Professor Maraimalai has asked me to write regarding the position of Tamil as a classical language, and I am delighted to respond to his request.
I have been a Professor of Tamil at the University of California, Berkeley,
since 1975 and am currently holder of the Tamil Chair at that institution. My
degree, which I received in 1970, is in Sanskrit, from Harvard, and my first
employment was as a Sanskrit professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
in 1969. Besides Tamil and Sanskrit, I know the classical languages of Latin
and Greek and have read extensively in their literatures in the original. I am
also well-acquainted with comparative linguistics and the literatures of modern
Europe (I know Russian, German, and French and have read extensively in those
languages) as well as the literatures of modern India, which, with the exception
of Tamil and some Malayalam, I have read in translation. I have spent much time
discussing Telugu literature and its tradition with V. Narayanarao, one of the
greatest living Telugu scholars, and so I know that tradition especially well.
As a long-standing member of a South Asian Studies department, I have also been
exposed to the richness of both Hindi literature, and I have read in detail
about Mahadevi Varma, Tulsi, and Kabir.
I have spent many years -- most of my life (since 1963) -- studying Sanskrit. I
have read in the original all of Kalidasa, Magha, and parts of Bharavi and Sri
Harsa. I have also read in the original the fifth book of the Rig Veda as well
as many other sections, many of the Upanisads, most of the Mahabharata, the
Kathasaritsagara, Adi Sankaras works, and many other works in Sanskrit.
I say this not because I wish to show my erudition, but rather to establish my
fitness for judging whether a literature is classical. Let me state
unequivocally that, by any criteria one may choose, Tamil is one of the great
classical literatures and traditions of the world.
The reasons for this are many; let me consider them one by one.
First, Tamil is of considerable antiquity. It predates the literatures of other
modern Indian languages by more than a thousand years. Its oldest work, the
Tolkappiyam,, contains parts that, judging from the earliest Tamil inscriptions,
date back to about 200 BCE. The greatest works of ancient Tamil, the Sangam
anthologies and the Pattuppattu, date to the first two centuries of the
current era. They are the first great secular body of poetry written in India,
predating Kalidasa's works by two hundred years.
Second, Tamil constitutes the only literary tradition indigenous to India that
is not derived from Sanskrit. Indeed, its literature arose before the influence
of Sanskrit in the South became strong and so is qualitatively different from
anything we have in Sanskrit or other Indian languages. It has its own poetic
theory, its own grammatical tradition, its own esthetics, and, above all, a
large body of literature that is quite unique. It shows a sort of Indian
sensibility that is quite different from anything in Sanskrit or other Indian
languages, and it contains its own extremely rich and vast intellectual
tradition.
Third, the quality of classical Tamil literature is such that it is fit to stand
beside the great literatures of Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Chinese, Persian and
Arabic. The subtlety and profundity of its works, their varied scope (Tamil is
the only premodern Indian literature to treat the subaltern extensively), and
their universality qualify Tamil to stand as one of the great classical
traditions and literatures of the world. Everyone knows the Tirukkural,
one of the world's greatest works on ethics; but this is merely one of a myriad
of major and extremely varied works that comprise the Tamil classical
tradition. There is not a facet of human existence that is not explored and
illuminated by this great literature.
Finally, Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modern Indian
culture and tradition. I have written extensively on the influence of a
Southern tradition on the Sanskrit poetic tradition. But equally important, the
great sacred works of Tamil Hinduism, beginning with the Sangam Anthologies,
have undergirded the development of modern Hinduism. Their ideas were taken
into the Bhagavata Purana and other texts (in Telugu and Kannada as well as
Sanskrit), whence they spread all over India. Tamil has its own works that are
considered to be as sacred as the Vedas and that are recited alongside Vedic
mantras in the great Vaisnava temples of South India (such as Tirupati). And
just as Sanskrit is the source of the modern Indo-Aryan languages, classical
Tamil is the source language of modern Tamil and Malayalam. As Sanskrit is the
most conservative and least changed of the Indo-Aryan languages, Tamil is the
most conservative of the Dravidian languages, the touchstone that linguists must
consult to understand the nature and development of Dravidian.
In trying to discern why Tamil has not been recognized as a classical language,
I can see only a political reason: there is a fear that if Tamil is selected as
a classical language, other Indian languages may claim similar status. This is
an unnecessary worry. I am well aware of the richness of the modern Indian
languages -- I know that they are among the most fecund and productive languages
on earth, each having begotten a modern (and often medieval) literature that can
stand with any of the major literatures of the world. Yet none of them is a
classical language. Like English and the other modern languages of Europe (with
the exception of Greek), they rose on preexisting traditions rather late and
developed in the second millennium. The fact that Greek is universally
recognized as a classical language in Europe does not lead the French or the
English to claim classical status for their languages.
To qualify as a classical tradition, a language must fit several criteria: it
should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on
its own not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and
extremely rich body of ancient literature. Unlike the other modern languages of
India, Tamil meets each of these requirements. It is extremely old (as old as
Latin and older than Arabic); it arose as an entirely independent tradition,
with almost no influence from Sanskrit or other languages; and its ancient
literature is indescribably vast and rich.
It seems strange to me that I should have to write an essay such as this
claiming that Tamil is a classical literature -- it is akin to claiming that
India is a great country or Hinduism is one of the world's great religions. The
status of Tamil as one of the great classical languages of the world is
something that is patently obvious to anyone who knows the subject. To deny
that Tamil is a classical language is to deny a vital and central part of the
greatness and richness of Indian culture.
George L. Hart
Professor of Tamil
Chair in Tamil Studies
jkpo;j; nja;t tzf;fk;
(g/whopirf; nfhr;rff; fypg;gh)
ePH MUk; fly;
cLj;j epykle;ijf;F vopy; xOFk;
rPH MUk; tjdk; vdj; jpfo;gujf; fz;lk;> ,jpy;
jf;f rpW gpiw EjYk; jupj;j eWk; jpyfKNk
njf; fzKk;> mjpw;rpwe;j jpuhtpley; jpUehLk;
mj; jpyf thridNghy; midj;J cyFk; ,d;gk; cw
vj; jpirAk; Gfo;kzf;f ,Ue;jngUk; jkpo; mzq;Nf
gy; capUk; gy cyFk; gilj;J mspj;Jj; Jilf;fpDk; XH
vy;iy mW guk;;nghUs;Kd; ,Ue;jgb ,Ug;gJNghy;
fd;dlKk; fspnjYq;Fk; ftpd;kiyahsKk; JSTk;
cd; cjuj;J cjpj;J vOe;Nj xd;Wgy MapbDk;
Mupak;Nghy; cyf tof;F mope;J xope;J rpijah
cd;; rPH ,sikj; jpwk;tpae;J nray;kwe;J tho;j;JJNk!
(kNdhd;kzpak; jkpo;g; NguhrpupaH Re;judhH)
jkpo;j; jha; tho;j;J
tho;f epue;juk; tho;f jkpo;nkhop
thopa thopaNt!
thdkse;j jidj;Jk; mse;jpLk;
tz;nkhop thopa Nt
Vo;fly; itg;gpDe; jd;kzk; tPrp
,ir nfhz;L thopaNt!
vq;fs; jkpo;nkhop vq;fs; jkpo;nkhop
vd;nwd;Wk; thopa Nt
#o;fyp ePq;fj; jkpo;nkhop Xq;fj;
Jyq;Ff itafNk!
njhy;iy tpid jU njhy;iy afd;W
RlHf jkpo; ehNl!
tho;f jkpo;nkhop! tho;f jkpo;nkhop!
tho;f jkpo; nkhop Na!
thdk; mwpe;j jidj;Jk; mwpe;J
tsH nkhop thopa Nt!
jkpo; - nrk;nkhop
cyfpy; njhd;ikahd jw;NghJ kf;fs; gad;ghl;by; cs;s nkhopfs; rpytw;iw nrk;nkhopfs; vd mwptpj;Js;sdu;. cyf kf;fs; NgRk; nkhj;j nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 6760 vd fzf;fpl;Ls;sdu;. ,tw;wpy; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lk; 1652 nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLtjhf nkhopapyhsu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.
nkhopfs; vz;zpf;if cyf mstpYk; ek; ehl;lstpYk; $Ljyhf ,Uf;f xNu fhuzk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd goq;Fb ,d kf;fs; nfhz;lJ ,e;j cyfk; vd;gNj. Nkw;fhZk; Muhapuj;J vOE}w;W mWgJ nkhopfSf;Fk; nkhopf; FLk;gk; cz;L. me;j nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jha;nkhop vDk; %ynkhopAk; cz;L. mk;%ynkhopf;F mbg;gilahd gpwpnjhU nkhopf; FLk;gj;Jld; cwTk; cz;L. Mf cyfk; gy nkhop NgRk; gy ,df; FOf;fspd;> gy epwj;jtu;fspd;> gy gz;ghLfspd;> gy jpiz epyq;fspd; rq;fkk;.
jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;nfd;W FLk;gk; cz;L. Mwhapuj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l nkhopfspd; %y nkhopfSila vz;zpf;ifia Ma;e;jhy; rpy E}W nkhopfs; gl;bayplg;glyhk;. mJ Nghd;w gl;baypy; ,U gpupTfs; fhzg;gLk;.
