kuj;jhiy tpOe;jtid khNlwp kpjpj;jJ Nghy ,UgJ Mz;L fhyk; Nghupdhy; mopTz;l tho;f;ifia kPs; fl;bnaOg;g gfPuj Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;j jkpoPo flNyhu jkpo; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL tpjp kPz;Lk; tpisahbAs;sJ.

kpd;dhky; KOq;fhky;> nrhy;yhky; nfhs;shky;> fz;iz %b Kopf;F Kd; tuyhW fhzhj mdHj;jq;fisAk; mtyq;fisAk; capH mopTfisAk; Rdhkp Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

CUf;Fs; mioah tpUe;jhspahf Eioe;j Rdhkp rhjp kj Ngjkpd;wp vy;NyhiuAk; tpOq;fpAs;sJ. Njthyaq;fspy; jpupg;gyp G+irapy; <Lgl;bUe;j fpwpj;jtHfs;> k#jpapy; Fuhd; Xjpf;nfhz;bUe;j ,];yhkpaH> topghL nra;J nfhz;bUe;j ,e;Jf;fs;> gTj;jHfs; vy;NyhUk; gypahdhHfs;.

Kd;dhspy; flw;Nfhspdhy; epyk; tpOq;fg;gl;lij rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpT nra;J itj;Js;sd. rpyg;gjpfhuk; vOjpa ,sq;Nfh mbfs; jd; fhyj;Jf;F Kd; Vw;gl;l flw;Nfhis Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

g/Wsp MWk; mjid mLj;J ,Ue;j Fkup kiyAk; nfhLq;fly; nfhz;ljhf mbfs; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. ,e;jf; flw;Nfhs; 2>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

RkhH 500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH mjhtJ fp.gp. 1450 k; Mz;by; Vw;gl;l gaq;fu fly; nfhe;jspg;ghy; jkpofj;jpd; njd;gFjp flypy; %o;fpd. ,g;gbj; jkpofj;jpd; epyg;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J Jz;bf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpy; fr;rjPT cl;gl 11 jPTfs; cUthfpd. ,g;gbj; Njhd;wpa jPTfs; ,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjp kd;dHfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jd.

Rdhkp fly; nfhe;jspg;G ,jw;F Kd;G Vw;gl;ljpy;iy. Rdhkp miyfspd; jhf;Fjy; gw;wp ,g;NghJjhd; Kjy; Kiwahf njupate;Js;sJ. ,jw;F Kd;G Rdhkp miyfs; ag;ghd;> mnkupf;fh> ,e;NjhNdrpah Mfpa 3 ehLfis kl;Lk; jhf;fp ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNtjhd; ,e;j nfh^u miyfSf;F "Rdhkp 'vd ag;ghdpa nkhopapy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rdhkp vd;why; "JiwKf miy' vd;W nghUshk;.

Rdhkp miyfs; flypy; vg;gb Njhd;Wfpd;wd? g+kpapy; 71 tpOf;fhL epyg;gug;G flYf;F mbapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. me;j 71 tpOf;fhL epyg;gug;gpy;jhd; epiwa vupkiyfs; cs;sd. mit mbf;fb ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpd;wd. mJ Nghy flYf;F mbapy; cs;s 71 tpOf;fhL epyg;gug;gpy;jhd; epyeLf;fk; mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. vupkiy kw;Wk; rf;jptha;e;j epy eLf;fq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ> mtw;wpd; mjpHTfs; fly; jz;zPupy; vjpnuhypf;Fk;. rhjhuzkhf xU Fsj;jpy; fy; tPrpdhNy me;j jz;zPupy; mjpHT Vw;gl;L tisak;> tisakhf miyfs; fiutiu Nghtijg; ghHf;fyhk;.

eLf;flypy; epyeLf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLk; mjpHT miyfSk; ,Nj khjpupj;jhd; tisakhf fpsk;gp fiuia Nehf;fp gha;e;J tUk;. ,e;j Rdhkp miyfs; tof;fkhf flypy; re;jpudpd; <Hg;Gr; rf;jpahYk; fhw;W mKf;fj;jhYk; vOk; miyfs; Nghy my;yhJ mit kpf kpf rf;jp tha;e;jit.

fle;j bnrk;gH ej;jhH ehsd;W Rkhj;uh jPtpd; njd;fpof;Nf 250 fp.kP njhiytpy; upf;lH mstpy; 9 Gs;sp epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. G+kpf;F mbapy; epy eLf;fk; ,uz;L fhuzq;fhshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. G+kpf;F fPNoAs;s jPf; Fok;gpd; kPJ ehk; thOk; jsk; mLf;F Kiwapy; xd;wd; Nky; xd;whfTk; mUfUfhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j mLf;fpy; tpupry; Vw;gl;L xd;wpy; ,Ue;J xd;W tpyFk; NghJ epy eLf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. my;yJ xd;NwhL xd;W cuhAk; NghJk; epy eLf;fk; Vw;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJ Vw;gLk; mjpHTfs; flypd; Nky;kl;lj;jpy; vjpnuhypf;Fk;. NknyOk; miyfs; fiuia Nehf;fpg; gha;fpd;wd.

