rhjp kjg

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (11)

jkpofj;jpy; fhy; gjpj;j kjq;fs;

ef;fPud;

jpUts;StH vOjpa jpUf;Fws; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lf;F Ntyp fl;ba Ehy;. Mupa jHkj;ijAk; kD jHkj;ijAk; mbNahL fz;bj;Jk; kWj;Jk; vOjg;gl;l xOf;f Ehy;. ePjp Ehy;. rpe;jpf;fr; nrhy;Yk; Ehy;. gFj;jwpT Gfl;Lk; Ehy;. nghJ kiw. jpUf;Fwis fha;jy; ctj;jy; ,d;wp Cd;wpg; gbg;gtHfs; ,e;j cz;ikfis Gupe;J nfhs;thHfs;.

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; flTs; vd;w nrhy; ,uz;NlhH Kiwjhd; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. mg;gbg; nrhy;yg;gLk; NghJk; mJ nja;tk; vd;w nghUspy;jhd; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,d;iwa vy;yhk; njupe;jtd;> vy;yhk; ty;ytd;> vq;Fk; epiwe;jtd;> Njhw;wKk; mopTk; ,d;wp vd;Wk; cs;std; vd;w nghUspy; mJ $wg;gltpy;iy.

flTSf;F fw;gpf;fg;gLk; vz; Fzq;fshd -

1) jd; tpUg;gk;Nghy; vijAk; nra;Nthd;

2) xNu Neuj;jpy; Kf;fhyj;ijAk; mwpgtd;>

3) vy;yh mwpitAk; ,ay;gha; cilNahd;

4) mstpyh Mw;wy; ngw;Nwhd;

5) tuk;gpyh ,d;gk; cilatd;

6) NguUshsd;

7) ghrq;fs; rhuhjtd;

8) Jhatd;

gpw;fhyj;jpy; vOe;jitahFk;.

rq;f fhyj;jpd; Kw;gFjpapy; kjk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nghupy; tpOg;Gz; gl;L tPur; rhT va;jpa gil tPuHfSf;F CHg;Gwj;jpy; eLfy; ehl;b gilay; gilj;J topgLk; tof;fk; gutyhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. rpW nja;t tzf;fk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

rq;f fhyg; gpw;gFjpapYk; xU epWtd kjk; (organized) ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; MupauuJ rkakhd itjPf newpAk; Mupaf; flTsUk; jkpo; ehl;by; nky;y nky;y fhy; gjpf;fj; njhlq;fpd. Kjypy; ehlhSk; kd;dHfNs Ntj newpiaj; jOtpdhHfs;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; (,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;L) ,e;jpu tpoh vLj;j fhijapy; gpwth ahf;if ngupNahd; Nfhapy;> MWKfj;ijAila nrt;Nts; Nfhapy;> gyNjtd; Nfhapy;> ePyNkdp nebNahd; Nfhapy;> ,e;jpud; Nfhapy;> ehy;tifj; NjtH %thW fzq;fs;> gTj;j gs;spfs;> rkzg; gs;spfs;> Nts;tpr; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; NtW NtW flTsH gy;fpg; ngUfp ,Ue;jijf; fhz KbfpwJ.

vl;Lj;njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L Ehy;fSf;F flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghlg;gltpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy;jhd; ghujk; ghba ngUe;NjtdhH mtw;Wf;F flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbdhH.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;Jf;F Ke;jpa jpUts;StUila fhyj;jpy; rkzk;> gTj;jk;> itjPf kjkhd Mupa jHkKk; jkpofj;jpy; CLUtpl;ld.

rkz> gTj;j kjq;fNs jkpoHfspilNa Jwtwj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpd.

jpUf;Fwspy; rkz> gTj;j Nfhl;ghl;il xl;ba fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. nfhy;;yhik> Gyhy; kWj;jy;> fs; cz;zhik> epiyahik> gpwd; ,y;tpisahik> JwT> tha;ik> mOf;fhwhik> nt/fhik> mth mWj;jy; ,e;j ,U kjq;fsJ Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,irthdjhFk;.