1. ,aw;if nkhop
kdpj ,dj; njhlf;fj;jpd; ClhfNt ,ize;J tsUk; nkhop ,aw;if nkhop.
2. nraw;if nkhop
xU ,df; $l;lj;jhuplk; ,Ue;J gpupe;J GjpanjhU ,df; $l;lkhf gy;fpg; ngUFk; r%fk; ,aw;if nkhopf; $Wfspd; mbg;gilAld; Gjpjhff; FbNawpa R+oYf;F Vw;wthW Gjpa xypf;Fwpfis jq;fs; %jhijau;fspd; %y nkhopAld; fye;J NgRk; NghJ gpwg;git nraw;if nkhop.
,t;thW jhd; ,d;W E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd (%y nkhopfspypUe;J) ,aw;if nkhopfspypUe;J fpisj;J nraw;if nkhopj; jFjpAld; ,Ug;git gy;yhapuk; nkhopfshFk;. jpuhtpl ,aw;if nkhopf; FLk;gKk; mtw;wpy; xd;W. cyfpd; njhd;ikahd nkhopf; FLk;gk; vd;w ngUikAk; ,tw;wpw;F cz;L.
jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jhahf ,Ug;gJ jkpo; nkhop. jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpYs;s nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 22. ,jpy; ,yf;fpaj; jpwDs;s nkhopfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpwd; ,y;yh nkhopfs; vd ,UgpupTfs; cs;sd.
ghfp];jhdpYs;s gY}rp];jhd; njhlq;fp kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; thOk; goq;Fb jpuhtpl ,d kf;fs;> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; fu;ehlfk;> Me;jpuk;> kuhl;bak;> Nfus vy;iyfs; kw;Wk; kiyfspd; kPJ thOk; goq;Fb ,d jpuhtplu;fs;. njw;F Mrpa ehLfshd kNyrpah> rpq;fg;G+u;> nkhuPrpa];> gp[P jPT> njd;dhg;gpupf;fh> ,yq;if (<ok;) vdg; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; jpuhtpl ,d nkhopf; FLk;g kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;.
jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; jkpo;> kiyahsk;> njYq;F> fd;dlk; vd;git ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; ngw;wit. ,yf;fpaj; jpwd; ,d;wp Ngr;R tof;fpy; gad;ghl;bYs;s jpuhtplf; fpis nkhopfs; nfhykp> ghu;[p> eha;d;dp> Nfhz;b> Fa;> $tp> nfhz;lh> khy;l;lh> xuad;> Nfhah> Nghu;up> Kjyhd nkhopfs; gyTk; tl kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.
jkpofk;> fd;dl ehL> njYq;F ehL kw;Wk; kiyahs ehLfspy; cs;s mlu;e;j fhLfspYk;> Nkw;F kiyj; njhlu;r;rpg; gFjpapYk; tho;e;J tUk; goq;Fb jpuhtplu;fs; Njhl> Nfhj;> glf> NflF> JS Kjyhd jkpopd; fpis nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;wdu;. ,tw;wpy; JS nkhopf;F jw;NghJ tuptbtKk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilg;ghf;fKk; njhlq;fpAs;sJ.
,t;thW jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpd; %y nkhopahd jkpo; Njhd;wp epd;W epiyngw;W nrope;jpUg;gjhy; nrk;nkhop vDk; jFjp toq;fpAs;sdu;. Vw;nfdNt rPdk;> `Pg;U> ngu;rpad;> mugp> yj;jPd;> fpuPf;> rk];fpUjk; Kjyhdit ,j; jFjpiag; ngw;Ws;sd. ,e;jpahtpy; nrk;nkhopahf rk];fpUjk; cs;sJ. ,e;j tupirapy; jw;NghJ jkpOk; ,ize;Js;sJ.
cyfpy; cs;s gy fz;lq;fspy; xNu ehl;by; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nrk;nkhopfs; ,Uf;Fk; ngUik ,e;jpahit kl;LNk rhUk;. me;j tifapy; jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; ,uz;Lk; jq;fs; njhd;ikahy; cyf nkhopfSf;F Kd;Ndhbaha; tpsq;Ffpd;w;d.
xU nkhopia nrk;nkhopahf jFjp cau;j;j nkhopapay; mbg;gilapy; tpjpfs; tFj;Js;sdu;. me;j tpjpfs; midj;Jk; jkpOf;Fg; nghUe;jp tUtjhy; nrk;nkhop vDk; epiyf;F jkpo; cau;e;J tpl;lJ. cyf ,aw;if nkhopfspNyNa kpf kpf %j;j nkhopahf jkpo; ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;F cupa fhyj;jpy; nrk;nkhop vDk; kjpg;G fhyk; jho;j;jp toq;fpAs;sik rw;Nw neUlyhdJ.
jFjpfs;
nrk;nkhopf;fhd jFjpfs; gjpNdhU tpjpfshf toq;Ffpd;wdu;. mit :
1. njhd;ik
2. jdpj;jd;ik
3. nghJikg; gz;G
4. eLT epiyik
5. jha;ikg; gz;G
6. gz;ghl;Lf; fiy mwpT gl;lwpT ntspg;ghL
7. gpw nkhopj; jhf;fkpy;yh jd;ik
8. ,yf;fpa tsk;
9. cau; rpe;jid
10. fiy ,yf;fpaj; jdpj;jd;ik
11. nkhopf; Nfhl;ghL
1. njhd;ik
nrk;nkhop epiyf;F xU nkhop Mapuk; Mz;Lf;fhy njhd;ik gilj;jjhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpNoh Mapuky;y <uhapuk; Mz;bw;Fk; Nkyhfg; Ngrp> vOjp> gilj;J jdf;Fs;Ns ngUk; ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jid vtuhYk; kWf;fg;glhky; Vw;fj;jf;f mstpw;F ,jd; njhd;ik rpwg;ghdJ. mj;Jldpy;yhky; ,d;wsTk; cyfnkq;Fk; gutpAs;s jkpou;fspd; Ngr;R nkhopahfTk;> vOj;J nkhopahfTk;> fy;tp fw;Fk; nkhopahfTk;> gilg;G Gidjypy; Gjpa Gjpa JiwfspYk; epfuw;W tpsq;FtJ mjd; jdpr; rpwg;G.
2. jdpj; jd;ik
gy;NtW jpiz epyq;fspYk; jpuhtpl FLk;g nkhopfs; fpisj;jpl itj;j jkpo;> jhahf tpsq;fp jdf;nfd xU nkhopf; FLk;gj;ij cUthf;fp jd;idr; Rw;wp Ntu;fshfTk;> tpOjhfTk; nkhopfs; fpisg;gpDk; jd;dpiy khwhj cd;dj epiyAld; epiyngw;W tpsq;FtJ ,jd; jdpj;jd;ikahFk;.
3. nghJikg; gz;G
cyfpd; ve;j ,aw;if nkhopf;Fk; ,y;yhj rpwg;Gkpf;f ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;G nfhz;lJ jkpo; nkhop. jkpopd; ,yf;fzg; nghJikg; gz;G newpfs; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhky; ,ju ,aw;if nkhop midj;Jk; gaDWk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ ,jd; rpwg;ghFk;.