,e;j miyfs; fpsk;gp fiuia Nehf;fpg; gha;e;J tUk;NghJ fly;gFjpapy; mjd; jhf;fk; njupahJ. Mo;flypy; glFfspy; kPd; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gtHfis $l ,e;j miyfs; rhjhuzkhf xU FYf;F FYf;fp tpl;L fle;J te;J tpLk;.

fiuia neUq;f neUq;f Rdhkp miyfs; jq;fs; Ra&gj;ij fhl;lj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd. fiuia neUq;f rpy fpNyh kPl;lH Jhuk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Rdhkp miyfs; #Lgpbj;J 50 iky; Ntfj;jpy; X.. X.. X... vd;w Ngupiur;rNyhL fhij fpopj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;.

fiuia neUq;fpaJk; Rdhkp miyfs; kjk;nfhz;l ahid Nghy vk;gp vOe;J cauj;jpy; RoYk;. Fiwe;j gl;rk; 30 mb Kjy; 60 mb cauj;Jf;F fly; jz;zPH nfhe;jspj;J vOk;Gk;.

caNu vOk;gp RoYk; fly; nfhe;jspg;G 3 iky; Jhuk; tiu CUf;Fs; GFe;J tpLk;. me;jr; rkaj;jpy; vjpH nfhs;Sk; kdpj capHfs;> nghUl;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; Rdhkp miy Jtk;rk; nra;J tpLk;. flw;fiuia Rdhkp miyfs; ntwpj;jdkhf Jtk;rk; nra;Ak;NghJ mjd; rf;jp mZrf;jp ntbg;Gf;F <lhd tpisTfis nfhLf;fpwJ vd;W Ma;thsHfs; $WfpwhHfs;.

NkYk; Rdhkp miyfspd; vil gy njhd; fzf;fpy; ,Uf;Fk;. vdNtjhd; ,e;j miyfs; ngupa fl;blq;fis> fg;gy;fis kpf ,Nyrhf ftpo;j;J tpLfpd;wd.

cyfpy; Rdhkp miyfs; ngUk;ghYk; grpgpf; ngUq;fly; gFjpapy;jhd; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. ,e;jpag; ngUq;;flypy; Rdhkp miyfs; ,Jtiu Vw;gl;;lNj ,y;iy. Rdhkp miyfis fz;L gpbf;f grpgpy; ngUq;fly; gFjpapy; etPd fUtpfis mnkupf;fh epWtp cs;sJ. vdNt Rdhkp miyfs; grpgpf; ngUq;flypy; Njhd;Wk; Nghnjy;yhk; mnkupf;fh jd; nraw;if Nfhs;fs; %yk; mij fz;Lgpbj;J tpLfpwJ. Rdhkp miyfs; fiuf;F vg;NghJ tUk; vd;W mnkupf;fh Jy;ypakhf Muha;e;J jd; kf;fis tpspg;Gg; gLj;jp ntspNaw;wp tpLfpwJ.

Rdhkp miyfspd; Kjy; jhf;Fjy; gw;wpa vr;rupf;if ekf;Fj; njupahkNy Ngha; tpl;lJ. Kjy; jhf;Fjy; ele;j gpwNf ,e;jpa ngUq;flypy; Njhd;wpa Rdhkp miyfs; gw;wp cyf Ma;T epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; ghHitia jpUg;gpd.

`htha; jPtpd; jiyefuhd nfhdYYtpy; (Honolulu) ,Uf;Fk; Ma;T ikajj;jpy; bnrk;gH 12-26 ej;jhH ehsd;W fhiy Rkhj;uh jPtpd; njd;fpof;Nf 250 fp.kP njhiytpy; fhiy upf;lH mstpy; 9 Gs;sp epyeLf;fk; gjpthfpaJ. mjd; tpisthf fly; miyfs; 60 mbf;F nfk;Gk; vd;Wk; gy Mapuk; iky;fs; mJ gazpf;Fk; vd;gJk;; Ma;thsHfSf;Fj; njupe;J tpl;lJ. clNd ,yq;if Neuj;jpd;gb fhiy 7.00 kzpf;F jq;fs; ,izajsj;jpy; Rdhkp gw;wpa vr;rupf;if mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ,yq;ifapd; tl-fpof;F kw;Wk; njd;gFjpia Rdhkp miyfs; jhf;Ftjw;F 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Kd;dNu nfhdYY Ma;T ikak; jdJ ,iza jsj;jpy; vr;rupf;if tpLj;jJ.

Mdhy; me;j ikak; NtW topfspy; mjid mwptpf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ. njhiyNgrp> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; me;j mdHj;jj;ij ntspapl;bUf;fyhk;. my;yJ ,yq;if> ,e;jpah> gq;fhsNj\; Nghd;w ehLfspy; cs;s mnkupf;f JhJtuhyaq;fSf;F me;jr; nra;jpia mwptpj;J fiuNahuj;jpy; thOk; kf;fis mg;Gwg;gLj;jr; nrhy;yp ,pUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,jpy; vijANk me;j ikak; nra;aj; jtwptpl;lJ. mjd; fhuzkhf Mapuf;fzf;fhd capHfs; mepahakhf flYf;Fg; gypahfpd.

jha;yhe;J ehl;Lf;F ,e;jr; nra;jp nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; jha;yhe;J muR jdJ Rw;WyhJiwf;F gpd;dilT Vw;gLk; vd;w gaj;jpy; mjid %b kiwj;Jtpl;ljhr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

fz;nfl;l gpd; QhapW tzf;fk; nra;tJ Nghy ,g;NghJjhd; ,e;jpah Rdhkpia Kd;$l;b mwpAk; fUtpfis gy Nfhb &ghapy; epWt Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ.

Rdhkp flyiyfs; cyf tiuglj;jpy; Mrpag; gpuhe;jpa ehLfspd; miktpYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JksTf;F gyk;tha;e;jitahf mike;J tpl;ld vd mnkhpf;fhtpd; gpugy ,aw;gpay; epytpay; mwptpayhsH n`d; `l; fl; njhptpj;Js;shu;.