rq;f fhyj; jkpoupilNa epytp te;j Gyhy; cz;zy;> fs; cz;zy;> guj;ijaH cwT jpUf;Fwspy; kpfTk; fz;bf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jpUts;StH kDjHk nfhs;ifia kWj;J ciuf;fpwhH. kDjHkk; gpwtpapdhNy ghHg;ghd; caHe;j rhjp vd;fpwJ. jpUf;Fws; 'gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;' vd;w Fws; %yk; kdpj Fyk; xd;W mjpy; caHT jho;T ,y;iy vd Mzpj;jukhf epiy ehl;LfpwhH.

kDjHkk; Mupad; (ghHg;ghd;) njhopiyr; nra;fpw mdhupad; (jkpod;) Mupad; Mf khl;lhd;> mdhupad; njhopiyr; nra;fpw Mupad; mdhupaDkhf khl;lhd; vd;fpwJ.

VfNktJ #j;u];a g;uG: fHk]khjprj;?
vNj]hNkt tHzhdhk; f];&\h kd]_aah (kDjHkk;)

jpUf;Fws; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; my;yhJ xOf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; ghHg;gdd; jd;id caHe;jtd; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhs;syhk;. xOf;fkw;wtd; ghHg;ghdhapDk; nfl;ltd;jhd; vd;fpwJ.

kwg;gpDk; xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk; ghHg;ghd;
gpwg;nghOf;fk; Fd;wf; nfLk;. (Fws; - 134)

ghHg;ghd; fw;w kiwfis kwe;jhYk; kPz;Lk; mtw;iwf; fw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy; kf;fl; gpwg;Gf;Fupa xOf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fiwe;J tpLthNdahdhy; mtDil Fbg;gpwg;G nfl;LtpLk;.

jkpoHfs; jq;fs; gz;ghL> ehfupfk; gw;wp ngUikg;gl itf;Fk; xNu Ehy; jpUf;Fws;jhd;;! jkpoHfs; cyFf;Fj; je;j mupa nfhil jpUf;Fws;jhd;;! jpUf;Fws; cyfg; nghJkiw vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;!

mjdhy;jhd; kfhftp ghujpahH 'ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL' vdg; Nghw;wpdhH.

kf;fs; midtUk; xNu Fyk; vd;gij ,d> nkhop> jj;Jtk;> rkak; ,tw;Wf;F mg;ghy; epd;W cyf kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthd tpOkpaq;fis ,e;j Ehy; %yk; mwptpay; jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J jpUts;StH mwpTWj;JfpwhH.

mLj;j cyfpy; my;y ,e;j cyfpy; tho;thq;F tho top fhl;LfpwhH. mtuplk; nja;td;jd;ikNah mUNsh ,y;iy.

tho;f;if vd;w Xlj;ij nrYj;j topia kl;Lk; fhl;LfpwhH. mtH fhl;ba topapy; nry;y Ntz;ba nghWg;G kdpjHfisr; rhHe;jJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j GytHfs; jpUts;Stiu GytHf;F murd; vdg; Nghw;wpAk; jpUf;Fwis Ntjk; vd Vw;wpAk; ghuhl;bAs;sdH.

jz;zpa jkpopy; ghba jpUts;St khiy vd;w Ehypy; fPo; tUk; ghly; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ghliyg; ghbatH fy;yhldhH vd;w GytH-

xd;Nw nghUs; vdpd;NtW vd;g> NtW vdpd;
md;W vd;g MW rkaj;jhH- ed;nwd
vg;gyh ytUk; ,iaaNt> ts;StdhH
Kg;ghy; nkhope;j nkhop. (jpUts;St khiy 9)

mWtif rkaj;NjhUk; xU rkaj;NjhH jkJ EhypNy cyfKk; capUk; flTSkhfpa nghUs;fs; xd;Nw vd;W ehl;LthHfs;.

kw;nwhU rkaj;jhH jk; EhypNy mjid kWj;J mit Ntwhk; vd;W ehl;LtH.

mg;gb Ntnwd;W ehl;bd;> gpd;ndhU kjj;jhH mjid md;nwd;W kWg;gH.

,t;thW rka Ehy;fs; vy;yhk; Kuz;gLfpd;wd.

jpUts;StuhNy Kg;ghyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l Fwis ed;nwd;W nfhs;Sjw;F vt;tifg; gl;NlhUk; cld;gLtH.

xt;nthU rkaj;jpYk; me;j rkaj;Jf;Fupa Ehy; my;yJ Ehy;fs; kdpjHfshy; jq;fs; Gj;jpf;nfl;bagb vOjg; gl;litNa. mjdhNyNa mtw;wpy; Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rkzKk; gTj;jKk; itjPf newpfisAk;> Nts;tpr; rlq;FfisAk;> flTl; nfhs;iffisAk; kWj;Jf; $wpd. vjpHj;J thjpl;ld.