4. eL epiyik
jkpopd; ,yf;fz tpjp cd;dj newpAldhd gd;Kfj; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; ,jd; ,yf;fz tpjpfs; NtW vjDlDk; rhuhky; jdpj;jpaq;fp eLepiyAld; tpsq;FtJ.
5. jha;ikj; jd;ik
jkpo; vDk; %y nkhop jhd; kl;LNk vd;w jd;dykpd;wp jha;ikg; gz;Gld; jpuhtpl nkhopf; FLk;gk; cUthfpl mbg;gilapy; tpsq;fpaJ. Ngr;R nkhopnad;Wk;> ,yf;fpa tskpf;f nkhopfnsd;Wk;> gy;NtW jd;ikAs;s nkhopf; FLk;gj;jpy; Kjyha; Vidatw;Wf;Fj; njhlf;fkha; tpsq;Fk; jha;ikg; gz;G Vida ,aw;if nkhopfis tpl rpwg;ghdJ.
6. gz;ghl;Lf; fiyawpT gl;lwptpd; ntspg;ghL
jkpopd; cd;djNk mjd; ,yf;fpa tsq;fs; jhk;. jkpoupd; mfj;jpizf; Nfhl;ghLk;> Gwj;jpizf; Nfhl;ghLk; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghsu;fshd Kd;Ndhu;fspd; gz;ghl;Lf; fiyawptpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. mfj;jpiz Gwj;jpiz kl;Lky;yhky; nka;apay; Nfhl;ghLk;> mwtopf; Nfhl;ghLk; Ntnwe;j ,aw;if nkhopg; gilg;gpYk; jkpopy; cs;s msTf;F ,y;iy. ,e;j ,yf;fpa tsNk jkpo;g; Gytu; ngUkf;fspd; mwpTg; Gyd; rhd;whf ,d;wsTk; jpfo;fpwJ.
7. gpwnkhopj; jhf;fkpy;yh jdpj; jd;ik
cyfpy; epyTk; nkhopf; FLk;gq;fspy; %y nkhopaha;j; jpfOk; nkhopfs; ahTk; Ntu;r; nrhy;yhf;fj; jpwd; Fiwthy; gpwnkhopfspd; $Wfis rpy Jiwfspy; jhq;fp epw;fpd;wd.
tpidfshy; xU Gjpa Jiw rhu;e;j nrhw;fis jkpopy; vspjhf cUthf;Fk; msTf;F ,yf;fz tsk; nrwpe;jJ jkpo;. Mifapdhy; fle;j fhykhapDk; rup epfo;fhykhapDk; rup vjpu;fhykhapDk; rup vf;fhyj;jpYk; r%fg; gz;ghl;by; epfOk; khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g jdpj; jd;ikAld; jdf;NfAupa ,yf;fz nrOikAld; jkpopy; Gjpa nrhw;fis> Jiwfis cUthf;Fjy; vspJ.
fhl;lhf> fk;g;A+l;lu; vDk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;L rhjdk;. cynfq;Fk; gy Jiwfspy; gutpaJ Nghd;Nw jkpo; epyj;jpYk; fhY}d;wpaJ. gpwnkhopfs; mjpy; toq;Fk; Jiw rhu;e;j nrhw;fis Neubahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; jkpopy; mjid nghUSzu;e;J fzpak;> fzpdp> fzpg;nghwp vd Mf;fk; nra;J gad;gLj;jy; xd;Nw jkpopd; gpwnkhop fythj; jdpe;jd;ik tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
8. ,yf;fpa tsk;
jkpou; jkpo; ,dk; vDk; kf;fspdj;ijj; njspthf mwpaf;$ba fhyf; fz;zhbahf tpsq;FtJ jkpopy; cs;s ,yf;fpaq;fNs. ,yf;fpaq;fs; topahf jkpoiug; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ jkpo; epyj;jpy; Xq;fp ,Ue;j gz;ghl;il> r%f> nghUshjhu> ,aw;iff; Nfhl;ghl;Lld; ,ize;j jkpoupd; tho;it> tsj;ij mwpa ,aYk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;J njhlq;Fk; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; xt;nthU fhyk; NjhWk; me;je;j R+oy;fSf;Nfw;g murd;> jiytd;> nja;tk;> mw tho;f;if> mf tho;f;if> Gw tho;f;if> tPuk;> ,aw;if tsk;> gof;f tof;fk;> topghl;L Kiwfs; vd;gd Nghd;wtw;wpd; jhf;fk; vg;Nghnjy;yhk; mjpfupf;fpd;wNjh mg;Nghnjy;yhk; mJ njhlu;ghd ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;ld. ve;j ,yf;fpakhf ,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; ifahsg;gLk; nkhopapd; Xir> vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; Nghd;wit nghJikg; gz;Gld; Jyq;Fk; tifapy; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;Gld; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;G : nghJtpy; ,j;jifa ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; jdpegu;> jd;dhu;tf;FO> muR epWtdk; vDk; %d;W jsq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. rpw;rpy ,yf;fpak; jdpg;Gytu;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mijg; NghyNt $l;lhf Gytu;fs; FOf;fSk; E}y;fisg; gilj;Js;sdu;. ,J Nghd;w gilg;gpyf;fpag; gzpfSf;F nfhilahsu;fshf muru;fs;> murhq;fk; tpsq;fpAs;sJ. rpy muru;fNs Gyikkpf;ftu;fshf tpsq;fp ,Ue;jikahy; Neub ,yf;fpag; gilg;gpYk; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;.
ngUk;ghyhd rq;f ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; Gytu;fs; mku;e;j ngUk; FOthy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mitfis gpupnjhU Gytu; FO me;j ,yf;fpa jpwid mjd; nkhopaikg;ig Ma;T nra;tu;. gpwpnjhU Gytu; FO. mg;gilg;G vf;fhyKk; jkpou;fSf;Fg; nghJtpy; gad;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; caupa rpe;jidahy; mjd; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;ig Ma;e;jpLtu;. ,t;thW xU gilg;G Ma;Tf;Fg;gpd;dNu kf;fis mile;jjhy; nkhopg; gad;ghL> nghJikg;gzghL jkpouplk; kpFe;jpUe;jJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa E}y;fspy; fw;gid eaj;ij tpl ,iaGW Nehf;F mjpfkpUf;Fk;. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;tpay; gz;ghl;il jkpou;fs; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; mJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfspYk; vjpnuhypj;jd.
jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; rq;f fhyk; njhlq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu nra;As; eilapNyNa gilg;Gfs; cUthf;fk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. INuhg;gpau; tUiff;Fg; gpd;dNu ciueil vDk; Gjpa eil jkpopy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. gpd;du; <oj;J MWKfehtyu; njhlq;fp ehlfj;je;ij gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;> jpU.tp.f. tiu gyu; ciu eil ,yf;fpak; tsu tpj;jpl;ldu;. Nkiyehl;L ,yf;fpaq;fisnahj;j Gjpdq;fs;> rpWfijfs; fl;Liufs; vdj; jkpopyf;fpak; ciueil gupkhzk; ngw;wJ. nra;As; eilfspy; gilj;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,yf;fzf; fl;likg;Gld; gy;NtW rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSk;> fhg;gpaq;fSk; tputpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; J}J> gps;isj; jkpo;> guzp> fyk;gfk;> FwtQ;rp> gs;S> cyh> gy;re;jk; vdr; nra;As; tbt ,yf;fpaj;Js; cWg;Gfshf tpsq;FfpwJ.
,J NghyNt kuG eilr; nra;As; tbtpypUe;J GJf;ftpij> ma;f;$ vDk; tbTlDk; jkpo;f; ftpij gilf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpo; jd; ,yf;fpar; nry;tq;fshy; ,iaGW> fw;gid ,yf;fpaj;Jld; epy;yhky; njhopy; El;gk; rhu;e;j mwptpay; E}y;fs; gilg;ghf;fj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;Ls;sJ. gilg;gpd; ve;j cWg;ghf ,Ug;gpDk; mjw;Nfw;w nrhy;tsKk;> nghUs; tsKk; jkpopy; rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Ftjhy; cyf ,aw;if nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa jsj;jpy; jkpOf;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd ,lKs;sJ.