,e;j G+kp eLf;fk; Rkhj;jpuhtpd; njd;fpof;F %iyapd; 25 fpNyh kPw;wu; msTf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpapUg;gNjhL mjidr; #oTs;s rpWjPTfs; mike;jpUe;j epy mikg;ig 20 kPw;wu; J}uj;jpw;F mg;ghy; 66 mb js;spr; nrd;Ws;sjhfTk; mtu; njhptpj;Js;shu;.

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; tlNky; Kidahd Rkhj;jpuh jPTk; 36 kPw;wu; J}uk; mjd; Kd;ida miktpypUe;J njd;Nkw;Fj; jpirf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Rkhj;jpuhjPT ,t;tpjk; mikg;G mbg;gilapy; efu;j;jg;gl;bUg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp mjd; Kd;ida fly; kl;lj;jpdpd;Wk; NkYau;e;J cs;sJ.

,e;jpah kw;Wk; gu;kh Mfpa ehLfs; Kd;diu tpl mtw;wpd; fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J jho;e;jpUf;fpwJ.

Rkhj;uhtpy; Vw;gl;l epyeLf;fk; mij njhlu;;e;J vOe;j Rdhkp fly; Nguiyfs; g+kp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpr; Roy;fpw mr;Rg;ghij (fw;gid NfhL) iaNa FYf;fp mirj;J tpl;lJ vd;fpwhu;fs;. G+kpapd; Rw;W tl;l ghijapy; khw;wk; ,Uf;fhJ. Mdhy; G+kp jd;idj;jhnd Rw;Wtjpy; rpwpa khw;wq;;fs; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. mjhtJ G+kpapd; RoHw;;rp Ntfk; rw;W mjpfhpf;fyhk;. ,jdhy; xU ehspd; Neuj;jpy; 3 ikf;Nuh tpdhbfs; tiu Fiwayhk;.

tof;fk; Nghy goikthjpfSk; kjthjpfSk; gopia mg;ghtpahd flTs; kPJ Nghl;Ltpl;lhHfs;.

jkpo;ehL Kjy;tH nry;tp n[ayypjh ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fisr; re;jpj;J Rdhkpahy; Vw;gl;l mopTfs; 'flTs; rpj;jk;' vd;W nrhy;ypapUf;fpwhH. gijf;fg; gijf;f ,uz;L ,yl;rk; kf;fis nfhd;W Ftpj;j Rdhkp flTs; rpj;jj;jhy; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gJ me;jf; flTis fUizaw;w xU ghgpahf rpj;jupf;Fk; Kaw;rpahFk;. n[ayypjh nrhy;tJ cz;ik vd;why; mtH Fwpg;gpLk; flTs; flTshfNt ,Uf;f KbahJ!

jpiug;gl ebfH u[dpfhe;j; 'cyfpy; ghgpfs; mjpfupj;jjhy; ,e;j mdHj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ' vd;W jj;Jtk; NgrpAs;shH. mtiu kd;dpf;fyhk;. me;jg; ghgpfspy; mtUk; xUtuh ,y;iyah vd;gij mtH nrhy;ytpy;iy.

rq;fu klj;ij NrHe;j fhtp xd;W ' klj;Jf;F fsq;fk; fw;gpj;ijg; nghWf;fhj Mz;ltd; ,e;j mdHj;jj;ij' Vw;gLj;jp kf;fisj; jz;bj;Js;shd;' vdg; NgrpapUf;fpwJ. rq;fuhr;rhupahiu jPghtsp ehsd;W ifJ nra;jJ n[ayypjh. mtuy;yth flTspd; jz;lidf;F Mshfp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;? khwhf xd;Wk; mwpahj mg;ghtp kf;fs; Vd; jz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;?

,g;gb Rdhkp tpistpj;j mopTf;F Mshs; kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; fhuzk; fw;gpf;fpwhHfs;.

rpiwapy; thLk; n[Nae;jpuH 'rpd;d ngupaths; rpiwf;F te;J tpl;lhy; re;jpunksyP];tuH G+ir epd;W Ngha;tpLk;. epakg;gb mJ elf;fhky; Nghdhy;> ,g;Ngh re;jpj;jpUg;gijtpl kpfg; ngupa ,aw;if mopit ek; Njrk; re;jpf;f NeupLk;' vd;fpwhH. re;jpunksyP];tuH G+ir ehSk; nra;j gydhf rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; xUtH ,g;gb kw;wtHfisg; gaKWj;JtJ ey;y eifr;Ritahf ,Uf;fpwJ!

'jpUtz;zhkiy mUzhrNy];tuH Nfhapypy; elf;fpw kpfg;ngupa jpUtpoh> fhHj;jpf jPgg; ngUtpoh. kiyapy; jPgj;ij Vj;JtJ kPdt ,d kf;fs;jhd;. ,tq;fs; 'gHtj uh[Fy kugpdH' vd;D nrhy;whq;f. rpy rkak;> fhHj;jpf khrj;jpy; ,uz;L fpUj;jpif tUkhk;. mjpy; ,uz;lhtJ fpUj;jpifapy;jhd; Neuq;fhyk; ghHj;J jPgk; Vj;Jthq;fshk;. ,e;j Mz;L mg;gb xNu khrj;jpy; ,uz;L fpUj;jpif te;jij Kd;$l;bNa ftdpf;fhky; Kjy; fpUj;jpifapy; jPgj;ij Vj;jpdjhy;jhd; Rdhkp gaq;fuk; ele;J kPdtHfs; tho;f;ifia #iwahbLr;R' vd;W jpUtz;zhkiy gf;jHfs; Gyk;gwhq;fshk;!