Jitj Ntjhe;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il mj;itj Ntjhe;jpfs; xj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,uz;Lk; NeH vjpuhdit.

,iwtNd capH vd;gJ Ntjhe;jf; nfhs;if. nghUl; jd;ikapy; capH NtW ,iwtd; NtW. capH ,iwtdy;y vd;gij rpj;jhe;jpfs; xj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

rq;fuupd; (fpgp 788-820) mj;itjj;ij (Md;khNt ,iwtd;) ,uhkDrH (fpgp 1012-1137) Vw;f kWj;J tprpl;lhj;Jitj Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpdhH.

gpukk; epHf;Fzkh? my;yJ rFzkh? vd;w Nfs;tpf;F gpuk;kk; rFzk; vd;w nfhs;ifia ,uhkDrH nfhz;bUe;jhH.

rptid KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;l irtk; jpUkhiy KOKjw; flTshff; nfhz;l itztKk; ePz;l fhykhf rz;ilapl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,e;j itjPf> Ntj> irt Nfhl;ghLfis fpwpj;Jt> ,];yhkpa rkaf; fzf;fHfs; xj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;iy!

fpwpj;Jt kjf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kw;whf ,];yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. NaR flTspd; kfd; vd;gij ,];yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy.

,ilf; fhyj;jpy; itztKk; irtKk; xd;NwhL xd;W Nghupl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd.

NkNy $wpaJ Nghy; kdpjHfs; jq;fs; jq;fs; mwpTf;F vl;bagb> jq;fs; jq;fs; gl;lwpTf;F vl;bagb Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;fpajhy; mit xd;Wf;F xd;W Kuz; gl;ld.

kjf; Nfhl;ghLfs; NghyNt rkaf; flTsUk; kdpjHfshy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;litNa. xt;nthU rkaKk; jq;fs; flTNs nka;ahd flTs; vd;Wk; Vida kjf; flTsH ngha;ahd flTsH vd;Wk; rz;il gpbf;fpd;wd.

jpUf;Fwspd; ngUikf;F gy fhuzk; ,Uf;fyhk;. MapDk; ,uz;L fhuzq;fs; mjd; mj;jid khz;Gf;Fk; mbg;gilahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. xd;W jpUf;Fws; kl;Lk; -

rkaf; fzf;fH kjptop $whJ
cyfpay; $wpg;. nghUs; ,J vd;w ts;Std;' (fy;yhlk;-172)

,d;Ws;s fy;yhlk; vd;w Ehy; rptDila ngUikiag; gw;wpAk;> jpUtpisahly;fs; gw;wpAk; Nghw;wpg; NgRk; Ehy;.

Rka Ehy;fspy; ,Jnthd;Nw jpUts;Stiu ,t;tz;zk; Nghw;WfpwJ. Rkaq;fs; cWjpg; nghUs; ehd;fpy; tPL Ngw;iwNa tw;GWj;Jfpd;wd. jpUf;Fws; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk; Mfpa %d;W cWjpg; nghUs;fisg; gw;wp kl;Lk; NgRfpwJ. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lf;F gpwpjhd tpL tplg;gl;L tpl;lJ.

NkNy fy;yhldhH vd;w GytH jpUts;St khiyapy; nrhy;ypapUf;Fk; mNj fUj;ij rka Ehyhd fy;yhlk; njuptpg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. (tsUk;)

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (12)

jpUts;StH flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbdhuh?

jpUf;Fws; rkathjpfs; $Wk; flTs;> ,e;J> gpuhHj;jid> jpahdk;> mHr;rid> mgpNrfk;> jPHj;jk;> ahj;jpiu> gf;jp> ghtk;> Gz;zpak;> Nkhl;rk;> gpuhkzd;> #j;jpud;> rhjp> ,itgw;wp vJTNk nrhy;ytpy;iy! ,e;jr; nrhw;fNs jpUf;Fwspy; ,y;iy!