9. cau; rpe;jid
,yf;fpaj;jpy; cau; rpe;jid vd;gJ mJ vj;jifa gilg;ghf tpsq;fpbDk; kf;fs; r%fj;jpw;F gad; tpistpg;gjhf tpsq;FjNy. ,e;j mbg;giljhd; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; fUg; nghUshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vj;jifa fhyj;jitahf ,Ug;gpDk; mit khDlk; Nghw;Wk; cau; rpe;jidfspd; njhFg;ghfNt kpspu;tijf; fhzyhk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghLnghUshf tpsq;Fk; mfj;jpizAk;> Gwj;jpizAk;> mwtpaYk; jkpou; tho;Tld; ,ize;j cau; rpe;jid kughFk;. cau; rpe;jid kuGfs; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiy ngw;wpl Ntz;b ,yf;fz newpfs; gpioAw gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. jdpkdpju; njhlq;fp r%fk;> muR vd;w %d;W epiyfspYk; Nfhl;ghLfis> tho;tpay; newpfis typAWj;Jk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cs;s cau;e;j rpe;jid kuG cyf rpe;jid kugpypUe;J cau;e;Njhq;fpait vd;gJ kWf;ftpayhJ.
10. fiy ,yf;fpa jdpj; jd;ik ntspg;ghL
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jpfOk; fiy eak; jdpj; jd;ik ngw;wJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jdpg;ghlyhapDk;> Gytu;fs; FO gilj;J> njhFj;j ghlyhapDk; muru;fs; muR cjtpAld; gilg;Gfis cUthf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,ioNahLk; fiy eaKk;> ftp eaKk; Nghw;wj;jf;fit.
Viog;Gytuhd rj;jpKj;jhg; Gytu; mf;fhyj;jpy; ghbg;gupR ngWk; tz;zk; Xu; CUf;Fr; nrd;whu;. mJ gdpf;fhyk; vd;gjhy; Nkyhil ,y;yh ftpQu; Fspu;jhq;fhky; Cu; Gwj;Nj ,Ue;j Fl;br; RtUf;fUfpy; eL eLq;fp ,Ue;jhu;. mr;rkak; ,iuNjlg; gwe;j ehiunahd;iwg; ghu;j;j rj;jpKj;jhg; Gytupd; rpe;jid ftpGidaj; njhlq;fpaJ. mtu; ftpijia cuf;ff; $wpa NghJ me;j topahf ,uTf; fhtYf;Fj; jhNk nghWg;Ngw;w mt;T+u; murd; Fl;br; RtuUNf xU ftpij xypg;gijf; fz;L $u;ikahf mijf; Nfl;ldd;.
"ehuha; ehuha; nrq;fhy; ehuha;
gok;gL gidapd; fpoq;F gpse;jd;d
gtsf; $u;tha; nrq;fhy; ehuha;
ePA epd; kidtpAk; njd;wpirf; Fkupahb
tl jpirf;F VF tPuhapd;
vk;%u;r; rj;jpKj;j thtpAl; lq;fp
eidRtu;f; $iwfis Fuw; gy;yp
ghL ghu;j;jpUf;Fnkd; kidtpiaf; fz;L
vq;Nfhd; khwd; tOjp $lypy;
Milapd;wp thilapd; nkype;J
ifaJ nfhz;L nka;aJ nghj;jpf;
fhyJ nfhz;L NkNy joP,g;
NgioAs; ,Uf;Fk; ghk;ngd Tapu;f;Fk;
Vioahsidf; fz;lDk; vDNk"
vd;W ghbdhu; rj;jpKj;jg; Gytu;. ghb Kbj;jJk; kiwtpypUe;j murd; mtuwpahky; jd; Nkyhilia mtu; Nky; Nghu;j;JkhW tPrp tpl;L cldpUe;j fhtyiu gzpe;J ,g;Gytiu muz;kidf;F mioj;J tu Mizapl;Lr; nrd;whd;.
jkpofj;ij Mz;l gy muru;fSk; rpwe;j GyikAilNahu;. ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j tho;tpy; Cwpj; jpisg;gtu;fs;. mjdhy; mtu;fs; ehl;L eyj;JlNdNa jq;fspd; Gyik tsu;f;Fk; jpwj;jhy; mwpT rhu; Gytu; ngUkf;fs; vg;NghJk; muritapy; R+o;e;jpUf;FkhW tho;e;jdu;. ,J Nghd;w mitf;fsj;jpy;jhd; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;> Gjpa nghUl;fis gw;wpa Ma;T> ,yf;fpak; gilj;jy; Nghd;w jkpo;g; gzpfs; ele;jJ. Nkw;fhZk; murDk; mj;jifatNd. ehiuapd; $u;ikahd ePs %f;fpw;F ,aw;ifahd vLj;Jf;fhl;il mwpa gy Gytu;fisAk;> E}y;fisAk; Ma;T nra;Jk; rupahd tpil njupahj epiyapy; murdpd; Iaj;ijAk; Nghf;fp> jd; epiyiaAk; jd; kidtpapd; gpupthw;whikiaAk; eak;glf; $wpg; ghba nra;As;.
xU Gytdpd; Gyik mtd; tWik. murdpd; Iak; vd;gtw;iw kl;Lk; nfhz;ljy;y. me;ehspy; Ms;NthUk;> GidNthUk; ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;j ,ay;G tho;f;ifapy; jpisj;jdu;. mtu;fs; tho;f;if KOtJk; xU Nfhl;ghl;Lld; tpsq;fpAs;sJ. tho;tjw;Nfw;w epyk;> fhyk; mikag; ngw;wjhy; md;G jiof;Fk; mikjp tho;it nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mjdhy; mtu;fspd; rpe;jid vr;R+oypYk; ,aw;if tag;gl;ljhfNt tpsq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j gz;Ng nghJikahf ,f;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ntspg;ghlhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
11. nkhopf;Nfhl;ghL
cyfpy; rpy ,dq;fspd; milahskhf nkhop fhzg;gLfpwJ. me;j nkhopapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gilg;GfSk;> nkhopapd; gad;ghLk;> mjd; nghJikg;gz;GfSk; vy;yh fhyq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; nkhopahdJ jdf;Fs; cupathW fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gNj mk; nkhopapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j mUk;gz;Gfs; jkpOf;Fz;L.
nkhopapayhu; xU nkhopia kjpg;gpLifapy; nkhopapy; cUthd ,yf;fpaq;fis jpwdha;T nra;tu;. mjpy; mk;nkhopf;Fupa ,dk;> mJ tho;e;j> tho;e;JtUk; R+oy;> fhyk; vDk; %d;iwAk; Nehf;Ftu;.
Vnddpy; xU nkhopahy; cUthd ,yf;fpak; mr;r%fj;ij kl;LNk ekf;Fj; njuptpg;git my;y. $lNt mr;r%fj;ij njhlu;e;J tUk; kughu;e;j gz;G eyd;fs; gytw;iwAk; njuptpf;fpd;wd.
vdNt jhd; Kd;Ndhu;fs; jkpo; nkhopfspd; gilg;Gfs; rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk; ty;yik nfhz;lJ vd;fpw fhuzj;jhy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; toq;Fk;NghJ nghUsikjp Fwpj;j Nfhl;ghl;il tFj;jdu;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il newpgpwohky; tpsq;f ,yf;fzj;ij tFj;jdu;. mjdhy; jhd; jkpo;nkhop jdf;Fs;Ns ,yf;fzk; vd;fpw fl;likg;ig ngw;Ws;sjhy; jukpf;f ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfs; midj;Jk; rq;ffhyk; Kjy; Xu; xOq;fikjpAld; Ngzg;gl;LtUfpwJ.