Kbthf epyeLf;Fk;> vupkiy> Rdhkp Nghd;w ,aw;if epfo;Tfis kdpjdhy; jLf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; mwptpaypd; JizNahL mtw;iw Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;J jw;ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mjd; jhf;fj;ij Fiwf;fyhk;. capuopTfisg; ngUksT jtpHf;fyhk;.

RdhkpAk; RthkpAk; (2)

mz;ikapy; ,e;jpa rdhjpgjp mg;Jy; fyhikg; ghHj;J xU gs;sp khztd; Nfl;lhd; 'ePq;fs; flTis ek;GfpwPHfsh?' 'Mk;' vd;W gjpy; mspj;jhH fyhk;. rdhjpgjp fyhk; xU VTfiz mwptpayhsH. Mdhy; rka mbg;gilapy; mtH xU K];ypk;. flTis kWf;Fk; K];ypik ghHf;f KbahJ. fhuzk; flTis kWg;gtHfs; K];ypkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ!

Mdhy; ej;jhiu mLj;J te;j Rdhkp flw;Nfhs; mUk;Gfs;> nkhl;Lf;fs;> G+f;fs;> gpQ;Rfs;> fha;fs;> fdpfs; kw;Wk; ,d> kj Ngjk; ,d;wp vy;NyhiuAk; gypnaLj;jJ.

,yq;ifapy; kl;Lk; tPLthry; ,oe;J Vjpypfshf epw;gtHfs; njhif 4>41>410. ,lk; ngaHe;Njhupy; 1>86>000 cwtpdH ez;gHfs; tPLfspYk; 2>50>000. eyd;Gup epiyaq;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sdH. ,Jtiu 38>195 NgH ,we;Js;shHfs;. fhzhky; NghNdhH njhif 6>034.

flw;Nfhs; jhf;fpa ehLfspy; 2>25>000 kf;fs; ,we;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. gy Nfhb ngWkjpahd tPL thry;fs;> Njhl;lk; JuTfs;> ts;sq;fs; tiyfs; mope;Js;sd.

,we;jtHfspy; ngUk;ghNyhH fliy ek;gp tho;e;jtHfs;. ViofspYk; Viofs;. md;whLk; cioj;Jr; rhg;gpLk; md;df;fhtbfs;. md;whlf; fha;r;rpfs;.

,we;jtHfspy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F Foe;ijfs;. fly; nfhe;jspj;J CUf;Fs; Ngupiur;rNyhL Eise;jNghJ Xbj; jg;g Kbahky; mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;ltHfs;. jha; je;ijaupd; iffspy; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;.

flTs; tpUk;GfpwhNuh ,y;iyNah ,e;jf; flw;Nfhs; mopTfs; vy;yhk; ty;y> vy;yhk; njupe;j> vq;Fk; epiwe;j fUizAs;s xU flTs; xUtH ,Uf;fpwhuh? vd;w tpthjj;ij #L gpbf;f itj;Js;sJ.

Rdhkp flw;Nfhs; gw;wp njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; kjj; jiytHfs; jq;fs; jq;fs; rka rhj;jpuq;fspd; (theology) mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk; mspj;J tUfpwhHfs;. nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspapLk; fl;Liufs; 'RdhkpAk; RthkpAk;' gw;wp jPtpu tpthjj;ij njhlf;fp itj;Js;sd.

ntt;NtW rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfs; ,e;jr; Rdhkpf;F vd;d mHj;jk; vdf; Nfl;L jq;fs; flTsplk; KiwapLfpwhHfs;. mtHfsJ flTs; ek;gpf;if gyj;j Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jPtpu flTs; gf;jHfs; $l Rdhkp mdHj;jk; tpLj;Js;s miw$ty; gw;wp ifiag; gpirfpwhHfs;.

Rdhkp mdHj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J jg;gpatHfs; jhq;fs; ve;jf; flTis gf;jpNahL topghl;lhHfNsh mNj flTs; jq;fis iftpl;L tpl;ljhf FKWfpwhHfs;. jq;fs; tho;Tf;F Mjhukhf ,Ue;j fly; jq;fsJ cwTfis tpOq;fpg; grpahwptpl;lJ vd mOfpwhHfs;.

Rdhkp mdHj;jj;jpy; flTspd; iffisg; ghhf;fpNwhkh? vl;lhj thdj;jpy; flTs; ,Uf;fpwhuh? Rdhkp flw;Nfhs; Nfhgk; nfhz;l flTspd; nrayh? ,g;gbahd nfh^uk; mg;ghtp kf;fSf;F> Fwpg;ghf Foe;ijfSf;F Vd; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;.? ,e;j moptpdhy; VjhtJ ed;ik Vw;gl;ljh?

Mj;jpfHfSf;Fk; ehj;jpfHfSf;Fk; vg;NghJk; xU gdpg; NghH ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. vy;yhk; ty;y flTs; vd;w fUJNfhSf;F msit mbg;gilapy; (jHf;f uPjpahf) Mj;jpfHfshy; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;f KbahJ.

nghJthf flTs;> tpjp vd;gd kdpjd; jd;dhy; tpsf;f Kbahjjw;F tpsf;fk; nfhLf;Fk; (explain the unexplainable) vj;jdNk.