jpUts;StH rkathjpfisg; gpd;gw;wp mwnewpfisf; $wtpy;iy. ehk; thOk; ,e;j cyfj;NjhL xl;b tho;thq;F tho;tjw;Fupa mwnewpfs; gw;wpAk;> nghUs; gw;wpAk;> ,d;gk; gw;wpAk; kl;LNk mwpTiu nrhy;fpwhH.

jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s nghUl;ghy; ,d;W nghUspay; (Economics) tzpftpay; (Commerce) Kfhikj;Jtk; (Managaement) MSikapay; (Administration) murpay; (Politics) Ml;rpapay; (Political Science) Mfpa rKjhaf; fiyfis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ. mjhtJ md;W nghUs; vd;w xNu nrhy;ypy; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,aypy; ,Ue;J ,t;tpay;fs;> fiyfs; gpupe;jd.

fpNuf;fj;jpYk; gy ,ay;fs; jj;Jtk; vd;w xNu nrhy;ypy; mlf;fg;gl;ld. mtw;iw vLj;Jr; nrhd;d mwpQHfs; jj;Jtthjpfs; vd;w xNu nrhy;yhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;ldH.

jpUts;StH mwptpaYf;Nf Kjd;ik ,lk; nfhLf;fpwhH. 'vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj;J MapDk;> mg;nghUs; nka;g; nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT” vd;Wk; 'vg;nghUs; ahH ahH tha;f; Nfl;gpDk;> mg;nghUs; nka;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT” vdj; jkpopy; gFj;jwpTf;F ,yf;fzk; nrhy;ypa Kjy; GytH mtHjhd;.

mjw;F Kd;dH fTjk Gj;jH (fpK 563-483) mt;thwhd fUj;ij ntspapl;Ls;shH. 'kw;w Mjhuq;fs; gof;ftof;fq;fs; vd;gitfs; vg;gbapUe;jhYk; cd; mwpitg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;! ve;jr; nraiyAk; gl;lwptpd;gb Muha;e;J ghH! Kd;dhs; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> ngupatHfs; kdpjj; jd;ikf;F Nkw;gl;ltHfs; nrhd;dJ> ePz;l ehshf ,Ue;JtUtJ vd;gjw;fhf vijAk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;shNj” vdg; Gj;jH jdJ rPlHfSf;F mwpTWj;jpdhH.

fpNuf;f jj;Jtthjpahd Nrhf;fpuB]; (fpK 469-399) 'vjidAk; Nfs;tpfis vOg;gp EZf;fkhf Muha;e;J rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapy; cz;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;. mjpfhuj;ijf; ifapy; itj;Jf; nfhz;L caHe;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gtHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfNs vd;gjw;fhf vijAk; cz;ik vd;W vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;. fhuzk; mg;gbg;gl;ltHfs; Fog;gthjpfshfTk; gFj;jwpT mw;wtHfshfTk; ,Uf;ff;$Lk;” vd;whH.

flTs; gw;wpa Muha;r;rpapy; ,wq;fhj jj;Jtthjpfs; Gj;jH> kfhtPuH (fpK 540-468) Mfpa ,UtNu! VidNahH Muha;r;rp nra;tjd; %yk; epj;jpag; nghUis mwpe;J vz;gpf;f Kad;wdH.

Muha;r;rp vJTkpd;wp ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; guk;nghUis czHe;jtHfs; gf;jp newpia Nkw;nfhz;ldH. gf;jpnewp ghkukf;fSf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l newpahFk;.

Gj;jH> kfhtPuH ,UtuJ Nfhl;ghLfs; jpUts;StH kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp ,Uf;Fk; vd vz;Ztjpy; jtwpy;iy.

Gj;jupd; fUj;ijnahl;b 'vg;nghUs; vj;jd;ikj;J MapDk;> mg;nghUs; nka;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT” vd nka;AzHj;jy; (36) vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Fws; (355) %yk; jpUts;StH $wpapUapf;fpwhH.

ve;jg; nghUs; vj;jd;ik cilajhfj; Njhd;wpdhYk; mj;Njhw;wj;jpd; gbNa fz;lwpahky; mg;nghUspDs; epd;W cz;ikahfpa nghUisf; fhz;gNj mwpthFk;.