mj;Jld; tsu;e;J tUk; Gjpa Jiwfs; vJntd;whYk; mjidAk; Vw;W jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; J}a jkpo; nrhw;fspNyNa mj;Jiwfis mwpAk; tz;zk; rPupsikj; jpwDld; jkpo; nkhop tpsq;FfpwJ. ,j;jpwNd mjd; Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
,e;jg; gjpNdhU jFjpg;ghLfSk; jkpOf;F kl;LNk nghUe;JtdthFk; vd;gJjhd; jdpr; rpwg;G rk;];fpUjj;Jf;F VO jFjpg;ghLfSk;> yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f nkhopfSf;F vl;Lj; jFjpg;ghLfSk; kl;LNk nghUe;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ nkhopapayhsu; fzpg;G.
rq;f ehjk;
vq;fs; tho;Tk; vq;fs; tsKk;
kq;fhj jkpnod;W rq;Nf Koq;F!
vq;fs; giftu; vq;Nfh kiwe;jhu;
,q;Fs;s jkpou;fs; xd;whjy; fz;Nl!
jpq;fnshLk; nrOk;gupjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk; cLf;f NshLk;
kq;Fy; fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;> Mz;ikr;
rpq;fj;jpd; $l;lnkd;Wk; rpwpNahu;f;F Qhgfk;nra; Koq;F rq;Nf!
rpq;fsQ;Nru; njd;dhl;L kf;fs;
jPuhjp jPunud; WhJ}J rq;Nf!
nghq;F jkpou;f; fpd;dy; tpisj;jhy;
rq;fhuk; eprnkdr; rq;Nf Koq;F
ntq;nfhLikr; rhf;fhl;by; tpisahLk; Njhnsq;fs; ntw;wpj; Njhs;fs;!
fq;ifiag;Nghy fhtpupNghy; fUj;Jf;fs; CWKs;sk; vq;fs; cs;sk;!
ntq;FUjp jdpw;fko;e;J tPuQ;nra; fpd;wjkpo; vq;fs; %r;rhk;!
Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd;
nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikak; nrd;idapy; mikfpwJ
nrd;idapy; &. 150 Nfhb nrytpy; 50 Vf;fu; gug;gstpy; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikak; mikf;fg;glTs;sJ.
jpUr;rp fiyf;fhtpup Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; goe;jkpo; ,ir kuGfs; kw;Wk; gz;ila ,ir kuGfs; Fwpj;j gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;F ele;J tUfpwJ.
New;W njhlq;fpa ,e;j fUj;juq;if kj;jpa murpd; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikaKk;> fiyf;fhtpup Ez;fiyf; fy;Y}upAk; ,ize;J elj;Jfpd;wd.
,jpy; ,e;jpah jtpu mnkupf;fh> ,q;fpyhe;J> rg;ghd;> rpq;fg;G+u;> Jgha; Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,irf; fiyQu;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.
fUj;juq;fpw;F jiyik jhq;fpa jkpo; nkhop Nkk;ghl;L thupa cWg;gpdu; lhf;lu; vk;.gp. ghyRg;gpukzpad; $Wifapy;>
jkpo; nkhop Nkk;ghl;L thupak; jkpofj;jpy; ,Jtiu 200 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l fUj;juq;Ffs;> gapyuq;fq;Ffis elj;jpAs;sJ. cyfpNyNa kpfTk; goikahd ,ir> jkpo; ,ir jhd;.
jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fdT fz;lhu; gupjpkhw; fiyQu;. Kjy;tu; fUzhepjp vLj;j Kaw;rpfspd; fhuzkhf kj;jpa muR jkpio nrk;nkhopahf mwptpj;jJ.
jkpo; nrk;nkhopahf;fg;gl;lhy; vd;d gad; fpilf;fg;NghfpwJ vd rpyu; Nfl;fyhk;. kj;jpa murpd; kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw nrk;nkhop jkpOf;fhf Nfhb Nfhbahf epjp xJf;FfpwJ> me;j epjpapy; ,Ue;J jhd; ,JNghd;w gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
nrd;idapy; 2 khjq;fSf;F Kd;G nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T epWtdk; njhlf;f tpoh ele;jJ. mjpy; gq;Nfw;w kj;jpa kdpjtsNkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw ke;jpup mu;[{d; rpq;fplk; ikR+upy; cs;s kj;jpa murpd; nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T ikaj;ij nrd;idf;F khw;wNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;if itf;fg;gl;lJ.
jkpof muR nrd;idapy; ,jw;fhf Rkhu; 50 Vf;fu; epyj;ij ,ytrkhf toq;f Kd; te;jJ. me;j ,lj;jpy; &.150 Nfhbapy; kj;jpa muR jkpo; Ma;T ikaj;jpw;fhd Gjpa fl;blq;fis fl;bj; juTs;sJ. ,jw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd.
ehk; jkpOf;F vd;d nra;Njhk;?
fp. ,uhK
,e;jf; fl;Liuia tpUg;gj;NjhL ePq;fs; gbf;f Kw;gl;L ,Ug;gPHfshdhy;> jkpo; Nky; cq;fSf;F VNjh xU gw;W my;yJ mf;fiw ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W jhd; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbahdhy; cq;fNshL Ngryhk;. ,d;Dk; nrhd;dhy; Ngrj;jhd; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fisg; Nghd;wtHfSld; fye;J ciuahlhky; NtW ahUld; ehd; ciuahlg; NghfpNwd;?
jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngr> gbf;f> kw;Wk; vOj vq;F fw;Wf; nfhz;BHfs;? cq;fs; ngw;Nwhuplk; ,Ue;jh? Mrpupauplk; ,Ue;jh? my;yJ cq;fisr; Rw;wp cs;s Rw;wk;> el;gpy; ,Ue;jh?
ePq;fs; ve;j ,lq;fspy; vy;yhk; jkpopy; NgRfpwPHfs;? vq;nfy;yhk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; NgRfpwPHfs;?
cq;fs; neL ehisa ez;giuNah> my;yJ Kd;gpd; njupahj jkpoiuNah ghHf;Fk; nghOJ> me;jf; fzj;jpy; ePq;fs; jkpopy; ciuahLfpwPHfsh? my;yJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciuahLfpwPHfsh?
ePq;fs; NgRk; Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fs; cq;fis mwpahky; jkpo; CLUTfpwjh? mg;gb CLUtpdhy; mij xU ehfupfk; ,y;yhj gl;bf;fhl;Lj; jdk; vd;W vz;zpf; nfhQ;rk; ntl;fg; gl;Lf;nfhz;L mijj; jtpHf;f Kad;wpUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fs; Mq;fpy td;ik $Ltjw;fhfg; gy;NtW gapw;rpfs; nra;a Kw;gl;bUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fs; tPl;by; Mq;fpyk; - Mq;fpyk; mfuKjyp itj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? cq;fSf;Fj; njupahj Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fisg; gapYk; NghJ mtw;wpd; nghUs; mwpa Ntz;br; rl;nld;W mfu Kjypiaj; NjLfpwPHfsh?
Mq;fpyg; Ngr;rpy; rpwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w xa;ahu vz;zj;jhy; ce;jg;ngw;W> cr;rf; fl;lkhf> jq;fs; ngw;NwhNuhLk; Rw;wj;jhNuhLk; ,Uf;Fk; cwitNa $lr; rpy NghJ Kw;wpYk; Jz;bj;Jf; nfhs;sr; rpyH KaYthHfs;. me;j tptuq; nfl;l epiyf;F ePq;fs; NghdJz;Nlh? Mq;fpyk; mwpahg; ngw;NwhH> Rw;wj;jhupd; thilNa cq;f@f;Fk;> cq;fs; gpwq;filfSf;Fk; tuf;$lhJ vd;W ePq;fs; vz;zpaJz;Nlh?
cq;fs; Ngr;rpy; jkpo; kpf kpff; Fiwe;J ,Ue;jhy; mJ vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ? jkpOk;> jkpod; vd;w milahsKk; Ntz;lhk; vd;W KbntLj;J tpyf;FfpwPHfsh? my;yJ Nrhk;gyhYk;> ftdf; FiwthYk;> Mq;fpyk; gofpdhy; FKfhaj;jpy; xU Nkyplk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w ce;JjyhYk; jkpio tpyf;FfpwPHfsh? jkpo; vd;gJ xU nkhop kl;Lky;y> mJ jkpo; ehfupfj;jpd; fUt+yk; vd;gij kWj;J> mJ ntWk; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;w nkhop> ,dp tUk; ehl;fspy; Mq;fpyNk NghJk; vd;W vz;ZfpwPHfsh?