,e;j ,lj;jpy; Mj;jpfk; ehj;jpfk; ,ilapy; elf;Fk; thjk; gw;wp mjhtJ flTs; cz;lh? ,y;iyah? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F Gfo;ngw;w fpNuf;f jj;Jtthjpahd vgpfpA+u]; (Epicurus- 341-271 BCE) xU GjpH %yk; tpil nrhy;yp ,Uf;fpwhH.

vgpfpA+u]; nghUs;Kjy;thj (Nghfg; nghUs;fs; kl;LNk cyfk;) mbg;gilapy; ,aw;if vz;zk; (metaphysics ) mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; my;yhJ mDgt thapyhf> mwptpd; Njhw;wk; vy;iy (empiricist epistemology) fpNuf;fj;jpd; xOf;ftpay; (ethics) Mfpatw;iw ed;F Ma;T nra;jtH.

vgpfpA+u]; cyfk; mZf;fshy; MdJ vd;Wk; vy;yh ,aw;if epfo;Tfis mZf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; (rkzHfsJ Nfhl;ghLk; ,Jjhd;) tpsf;fpdhH. vgpfpA+u]; Md;kPfj;jpd; mbg;gilahd nghUsw;w Md;kh ,Ug;gij epuhfupj;jhH. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; kdpjHfsJ tho;f;ifapy; flTs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy vdr; nrhd;dhH. Ik;Gydpd; cjtpAld; cyfk; gw;wpa mwpit ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;whH.

kdpj tho;f;ifapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; ,d;gk; vd;Wk; mjid Mirfis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk; flTs; gak; kw;Wk; kuz gak; ,uz;ilAk; tpul;Ltjd; topahfTk; milayhk; vd;whH. gaj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy vd;w mtuJ Nfhl;ghL mtUf;Fg; gpd; gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; GfNohL tpsq;fpaJ.

,g;NghJ vgpfpA+urpd; Gjpiug; ghHg;Nghk;.

,aw;ifapd; tpjpfis kdpjd; khw;w KbahJ. xU fy;iy xUtd; jiyf;F NkNy nrq;Fj;jhf vwpe;jhy; mJ jpUk;gp fPNo te;J mtdJ jiyiag; gjk; ghHf;Fk;. fhuzk; <Hg;G tpjpjhd;.

flTs; cz;lh ,y;iyah? vd;w tpthjj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa Clfq;fSk; kf;fSk; Kd;dzpapy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

flTs; vd;gJ kdpjd; jdJ kdjpy; nghj;jp itj;jpUf;Fk; xU vz;zk;jhd;. NkNy el;rj;jpuq;fs; epiwe;j thdj;ijAk; fPNo gQ;r G+jj;jpyhd G+kpiaAk; ghHj;j kdpjd; ,tw;iw gilj;j fhuzd; xUtd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;jhd;. Flk; ,Ue;jhy; Fatd; ,Uf;fj;jhNd Ntz;Lk;. me;j FatDf;F flTs; vd;W ngaH #l;bdhd;.

flTs; vd;nwhUtH ,Ue;jhy; mtH ,e;j flw;NfhisAk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l kdpj mdHj;jq;fis vg;gb mDkjpj;jhH?

my;yJ vy;yhk; ty;y fUizAs;s xU rf;jp ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ ntWk; fw;gidah? kf;fs; mr;rk; fhuzkhf fz;L gpbj;j xU Cd;W Nfhyh? my;yJ ghuj;ij ,wf;fp itf;Fk; xU Rik jhq;fpah?

,e;jf; Nfs;tpfs; cyfk; Njhd;wpa fhyk; njhl;L gy rpe;jidahsHfsJ kdijf; File;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.

Pierre Simon de Laplace vd;w gpuQ;R ehl;L fzpjtpayhsH kw;Wk; thdpayhsH Mecanique Celeste, vd;w Ehiy vOjpdhH. mg;NghJ gpuQ;R ehl;bd; rf;futHj;jpahf ,Ue;jtd; neg;Nghypad;. Pierre Simon de Laplace me;j Ehypy; cyfj;ijg; gilj;Jf; fhf;Fk; flTspd; gq;F gw;wp xd;Wk; nrhy;ytpy;iy. Vd;; nrhy;ytpy;iy vd;W mtiu neg;Nghypad; fbe;J nfhz;lhd;. mjw;F Pierre Simon de Laplace ,Wj;j gjpy; 'Iah> vdf;F me;j mDkhdk; Njitaw;wJ' vd;gjhFk;.

mt;tsT Jhuk; NghthNdd;. kfhghujg; Nghupy; Vw;gl;l capuopTfisg; ghHj;Jtpl;L rhHthfH vd;w rdhjdjHk jj;Jtthjp flTs; xUtH ,Ug;gij kWj;jhH.

,e;j rhHtfNu rhHthfk; vd;w cyfhAj kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jtH. rhHthfk; ,dpikahfg; Ngr ty;ytHfs; vd;w nghUs; jUk; nrhy;yhFk;.

rhHthfk; fhl;rpNa msitahtnjd;Wk;> epyk;> ePH> jP> ntspnadg; G+jk; ehd;Nf vd;Wk;> mtw;wJ GzHr;rp rpwg;ghy; Njhd;wpg; gpupthy; kha;tjha; clk;gpd; fz;Nz mwpT kJtpd;fz; fspg;Gg; Nghy ntspg;gl;L mopAnkd;Wk;> kWik ,y;iy vd;Wk;> clk;Ng Md;khntd;Wk;> flTs; ,y;iy vd;Wk; ,d;gKk; nghUSNk cWjpg;nghUs;fs; (GU\hHj;jq;fs;) vd;W ciuf;fpwJ.

rpy neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; flTs; ek;gpf;if cyfj;jpy; thOk; gy Nfhb kf;fSf;F kd MWjy; juty;yjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; Rdhkp Nghd;w mdHj;jk; ,aw;ifapd; rPw;wkhFk;. ,aw;ifiaAk; mjd; tpjpfisAk; fw;gjd; %yNk mjidg; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

xUtpjj;jpy; ,aw;ifiaAk; flTSk; xd;Wjhd;. Mjp kdpjd; QhapW> Nfhs;fs;> jP> fly;> fhL> kiy> MW Nghd;w ,aw;if nghUs;fisNa topgl;lhd;.