NkYk;> mwpTlik (43) vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; 'vg;nghUs; ahHahH tha;f; Nfl;gpDk;> mg;nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhz;gJ mwpT” vd;w Fws; (423) %yk; nrhy;fpwhH.

ve;j xU nghUisg; gw;wpAk; ahH ahH nrhy;yf; Nfl;lhYk; mg;nghUspDila cz;ikiaf; fhz;gNj mwpthFk;.

'mwpTilahH vy;yhk; cilahH> mwptpyhH vd;Dila NuDk; ,yH” vd;w FwSk; (430) mwpTlik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy;jhd;; ( 43) tUfpwJ. mwpTlik vd;why; fy;tp Nfs;tp ,uz;lhYk; tUfpw mwpNthL cz;ik mwpitj; njupe;J nfhs;sy;. ,e;j cz;ik mwpit vy;NyhUk;> Fwpg;ghf ,isa jiyKiwapdH NjlNtz;Lk;. cz;ik mwpT if$bdhy; vijAk; njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

jpUts;StH gFj;jwpit tw;GWj;jpajd; tpisthfNt jpUf;Fws; Ntj rkaj;jtHfshy; ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;L te;Js;sJ. Ntj rka Nrw;wpy; Gije;J Nghd NruH> NrhoH> ghz;baH> gy;ytH> Mupar; rf;futHj;jpfs; mjidg; Nghw;whJ tpl;lhHfs;.

ehk; ngUik NgRk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dHfs; rJHNtjp kq;fyq;fs;> vz;zhapuk;> jpUGtid Nghd;w CHfis ,iwapyp epyq;fshf epte;jk; nra;Jk; Ntjk; gbf;f Ntj ghlrhiyfs; epWtpAk; me;jzHfs; jhs; gzpe;J Mz;ldNu jtpu mtHfs; jkpo;g; gs;spfs; epWtp jpUf;Fws; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;jhHfs; vd;W tuyhW ,y;iy.

mtHfsJ murhl;rpapy; kD> kplhf;rhuk;> N`khj;up> [{Kf thjdh vOjpa jahghf (jHkuj;dh vd;w ePjp E}ypd; xU gFjp) Mfpa ehd;F rhj;jpuq;fspd;Nky; NrhoHfSila ePjp epUthfj;jpd; mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

mHj;j rhj;jpuk; murpay; E}y; vd;w mstpy; ];kpUjpfspd; ePjpapdpd;W xU rpwpJ khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lJ.

“,t;thwhf murpay; jj;Jtj;jpw;F mHj;jrhj;jpuKk;> ePjpj;jj;Jtj;jpw;F Nkw;nrhd;d ehd;F rhj;jpuq;fSk; NrhoH fhyj;J me;jzHfshy; CH ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; mur ePjp toq;F kd;wq;fspYk; vLj;J Xjg;gl;L tpsf;fTiu nrhy;yg;gl;ld" vd;W NrhoHfspd; murpay;> fyhr;rhu tuyhW - ghfk; 2 -gf;fk; 95) vDk; E}ypy; tuyhw;whrpupaH jpU.kh. ghyRg;gpukzpad; Fwpj;Js;shH.

Mghr Ehy;fshd ghujk;> ,uhkhazk;> fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> gftj; fPij Nghd;w Ehy;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngUikapy; Ehw;wpy; xU gq;F $l murHfs; kw;wk; rkathjpfshy; jpUf;FwSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J XH frg;ghd cz;ik.

xU Fyj;Jf;F xU ePjp nrhy;Yk; gftj; fPijia jpUf;FwNshL xg;gpl;lhy; Kd;dJ ciw Nghlf;$lf; fhzhJ.

MfNtjhd; ngupahH> mwpQH mz;zh jiyikapy; jpuhtplH ,af;fj;jtH jkpoHfis ,opT nra;J Mupaf; fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gk; ,uhkhazj;ijAk; ngupaGuhzj;ijAk; jPapl;L nfhSj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhHfs;. (NkYk; ,J gw;wp mwpa tpUk;GtHfs; mz;zhtpd; jP gutl;Lk; Mupakhia kw;Wk; fk;gurk; Mfpa Ehy;fis thq;fpg; gbf;fTk;.)

jpUts;StH Mjp vd;w Giyr;rpf;Fk; gftd; vd;w ghHg;gdDf;Fk; gpwe;jtH vd;W fij vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jf; fij ts;Stiu ,opT gLj;j ,l;Lf;fl;b vOjg;gl;l Gide;Jiu. tuyhW vd;w ngaupy; vOjg;gl;l fw;gidf; fij.