,jw;nfy;yhk; Mk; vd;W ePq;fs; tpilaspj;jhy; cq;fNshL Nkw;nfhz;L ciuahLtjpy; nghUs; ,y;iy. Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfspy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L ehiye;J jiyKiwf;F mg;GwKk; jd; ngaiu Kl;lk;kh vd;W itj;Jf; nfhz;L jd; jhj;jh jz;lghzpf;Ff; 'nfhQ;#z;L' jkpo; njupAk; vd;W nrhy;ypj; jkpopy; Ngr ,ayhj xU ngz;Zf;Fk; cq;fSf;Fk; kpFe;j NtWghL ,y;iy ntF tpiutpy; ePq;fs; vq;fis tpl;Lg; ngUe; njhiyT tpyfpg; Ngha;tpLtPHfs;. vd;Nwh xU ehs; jkpouha; ,Ue;jjw;fhf cq;fNshL ehq;fs; md;G ghuhl;l KbAk; mt;tsNt vq;fpUe;jhYk; tho;f> tsKld;!
khwhf NkNy cs;s Nfs;tpfSf;F Mk; vd;W nrhy;yhky; nfhQ;rkhtJ jLkhwpdPHfs; vd;why; cq;fNshL ciuahLtjpy; ,d;Dk; gyd; cz;L. me;j vz;zj;jpdhNyNa NkYk; ,q;F ciuahLfpNwd;.
Rw;wk;> el;G Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ePq;fs; jkpo; Ngrj; jtpj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? mYty; jtpHj;J kw;NwhNuhL ePq;fs; NgRk; ciuahly;fspy; vj;jid tpOf;fhL jkpopy; ,Uf;Fk;? mbg;gil tho;f;ifr; nra;jpfspy; cq;fshy; jkpopy; ciuahl Kbfpwjh? jkpo; NgRk; NghJ Mq;fpyk; CLUtpdhy; mijg; gl;bf; fhl;Lj; jdk; vd;W vz;zhky;> ehfupfk; vd;W vz;ZfpwPHfsh?
me;j CLUtiyj; jtpHf;f KbAk; vd;W mwptPHfNsh? cq;fs; tPl;by; jkpo;-jkpo; mfuKjyp ,Uf;fpwjh? jkpo;- Mq;fpyk; mfuKjyp ,Uf;fpwjh? cq;fSf;Fj; njupahj jkpo;r; nrhw;fisg; gapYk; NghJ clNd jkpo;-jkpo; mfuKjypiaj; NjLfpwPHfsh?
cq;fs; ngw;NwhH mwpe;j jkpNohL cq;fs; jkpio xg;gpl;lhy; ,g;nghOJ me;jg; Ngr;rpy; jkpo; vt;tsT NjWk;? 98 tpOf;fhlhtJ NjWkh? ,uz;L tpOf;fhL Fiwe;jhNyNa VohtJ jiyKiwapy; Kf;fhy; gq;F jkpo; NghNa Nghape;jp vd;W cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh? ve;j xU nkhopapYk; fpl;lj;jl;l 85 tpOf;fhL tpiday;yhj ngaH> ,il kw;Wk; cupr; nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; 15 tpOf;fhLfNs tpidr;nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; cq;fSf;Fj; njupAkh? nrhy;tsj;ijf; $l;LtJ vd;gJ ngaHr;nrhw;fis NkYk; NkYk; mwpe;Jnfhs;StNj vd;W Nfl;bUf;fpwPHfsh? ek; CHg;gf;fk; ehk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lit $lg; Goq;fpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;why; kwe;JtpLk; vd;W mwptPHfsh? jkpo; tl;lhuj;jpw;F tl;lhuk; XusT khwpg; Goq;FfpwJ vd;W njupAkh? ,e;jj; jkpo; epiyj;jpUf;f ehk; vd;ndnty;yhk; nra;fpNwhk; vd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh?
jkpo; vd;gJ ehk; goFk; xU nkhop vd;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> NkYk; rpy flikfs; ekf;F cz;L vd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? jkpo; ekf;F vd;d jUfpwJ? jkpOf;F ehk; vd;d jUfpNwhk; vd;w ,UNghf;F eilKiwiaf; nfhQ;rk; $He;J ghHg;Nghk;.
nkhop vd;gJ fUj;Jg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s xU tifahd Clfk;> kPbak; vd;gij ehk; vy;NyhUk; xg;Gf; nfhs;SfpNwhk;. jkpoHf;Fg; gpwe;j xU Foe;ijia me;jf; Foe;ijapd; ngw;NwhHfSila gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; ,y;yhj xU FKfhaj;jpy;> jkpo; mwpahj xU FKfhaj;jpy; tsHj;Njhk; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;> mJ jkpo;g; gps;isahf my;yhky; NtW tifg; gps;isahfj;jhd; tsUk; Mdhy; jkpo; vd;gJ ntWk; Clfkh? kPDf;F mijr; Rw;wpYk; cs;s ePH ntWk; Clfkh? gpd; Gykh? cg;gpy;yhj ey;y jz;zPupy; tsHe;j xU nfz;il kPidf; nfhz;L Ngha; cg;gq; fopapy; Nghl;lhy; mJ capH tho KbANkh? gpd; Gyj;ij kPwpa xU tho;T cz;Nlh? Clfk;> Clfk; vd;W nrhy;yp nkhopapd; gq;iff; Fiwj;J tpl;Nlhk; my;yth? nkhop vd;gJ Clfk; kl;Lky;y mJ xU gpd;GyKk; $l.
,e;jg; gpd; Gyk; xU #o;epiyia cUthf;FfpwJ mJ ek; rpe;jidia xU tpjf; fl;bw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpwJ ehk; nkhopahy; fl;Lg; gLfpNwhk; khe;jUk; $l jhk; thOk; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gj;jhNd ,Uf;f KbAk;? gpwf;Fk; NghJ ,Uf;Fk; gpd; Gyj;jpd; jhf;fk; (mJ ngw;NwhH topahfNth> kw;NwhH topahfNth Vw;gl;lgpd;> jkpio xJf;fp xU jPT Nghy NtnwhU nkhopapd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; tsu KbANkh? ,g;nghOJ ePq;fs; jkpo; ehl;by; gpwe;J tpl;BHfs;>
my;yJ NtW ehl;by; gpwe;Jk; cq;fs; ngw;NwhH jkpo;g; gpd;Gyj;ij tplhJ fhg;ghw;wp tUfpwhHfs;> ,e;j epiyapy; ePq;fs; jkpio tpl KbAkh? xd;W fpzw;iwj; jhz;lhky; ,Uf;fyhk;> my;yJ Kw;wpYk; jhz;lyhk; ,ilg; gl;l epiyapy; ghjpf; fpzw;iwj; jhz;b capH tho KbANkh?
jkpOk; mJ Nghyj;jhd;. jkpo; vDk; gpd;Gyk; jkpo;g; gz;ghL> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;> rpe;jidfs; Mfptw;wpd; njhFg;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ mtw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;shky; jkpo; mwpahjtdhf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ njupe;J nfhz;L jkpo; mwpe;jtdhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
,ilg;gl;l epiy vd;gJ xUtifapy; jpuprq;F nrhHf;fNk! jkpo; fw;gJ vd;gJ xU gz;ghl;Lj; njhlHr;rp cq;fNshL ,e;jg; gof;fk; epd;W Nghfth ePq;fs; ,ijf; fw;Wf; nfhz;BHfs;? ,y;iyNa? thioab thioaha; ,e;j nkhop NgRk; gof;fk; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;WjhNd cq;fSf;F kw;wtHfs; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jhHfs;? mg;gbahdhy;> ,e;jj; njhlHr;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;w ahUf;nfy;yhk; ePq;fs; jkpo; Ngrf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jPHfs;?