,d;iwa kdpjd; ,aw;ifia mopj;J tUfpwhd;. fhLfis mopf;fpwhd;. ePHepiyfis mopf;fpwhd;. Rw;Wr; #oiy khR gLj;Jfpwhd;. mtw;wpd; tpisNt Rdhkp Nghd;w mdHj;jq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;w fUj;Jk; epyTfpwJ.

Rdhkp Vw;gLj;jpa tuyhW fhzhj mopT kdpjHfSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;Fk; jufHfshd kjj; jiytHfSf;F ngupa Nrhjidahfp tpl;lJ.

,e;jf; Nfs;tpia ftpQH GJit ,uj;jpdJiu mOjOJ mofhd ftpij tupfspy; Nfl;fpwhH.

RdhkpAk; RthkpAk; (3)

flTis ek;gpNdhH iftplg;gl;ldH!

,NaR> MyKz;l ePyfz;ld;> my;yh> Gj;jngUkhd; ,e;jg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J   Gj;jiu ftpQH ,uj;jpdJiu ePf;fp tpl;bUf;fyhk;.

Gj;jH jd;id flTs; vd;Nwh flTspd; mtjhuk; vd;Nwh nrhy;ytpy;iy. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; flTs; vd;w Kjy;fhuzd; my;yJ xU rf;jp ,e;j cyfj;ij ,af;Ftij kWj;j ehj;jpfH. mtiu gTj;jk; gfthd; Mf;fp topgLtJ mtH nra;j Fw;wk; my;y. mtuJ rPlHfs; nra;j Fw;wk;!

,NaRitAk; tpl;bUf;fyhk;. Kjypy; mtiu ,iwJhjH vd;whHfs;. gpd;dH flTspd; kfd; vd;whHfs;. filrpahf mtNu flTs; vd;whHfs;.

Mdhy; ,NaR rpYitapy; miwag;gl;L ,we;jNghJ mtuJ je;ij mtiuf; fhg;ghw;wtpy;iy! ' ,iwth> ,iwth Vd; vd;idf; iftpl;BH? ( "My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me")  vd  Mw;whikahy; mtNu fjwp mOJ Kiwapl;lhH!

MyKz;l ePy fz;ld;. mopj;jy; flTs;. mtH jdJ njhopiy md;W rf;rpjkhfr; nra;J Kbj;jhH. mopj;jy; flTsplk; mopitg; gw;wp Kiwapl;L vd;d gad;? fhj;jy; flTs; tp\;zTf;F my;yth Kiwapl Ntz;Lk;?  

flw;Nfhspdhy; Njthyaq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> tpfhiufs;> k#jpfs; jfHj;J vwpag; gl;ld. fiuf;fly; Xukhf mNef RUtq;fs;> tpf;fpufq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;ljhf Nwhapl;lH nra;jp KftH vOjpapUe;jhH.

Gj;j rhrd mikr;R fhyp> khj;jiw kw;Wk; mk;ghe;Njhl;il khtl;lq;fspy; 39 tpfhiufs; jfHe;J Ngha;tpl;ld  vd mwptpj;jpUf;fpwJ. mtw;wpd; ngWkjp &gh 39 kpy;ypad;.

jpUNfhzkiyapy; flw;fiuia mz;bapUe;j khupak;kd; Nfhapy; cl;gl gy Nfhapy;fs; Rdhkpahy; Jilj;J Jg;guT nra;ag;gl;ld.

gy k#jpfs; mope;J Nghapd. Gfo;ngw;w fl;lf;fiug; gs;spthry; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;Kidapy; xU kj;whrhTk; mjpy; ,Ue;j 40 gps;isfSk; Rdhkpahy; thupr; nry;yg;gl;ldH. 

tl khfhzj;jpy; 50f;Fk; mjpfkhd Njthyaq;fSk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; 20 Njthyaq;fSk; mopAz;ld. Ky;iyj;jPtpy; QhapW fhiy ele;j jpUg;gypg; G+irapd; NghJ ghjpupahH cl;gl gf;jHfs; midtUk; Rdhkpf;Fg; gypahdhHfs;. NjthyaKk; mope;J Nghapw;W. 

khj;jiwapy; cs;s xU Njthyaj;jpy; Nkup Foe;ij ,NaRit ifapy; Ve;jp itj;jpUf;Fk; RUtj;ij Rdhkp thupf; nfhz;L Ngha; Kf;fhy; ikYf;F mg;ghy; cs;s xUtuJ thioj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Nghl;Ls;sJ. mij kPsf; fz;nlLj;jJ mw;Gjkhfj; njupfpwJ. mJ Kjypy; ms;Sg;gl;Lg; NghdJ VNdh mgj;jkhfj; njupatpy;iy!

