy; ngupNahH tiu NgRfpwhHfs;. ,jw;F mtHfs; jq;fs; jha;nkhop kPJ  nfhz;Ls;s gw;Wk; ngUkpjk; ,uz;LNk fhuzkhFk;.

Kad;why; KbahjJ xd;Wk; ,y;iy. jkpo; thOkh? my;yJ nky;yr; rhFkh? vd;w Nfs;tpf;Fupa  tpil ngw;Nwhuhfpa cq;fs; ifapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ!

njupe;J nfhs;Nthk; jkpio

cyfpy; xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; kuGfs; cz;L; kuNg ,y;yhj nkhop xd;W kpy;iy; Mdhy;> ekJ jkpo; nkhopf;F kuGfs; kpFjp. mjw;fhf> gpw nkhopf Sf;F kuGfNs ,y;iy vd;W $WtJ mwpTilikay;y. mJ> gpw nkhop fisg; gw;wpr; rpwpJk; mwpahjtu; $w;Nw!

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

jkpo; nkhopapy; capnuOj;Jfs; vd;gd ‘m’ Kjy; ‘xs’ tiu cs;s gd;dpuz;L vOj;Jfs; vd;gJ jkpo; nkhop mwpe;Njhu; midtUf;Fk; njupAk;.

,JNghy;> Mq;fpy nkhopapy; ‘‘A-E-I-O-U-’ ,e;j ma;e;J vOj;Jf;fSk; capnuOj;Jfs; vd;gJ mk;nkhopia mwpe;Njhu; midtUk; mwptu;.

jkpopy; ‘xU’ ‘Xu;’ vd;w ,uz;L nrhw;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy;> mit ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; xNu nghUis czu;j;Jtd.

Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘A’ - ‘AN’ vd ,uz;L nrhw;fs; cs;sd. mit ,uz;Lk; xNu nghUis czu;j;JtdNt.

Mdhy;> jkpopy; ‘kuk;’ - ‘Njhl;lk;’ vd;gd Nghd;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ‘xU’ vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; ‘mzpy;’ ‘Mykuk;’ vd;w nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ ‘xU Mykuk;’ - ‘xU mzpy;’ vd;W Fwpg;gplf;$lhJ. mt;thW Fwpg;gpLtJ kuGf;F khwhdJ.

Mdhy;> jkpo; kuGg;gb mtw;iw ‘Xu; My kuk;’-‘Xu; mzpy;’ vd;Wjhd; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.

mNjNghy> Mq;fpyj;jpy; “UMBRELLA’’ - Vd;W Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ ‘A umbrella’  vd;W Fwpg;gplhky; ‘An umbrella’ - vd;Wjhd; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. mJNghy> ‘eleaphant’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> ‘A elephant’ - vd;W Fwpg;gplhky; ‘An elephant’  vd;Wjhd; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.

‘Nuh[h kyu;fs;’ vd;W ehk; Fwpg;gpLtij Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘Roses’ vd;W jhd; Fwpg;gpLthu;fs;. ‘Rose flowers’ vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ mk;nkhopapd; kuG my;y.

,dp>

,e;jp nkhopapy;>

‘NrhW - vd;gJ Mz;ghy;

‘rg;ghj;jp’ - vd;gJ Mz;ghy;

‘G+up’ - vd;gJ ngz;ghy;

‘Nkir’ - vd;gJ Mz;ghy;

,J ,e;jp nkhopapd; kuG.

jkpo;r; rhd;Nwhu;fs;>

gFj;jwpT kf;fis - kdpju;fis cau;jpiz vd;Wk;> gFj;jwptpy;yhjdTk; capu; cs;sit Ak;> capu; ,y;yhjitAkhd midj;Jk; m/wpiz vd;Wk; ,Ughyhfg; gpupj;jdu;. ‘fw;whu; ngupNahu; - fy;yhjhu; ,op Fyj;Njhu;’ vd;gJ Nghy. NkYk;>

Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyu;ghy; ,it %d;Wk; cau;jpizf;Fupad.

xd;wd;ghy;> gyu;ghy; ,it ,uz;Lk; m/wpizf;Fupad

mtd; - vd;gJ cau;jpiz Mz;ghy;

mts; - vd;gJ cau;jpizg; ngz;ghy;

mtu;fs; - vd;gJ cau;jpiz; gyu;ghy;

,d;Dk;> ‘Mfpa’ - ‘Kjypa’ ,e;j ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL Gupahky;> gyu; gad;gLj;J fpd;wdu;.

Njhl;lj;jpy; ‘kh’> ‘njd;id’ Kjypad fha;j; jpUf;fpd;wd vd;why;> kh> njd;id ,tw;NwhL> thio> fKF> gyh Mfpa gy kuq;fSk; fha;j;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W nghUs;.

ehd; fk;g ,uhkhazk;> jpUf;Fws;> rpyg;gjp fhuk; Mfpa E}y;fisg; gbj;J tpl;Lj;jhd; NgRfpNwd; vd;why;> ,e;j %d;W E}y;fisAk; gbj;Jtpl;Lj;jhd; NgRfpNwd; vd;W nghUs;.

,JNghy> ‘vd;’ - ‘vdJ’ vd;w ,U nrhw;fisAk; ,lk; Gupahky; gyu; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;Fk; nghUs; xd;whf ,Ue;jhYk; mr;nrhw;fis ,lkwpe;J gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

vdJ kfd;> vdJ kfs;> vdJ kidtp vd;gtu; ek;NkhL cwTilatu;fs;> ,j;jifa cwitf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJ> cau; jpiziaf; Fwpf;Fk;NghJ ‘vd;’ vd;fpw cau;jpiziaNa gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. tPL> Njhl;lk;> Gj;jfk;> ,d;d gpw ahTk; cilikiaNa Fwpf;Fk;. ,it ahTk; m/wpiz. ,tw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; NghJ> ‘vdJ’ vd;fpw m/wpizr; nrhy;iyNa gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,d;Dk;> vd;wd; - ve;jk; vd;Dk; ,U nrhw;fisAk; ngUk;ghNyhu; jtwhfNt gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; xd;WNghyNt gyUf;Fj; njupAk;.

vd;wd; - vd;why; vd;Dila - vdJ vd;W nghUs;.

vd; +md;  = vd;wd; - xUik

vk; + jk; = ve;jk; - gd;ik

xNu nrhy;ypy; gFjp xUikahfTk;> tpFjp gd;ikahfTk; ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. mNjNghy;> gFjp gd;ikahfTk;> tpFjp xUikahfTk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. mt;thwhdhy;> xUikahdhy; ‘vd;wd;’ -vd;Wjhd; tuNtz;Lk;; gd;ikahdhy; ‘ve;jk;’ vd;Wjhd; tuNtz;Lk;; xUikiaAk;> gd;ikiaAk; Nghl;Lf; Fog;gf; $lhJ.

‘khL Nka;e;jd’ vd;gJk;> ‘Fjpiufs; XbaJ’ vd;Wk; nrhy;yyhkh?

vdNt> ehk; vOJk;NghJk;> NgRk;NghJk;> nrhw;fspd; nghUswpe;J> kugwpe;J gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.