Foe;ijaha; ,Ue;j NghJ fw;Wf; nfhz;l epyh!epyh! Xb th itAk;> iftPrk;kh> iftPR ghly;fis ,d;ndhU jkpo;f; Foe;ijf;F ePq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? thyWe;j eup> Rl;l gok; - Rlhj gok; Nghd;w fijfis ,d;ndhUtUf;Fr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? Mj;jp #b> jpUf;Fws;> ehybahH Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J xU rpy ghly;fis kw;wtHf;Fr; nrhy;y KbAkh? ,e;jf; fhyg; ghujp> ghujpjhrd; VjhtJ gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? nfhQ;rk; K.t.> nfhQ;rk; jpU.tp.f gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? XusthtJ mz;zh> fiyQH> GJikg; gpj;jd;> fy;fp gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh? gy;NtW fhyj; jkpo;g; ghl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; ciueilfisg; gbj;jpUf;fpwPHfsh?
jkpo; NrhWNghLkh vd;W rpyH Nfl;fpwhHfs;. jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; xU rpyUf;Fr; mJ NrhW Nghlf; $Lk;. jkpo;j; jhspiff;fhuUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlf; $Lk;. ,d;Dk; xU rpyUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlf; $Lk; Mdhy; nghJthd kw;wtUf;Fr; NrhW Nghlhtpl;lhYk; rpe;jidiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;fpwJ vd;W mwptPHfsh?
NkNy ehd; nrhd;d jkpo; Mf;fq;fis vy;yhk; gbf;Fk; NghJ jkpo; tho;f;if Kiwiaf; fw;Wf; nfhs;SfpwPHfs; my;yth? Vuzk; vd;gJ rpe;jid tsHr;rpapy; fhuz fhupak; ghHf;Fk; Kiw. ,ij NtW xU nkhopapd; %yk; fw;Wf; nfhs;StJ XusT KbAk; vd;whYk; jha;nkhopapy; fw;gJ vspJ vd;W mwptPHfsh?
rpe;jid Kiw $l nkhopahy; khWfpwJ vd;W mwptPHfNsh? ehd; mtidg; ghHj;Njd; vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ nfhQ;rk; epd;W vz;zpg; ghHj;Jr; nrhy;y Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwJ my;yth?
nra;Ak; nghUs;> nrag;gLk; nghUs; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpg; gpwFjhd; tpidiar; nrhy;YfpNwhk; ,e;jpa nkhopfs; vy;yhtw;wpYk;> Fwpg;ghf jkpopa nkhopfspy; ,e;jr; rpe;jid Kiw ,ay;ghdJ. ,ij Subject-Object-Verb vd;W nkhopapayhH nrhy;YthHfs;. khwhf Nkiy nkhopfspy; SVO - ehd; ghHj;Njd; mtid vd;w Kiwapy; thf;fpaj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. SOV rpe;jid Kiw ,Uf;Fk; xUtd; SVO gof;fk; ,Uf;Fk; xUtidr; rl;nld;W Gupe;J nfhs;StJ fbdNk.
rg;ghdpaHfs; Kw;wpYk; SOV gof;fk; cilatHfs;. mtHfs; nts;isf; fhuHfisg; Gupe;J nfhs;StJk;> nts;isf;fhuHfs; rg;ghdpaiug; Gupe;Jnfhs;StJk; kpff; fbdk; vd;ghHfs;. mNj nghOJ ehk; XNuh Kiw ,yf;fpaj;jpy; SVO Kiwiag; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. rPijiag; ghHj;J te;j Nrjpiar; nrhy;Yk; mDkd; ,uhkdplk; nrhy;Ytjhff; fk;gd; nrhy;Ythd; fz;Nld; rPijia.
,J Nghy Ml;rpfs; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; cz;L. mjhtJ ngUk;ghd;ik SOV vd;w rpe;jpf;Fk; ehk; XNuh Kiw SVO vd;Wk; rpe;jpf;fpNwhk;. ,e;jpaHfs; fpof;fpw;Fk; Nkw;fpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ghykhf ,Ug;gJ ,jdhy; jhd; NghYk;.
vd;d nrhy;y tUfpNwd; vd;why; nkhop ek; rpe;jidiaf; fl;Lg; gLj;JfpwJ. eP cd; ngw;NwhUf;F vj;jidahtJ gps;is vd;w Nfs;tp jkpopy; kpf ,ay;ghf vOk;. Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,ijr; Rw;wp tisj;Jj;jhd; nrhy;y ,aYk;. ,J Nghy Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;YtJ rpyNghJfspy; jkpopy; Neubahfr; nrhy;y KbahJ.
,e;jr; rpe;jid xU tifapy; ghHj;jhy; gz;ghl;L tUjpahdJ> nkhop tUjpahdJ. ,jpy; xU nkhopapd; tUjp caHe;jJ ,d;ndhU nkhopapd; tUjp jho;e;jJ vd;gJ jtwhd $w;W.
ek; tUjp ekf;F cfe;jJ vd;gij ehk; czuNtz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; nrhd;dhy; jkpo; vd;Dk; tUjp jkpoDf;F xU milahsk; xU Kftup jkpo; ekf;F ,ijj;jhd; nfhLf;fpwJ.
rup> jkpOf;F ehk; vd;d nfhLf;fpNwhk;? mjhtJ gz;ghl;L tUjpf;F ehk; vd;d
nra;fpNwhk;? ekf;F mLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F vd;d jUfpNwhk;? ,Uf;fpd;w nrhj;NjhL $l vd;d NrHj;J itj;Jg; NghfpNwhk;? ,d;iwf;Fj; jkpo; vd;gJ gok;ngUik NgRjw;Fk;> gioa ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> mz;ikf;fhyf; fij> ftpij> fl;Liu> JZf;Ffs;> nfhQ;rk; murpay;> Vuhsk; jpiug;glk; gw;wp mwpa kl;LNk gad;gl;L tUtJ xU ngUq;Fiw vd;W mwptPHfsh?
ek;ik mwpahkNyNa mYty; vd;gjw;F Mq;fpyKk;> El;gtpay; vd;gjw;F Mq;fpyKk;> kw;wtw;wpw;Fj; jkpOk; vd Mf;fp itj;jpUg;gJ vt;tsT rup? GJg;GJ mwpTfisf; fiyfisj; jkpopy; nrhy;ytpy;iy vd;why; jkpo; Fiwgl;Lg; Nghfhjh? mg;Gwk; jkpopy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w ek; gpwq;filfs; Nfl;f khl;lhHfsh? ehk; nrhy;ypg; ghHj;J mjd; %yk; nkhop tsk; $l;ltpy;iy vd;why; ek; nkhop gadpy;yhj xd;W vd;W ,d;Dk; xU jiy Kiwapy; mope;J Nghfhjh? ehk; jkpOf;F vd;d nra;Njhk;?
ekf;Fj; njupe;j nra;jpfis> mwpitj; jkpopy; nrhy;ypg; ghHf;fpNwhkh? Mq;fpyk; njupahj ek; kf;fSf;Fg; Gupa itf;fpNwhkh? vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mq;fpyNk Goq;fp ek; vjpHfhyj;ij ehNk Nghf;fpf; nfhs;SfpNwhNk> mJ vjdhy;?