Ntshq;fd;dpapy; ,Uf;F flTs; Ntshq;fd;dp khjhTf;Fg; ngaH MNuhf;fpa khjh? mq;Fjhd; Rdhkpahy; mjpfg; NgH gyp!

ehfgl;bdj;ij Ml;rp nra;gts; ePyhl;rp mk;ik! mq;Fjhd; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhH rhT.

eh$upy; Mz;ltH kjq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L mq;F kf;fs;$b gf;jp nrYj;JfpwhHfs;. tpisT vd;d? jHf;fhTf;Fs;NsNa gpzq;fisg; Gijf;f Ntz;ba mty epiy!

nrd;id Nkw;F khk;gy Nfhjhz;luhkH Nfhapypy; ngz; gf;ijfs; ,yl;r jPgq;fs; Vw;wp topgl;ldH. vjw;fhf vd;gJ njupAkh? kPz;Lk; Rdhkp tuhky; jLf;fthk;!

1) ,jw;FKd; vj;jidNah jPgq;fs;> ahfq;fs;> g+irfs;> jpUtpohf;fis vy;yh elj;jp ,Uf;fp"whHfNs? mit fhuzkhf Rdhkp Vw;glhky; jLf;fg;gltpy;iyNa? Vd;?

2) mtdd;wp XuZTk; mirahJ vd;fpwhHfs;. mg;gbnad;why; Rdhkp Vw;gl;lJ mtd; nray;jhNd? me;j Mz;ltidf; fz;bg;gJ jhNd epaha jHk"!

3) rHt tpahgp (vq;Fk; epiwe;jtd;) Mz;ltd; vd;fpwhHfs;. mg;gbnad;why; flypy;> miyapy; (Rdhkpapy;) flTs; ,Uf;ftpy;iyah? Rdhkp vd;w ngaupy; flTs; xU ehrfhu mopT Ntiyiar; nra;jpUf;fpwhH vd;WjhNd nghUs;? ,jw;fhff; flTs;kPJ gf;jHfSf;Ff; Nfhgk; te;jpUf;f Ntz;lhkh?

4) md;Ng cUthdtd;> fUizNa tbthdtd; flTs; vd;W nrhy;YfpwhHfs;. fy;ypDs; Njiuf;Fk; fUg;ig capUf;Fk; Gy;YzNt je;J Nghw;Wk; jahsd; vd;fpwhHfs; gf;jHfs;.  mg;gbnad;why; Rdhkpahy; ,uz;L ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; F&ukhd Kiwapy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shHfNs>  ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; cw;whH cwtpdHfis> cilikfis> FbapUe;j tPLfis vy;yhk; ,oe;J fz;%bj; fz; jpwg;gjw;Fs; tpjitfshf> VJkw;wtHfshf> Vjpypfshf>  eLj;njUj; jupj;juf;fhuHfshf> mjpHr;rpapd; Nfhug; gpbapy; rpf;fpatHfshf>  fz;zPUk; fk;giyAkhff; fhzg;gl;lhHfNs? 

,jw;Fg; gpwFk; flTs; md;Ng tbthdtH>  fUizg; ngUq;fly;> fhj;jUs; GupAk; mUl; ngUk; Nrhjp  vd;W vg;gb ek;g KbAk;? epahakhfg; ghHj;jhy; flTs; gw;wp mtHfspd; rpe;jidapy; NeHikahd khw;wk; te;jpUf;f Ntz;lhkh? Fk;gpLtJ fy;Yk; fspkz;Zk; mtw;Wf;F ve;jg; 'gtUk;' ,y;iy vd;w 'QhNdhjak;' te;jpUf;f Ntz;lhkh?

5) Mopg; Nguiy (Rdhkp) Vd; Vw;gLfpwJ? epy eLf;fk; ve;jr; #oypy; elf;fpwJ vd;gjw;F mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; Kfhe;jpuq;fs; cs;sd.  ,e;j epiyapy; jPgq;fs; Vw;WtjhNyh NfhapYf;Fs; rpw;gpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rpiyfSf;F(flTs;fs;) Kd; fhjyhfpf; frpe;JUftjhNyh mtw;iw khw;wp mikf;f KbAkh?

Njhj;jpuq;fs;> gpuhHj;jidfs;> topghL> njhOif ,itnay;yhk; tPz; Neur; nryth? flTs; ek;gpf;if vd;gJ ntWk; khiaah? flTs; vd;gJ (kdpjdhy;) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fw;gidah? mtdJ kdjpy; FbapUf;Fk; ek;gpf;ifah?

ahfq;fSf;Fk;> gpuhHj;jidf;Fk;> gf;jpf;Fk;> topghl;Lf;Fk;> njhOiff;Fk;> mHr;ridf;Fk; mgpNrfj;Jf;Fk;> NjUf;Fk; jPHj;jj;jpw;Fk; rf;jp ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhHfs;. 

gpuhHj;jidahy; kiyfis mirf;fyhk; ngUq;fliy gpupf;fyhk; vd;nwy;yhk; nrhd;dhHfs;.

mit cz;ikahdhy; Rdhkpf;F Vd; kf;fs; gypahdhHfs;? jq;fs; iffspy; nfl;bahfg; gpbj;jpUe;j gps;isfisg; gwpnfhLj;j jha;khHfs; vd;d ghgk; nra;jhHfs;? jha; je;ijaiug; gwp nfhLj;j gps;isfs; vd;d ghgk; nra;jhHfs;?

vj;jid khjh Nfhapy;fs;? vj;jid gps;isahH Nfhapy;fs;? vj;jid gs;spthry;fs;? vj;jid Gj;jtpfhiufs;? vy;yhk; ,Ue;Jk; Rdhkp muq;NfwpAs;sNj? nja;tPf rf;jp vq;Nf Nghapw;W?