,e;jf; fl;Liuapy; Nfs;tpfis kl;LNk vOg;gpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpNwd;. mjw;fhd tpilfis ePq;fs; NjlNtz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; fUjpNa Nfs;tpfis vOg;GfpNwd;.
vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;. jkpOf;F ePq;fs; vd;d nra;jPHfs;? fzp topf; fy;tp> fzpg; gad;ghL vd vj;jidNah gbf;fg; NghfpwPHfs;. ePq;fs; xj;Jioj;jhy; ,e;jf; fzpAfj;jpYk; jkpo; jiy epkpHe;J epw;f KbAk;> nra;tPHfsh?
jkpo;j; Njd;
ftpQH fz;zjhrd; 'd; ' ia <whff; nfhz;l Njd; vd;w nrhy;iy itj;J gynghUspy; mofhd jpiug; ghliyg; Gide;Js;shH.
ghHj; 'Njd; rpupj; 'Njd;
gf;fj;jpy; mioj; 'Njd; -md;W
cidj; 'Njd; vdehd; epijj; 'Njd; - md;W
kiyj; 'Njd; ,Jntd kiyj; 'Njd;!
ghHj; 'Njd; rpupj; 'Njd;
gf;fk;tuj; Jbj; 'Njd; - md;W
cidj; 'Njd; vd ehd; epidj; 'Njd; -me;j
kiyj; 'Njd; ,tnud kiyj; 'Njd;!
nfhbj; 'Njd; ,dpnaq;fs;
Fbj; 'Njd; - vd xU
gbj; 'Njd; ghHitapy; Fbj; 'Njd; - xU
Jspj; 'Njd; rpe;jhky; fspj; 'Njd; -iffspy;
mizj; 'Njd; mofpid urpj; 'Njd;!
kyHj; 'Njd; Nghy; ehDk;
kyHe; 'Njd; gUtj;jpy; kze; 'Njd;
vLj; 'Njd; nfhLj; 'Njd; Ritj; 'Njd ;- ,dpj; 'Njd;
,y;yhjgb fij Kbj; 'Njd;!
vq;fs; jkpo; caHntd;W ehk; nrhy;ypr;nrhy;yp
jiyKiwfs; gy fopj;Njhk;> Fiwfise;Njhkpy;iy
jfj;jfhaj; jkpioj; jhgpg;Nghk; thuPH!
Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrd;
Days of week
The seven days of the week are :
Nyaayiru - Sunday
Thingal - Monday
Sevvaay - Tuesday
Budhan (aRivan) - Wednesday
Viyaazhan - Thursday
VeLLi - Friday
Sani (kaari) - Saturday
Months of the year (maatham / thingal)
The names of the months now in use are not Tamil
names; They are later year changes. The Tamil
names are given in brackets.
thai (suRavam Rwtk;) - January-February
maasi (kumbam Fk;gk;) - February-March
panguni (meenam - kPdk;) - March-April
chiththirai (mezham - Nkok;) - April-May
vaigaasi (Vidai - tpil) - May-June
aani (aadavai - Mlit) - June-July
aadi (kadagam flfk;) - July-August
aavaNi (madangal klq;fy;) - August-September
purattaasi (kanni fd;dp) - September-October
aippasi (thulai - Jiy) - October-November
kaarththigai (naLi - esp) - November-December
maargazhi (silai - rpiy) - December-January
jkpopy; ngaupLNthk;
jkpo; ehs;fs;
1 jpq;fs;
2 nrt;tha;
3 mwptd;
4 tpahod;
5 nts;sp
6 fhup
7 QhapW
jkpo; khjq;fs;
nkhopj;jpupG Jhajkpo;
1 ij Rwtk;
2 khrp Fk;gk;
3 gq;Fdp kPdk;
4 rpj;jpiu Nkok;
5 itfhrp tpil
6 Mdp Mlit
7 Mb flfk;
8 Mtzp klq;fy;
9 Gul;lhrp fd;dp
10 Ig;grp Jiy
11 fhHj;jpif esp
12 khHfop rpiy
ngaHg;gyifapy; jkpopy; vOJf!
1 bNuNlH];; tzpf ikak;
2 fhHg;gNu\d; FOkk;
3 V[d;rp Kfthz;ik
4 nrd;lH ikak;> epiyak;
5 vk;Nghupak; tpw;gidafk;
6 ];NlhH]; gz;lfrhiy
7 \hg; fil> mq;fhb
8 md;l Nfh FOkk;
9 N\h&k; fhl;rpafk;> vopyq;fhb
10 n[duy; ];NlhH]; gy;nghUs; mq;fhb
11 buhty; Vn[d;rp Rw;Wyh Kfthz;ikafk;
12 buhty;]; Nghf;Ftuj;J epWtdk;> Rw;Wyh epWtdk;
13 vyf;bupfy;]; kpd;nghUs; gz;lfrhiy
14 upg;Ngupq; nrd;lH rPHnra; epiyak;
15 NtHf; \hg; gl;liw> gzpkid
16 [nty;yH]; eif khspif> eifafk;
17 bk;gH]; kuf;fil
18 gpupz;lH]; mr;rfk;
19 gtH gpupz;;lH]; kpd; mr;rfk;
20 Mg;nrl; gpupz;lH]; kWNjhd;wp mr;rfk;
21 ypj;Njh]; tz;z mr;rfk;
22 $y; bupq;f;]; FspH Ritg;gfk;> FspH Rit epiyak;
23 ];tPl; ];lhy; ,dpg;gfk;
24 fg;gp ghH Fsk;gpf; fil
25 N`hl;ly; cztfk;
26 nla;yH]; ijayfk;
27 nlf;];ily;]; Jzpafk;
28 nubNkl;]; Maj;j Milafk;
29 rpdpkh jpNal;lH jpiuafk;> jpiuauq;fk;
30 tPbNah nrd;lH xspehlh ikak;> tpw;gidafk;
31 Nghl;Nlh ];^bNah Gifg;gl epiyak;> epow;gl epiyak;
32 Ngq;f; itg;gfk;
33 yhz;lup ntSg;gfk;
34 biu fpsPdH]; cyH ntSg;gfk;
36 mf;Nuh nrd;lH Ntshz; eLtk;
37 mf;Nuh NrHtP]; coTg; gzp
38 VH nfhz;b\dH FspH gjdp> rPHtsp
39 MHl;]; fiyafk;> fiyf;$lk;
40 M];ng];lH]; fy;ehH
41 XbNah nrd;lH xypafk;> xypehlh ikak;
42 Xl;Nlh jhdpaq;fp
44 Ml;Nlh NrHtP]; jhdpg; gzpafk;
45 Ngf;fup ntJg;gfk;
46 gl;lup rHtP]; kpd;fyg; gazpfk;
47 grhH filj;njU> mq;fhb
48 gpa+l;b ghHyH moF epiyak;> vopy; Gidafk;
51 NghHbq; nyhl;[pq; cz;Liw tpLjp
52 nghapyH nfhjpfyd;
53 gpy;lH]; fl;LeH> fl;blf; fiyQH
54 Nfgps; fk;gptlk;> tlk;
55 fhg; thlif tz;b
56 fNg mUe;jfk;> cztfk;
57 Nfd; xHf;]; gpuk;Gg; gzpafk;
58 Nfz;Bd; rpw;Wz;br;rhiy
59 rpnkz;l; igQ;Rij
60 nfkpf;fy;]; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;
62 fpsg; kd;wk;> fofk;>
cztfk;> tpLjp
63 fpspdpf; kUj;Jt tpLjp
65 fyH Nyg; tz;zf;$lk;> tz;z Ma;tk;>
66 fk;ngdp FOkk;> epWtdk;
67 fhk;g;sf;]; tshfk;
68 fk;gpa+l;lH nrd;lH fzdp ikak;
69 fhq;fpuPl; NtHf;]; jpz;fhiug;gzp
70 fhHg;gNu\d; $l;L epWtdk;
71 $upaH JhjQ;ry;
72 fl;gP]; nrd;lH ntl;Lj; Jzpafk;
73 irf;fps; kpjptz;b
74 bg;Ngh fplq;F> gzpkid
75 bu];Nkf;fH Mil Mf;FeH
76 biu fpsPdH]; cyH ryitafk;
77 vyf;l;upfy;]; kpd;nghUsfk;
78 vyf;l;u'dpf;]; kpd;dZg; nghUsfk;
79 vk;Nghupak; tpw;gidafk;
80 vz;lHgpiur]; Kidtfk;
81 irf;fps; ];Nl'H]; kpjptz;b mq;fhb
82 Ngf;lup njhopyfk;
83 Ngd;rp ];NlhH GJikg; nghUsfk;
84 gh];l; G+l; tpiu cztfk;
85 Ngf;]; njhiyg; gb
86 igdhd;]; epjpafk;
87 ngHdpr;rH khHl; miwfyd; mq;fhb
88 fhHnkd;l;]; ciltif
89 N`H bu];]H Kb jpUj;JgtH
90 `hHL NtH]; td;ruf;F> ,Uk;Gf;fil
91 Aty;yup eif khspif> eif khlk;
92 ypj;Njh gpu]; tz;z mr;rfk;