gf;jHfNs rpe;jpAq;fs;!flTs; fhg;ghw;Wthuhf! fHj;jH nghWg;ghuhf! my;yh mUs; Gupthuhf! ,itnay;yhk; mHj;jkw;w ntw;Wr; nrhw;fNsjhd;!

flTis ek;gpNdhH iftplg;glhH! Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W! rptha ekntd;W rpe;jpj;jpUg;NghUf;F mghak; xU ehSk; ,y;iy! ,it ,d;W  ngha;j;Jtpl;ld!

flTis ek;gpNdhH iftplg; gl;lhH! Myak; njhOtjhy; Gz;zpakpy;iy! rpthaek vd;W Rthkp ngaHfisr; nrhy;gtHfisAk; Rdhkp tpltpy;iy!

jq;fisj; jhq;fNs fhg;ghw;w Kbahj flTs;  kdpjHfis vg;gbf; fhg;ghw;WtH?

mwpitg; gad;gLj;jhj my;yJ gad;gLj;j Kbahj ,lk; vd;W vJTk; cyfpy; ,y;iy. flTs; tplaj;jpy; mwpitg; gad;gLj;jj; jtWtjhy;jhd; ,e;jj; jLkhw;wq;fs;> Fog;gq;fs;> ahfq;fs;> ,yl;r jPgq;fs;!

,g;gbahd Nfs;tpfs; gFj;jwpthsHfshy; vOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. Md;kPfk;  %lek;gpf;if.  mwptpay; me;j %lek;gpf;ifia jfHj;njwpAk; rk;kl;b vd mtHfs; thjpf;fpwhHfs;.

rpe;jpg;gtd; jhNd kdpjd;! mJjhNd kdpjDf;Fk; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghL! vdNt Mj;jpug;glhJ> gjwhJ> jpl;lhJ> Jhw;whJ Mu mkur; rpe;jpAq;fs;!

gFj;jwpthsHfs; vOg;Gk; Nfs;tpfs; Kd;itf;Fk; thjq;fs; jPtpu kj ek;gpf;ifahsHfis jw;ghJfhg;G epiyf;F js;spAs;sJ. gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cs;s gpugy kjj; jiytHfs; mj;jifa Nfs;tpfs; rq;flkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mit epahakhdit  vd tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh xj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;Jf;F js;sg;gl;Ls;sHfs;. mg;ghtp kf;fs;> ngUk;ghYk; Viofs; flTspd; mUl;ghHit mtHfs; kPJ cz;nld nrhy;yg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,ikg;nghOjpy; kpfTk; nfh^ukhd Kiwapy; kbe;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,J flTs; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifia Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;fpAs;sJ.

,q;fpyhe;J Njthyaj;jpd; jiytUk; fd;lngup Mz;lif Nwhtd; tpy;ypak;]; ( Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Church of England)  ',g;gbahd Nguopitf; fz;L kf;fs; fLikahf Nfhgk; nfhs;tjpy; epahak; ,Uf;fpwJ' vdf; $WfpwhH.

',g;gbahd ngUe;Jd;gj;ij mDkjpf;Fk; xU flTis vg;gb ek;GtJ' vd;w Nfs;tp ,d;W vOe;Js;sJ. mg;gb vohtpl;lhy; tpag;ghf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. cz;iapy; nrhy;;yg;Nghdhy; mg;gbf; Nfs;tp Nfl;fhky; tpLtJjhd; jtW' ,t;thW Nwhtd; tpy;ypak;]; xU nra;jpj;jhSf;F vOjpa fl;Liu xd;wpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; nra;jp VLfspy; flTs;  ek;gpf;if gw;wp Nfs;tp vOg;gp ntspte;j gy fl;Liufs; fbjq;fs; ,tw;Wf;F gjpy; mspf;F KfkhfNt mtH ,e;j fl;Liuia vOjpAs;shH.

rpyH flTis ek;GfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH ek;gpf;if mw;wtHfshff; fhzg;gl;lhHfs;.

,Ue;Jk; kjj; jiytHfs; flTs; ek;gpf;if gpuhHj;jid ,tw;wpd; mtrpaj;ij  iftpl Ntz;lhk; vdf; Nfl;fpwhHfs;. xt;nthU nray;fSf;Fk; gpd;Dk; flTspd; iffs; ,Ug;gjhf vz;zf; $lhJ. flTs; kdpjid gTjPf cyfpy; tho itj;Js;shH. vdNt me;j gTjPf cyfpd; tuk;Gf;F mikaNt mtd; tho Ntz;Lk;. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; ,uz;Lk; ,aw;ifNa. gTjPf cyfpy; epyeLf;fk;> vupkiy> fly; nfhe;jspg;G ,aw;if epfo;Tfs;. mjpy; kdpjH rhtJk; ,aw;if. mg;gb ,y;iy vd;W kWg;gJ kdpjH capUs;s gpuhzpfs; ,y;iy vd;gjhFk;.

fpwpj;jtHfs; Nghyy;yhJ ,e;Jf;fSf;F rpf;fy; ,y;iy. 'md;nwOjpaij ahUk; mopj;J vOj KbahJ. vy;yhk; tpjpg;gb elf;Fk;' vd;W vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; epahak; fw;gpj;J tpLfpwhHfs;. 

,e;J fw;ifnewp xf;];Nghl; ikaj;ij rhHe;j rhDf;fh up\pjh]; nrhy;fpwhH 'Rdhkp mdHj;jj;jpw;F flTis NehtJ rpW gps;isj;jdk;. ehq;fs; Jd;gk; ,wg;G ,uz;Lf;Fk; cl;gl;ltHfs;.'  (njhlUk;)