mg;gbf; fij Gide;jjpd; Nehf;fk; fy;tp ghHg;gdDf;F kl;Lk; nrhe;jkhdJ. ghHg;gdd; kl;LNk mwpthsp> giwr;rp tapw;wpy; mwpthspahd gps;is gpwe;jpUf;f KbahJ. gpwe;jpUe;jhy; ghHg;gd tpe;J rk;ge;jk; VjhtJ ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epiy ehl;lNt jq;fis caH rhjpapdH> G+NjtHfs; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;ltHfs; me;jf; fhyj;jpy; mg;gb vOjp itj;Js;shHfs;.

jpUts;StH Vida GytHfisg; Nghy flTs; tho;j;Jg; ghbapUf;fpwhNu vd;W rpyH Nfl;fyhk;.

flTs; vd;w nrhy; jpUf;Fwspd; Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l jiyg;gpy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jpUf;Fws; mjpfhuq;fSf;F me;j mjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;Nl jiyg;Gf; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ ngUtof;fhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jpUf;Fws; 5tJ mjpfhuj; jiyg;G Gjy;tiug; ngWjy; vd;gJ jtwhdjhFk;. kf;fs; gw;wpa MupaHfsJ fUj;jpid type;J GFj;jNt gpw;fhyj;jtH mt;thW jiyg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;. Gjy;tiug; ngWjy; vd;w nrhy; me;j mjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; 10 Fws; xd;wpNyDk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. kf;fl; NgW vd;W ,Ug;gNj nghUj;jkhdJ. mJNt ts;StuJ cs;sf;fplf;ifia ntspg;gLj;jp epw;Fk; nrhw;fshFk;. ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Kjw; FwspNyNa ts;StH 'ngWktw;Ws; ahkwptJ ,y;iy> mwptpwpe;j kf;fl;NgW my;y gpw' vdj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. NgW vd;why; nry;tk; vd;W nghUs;.

jw;fhy ciu MrpupaHfs; Gjy;tiug; ngWjy; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; kf;fl; NgW vd;Nw jiyg;gpl;Ls;shHfs;.

vdNt flTs; tho;j;J vd;w mjpfhuj; jiyg;G ,ilr; nrUf;fyhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; t. c. .rpjk;gudhH Nghd;w jkpo; mwpQH; jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s Kjy; %d;W mjpfhuq;fSk; ,ilr; nrUf;fy; vd thjpLfpwhH.

jpUf;Fwspy; 133 mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd. mjpy; ,e;j 3 mjpfhuq;fisAk; ePf;fp tpl;L 130 mjpfhuq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NghJkhdJ vd;fpwhH. t.c.rp. jk; Nfhs; epWtg; gy jUf;f newpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fpwhH.

1) Jwtwtpaypy; nka;AzHjy; tUfpwJ. mg;gbahapd; ghapuj;jpy; tUk; ePj;jhH ngUik Njitah? kpif vdf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2) thd; rpwg;G topghl;L Nehf;fKilajd;W.

3) %d;W mjpfhuj;Js;Sk; Vidait Nghyr; nrhw;Rit nghUl;Rit cilad my;y. mit nts;isg; ghf;fs;.

4) flTs; tho;j;Jf; $WtJ gpw;fhy tof;F. flTs; tho;j;jpy; flTs; gw;wpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; nka;AzHjypy; tUk; ,iw ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fk; fUj;Jg; nghUj;jk; ,y;iy. gupNkyofH jdJ fw;gidj; jpwj;jhNyNa nghUj;jk; fz;Ls;shH.

5) flTs; tho;j;J mjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Kjy; Fwspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Mjp gftd; ,uz;Lk; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;. xg;GaHtw;wnjhU Ehiyj; jkpo; nkhopapy; nrhy;yg; GFe;j jkpo;g; Gytdhd jkpo;kfd; xUtd; jd; Ehypy; Kjw;ghtpd; fz;Nz Mupar; nrhw;fs; ,uz;ilg; GFj;jhndd;wy; irt rkaj;ijg; Nghjpf;fg; GFe;j irt xOf;fKila irt kfndhUtd; Gyhy; cz;lhd; vd;wiynahf;Fk;.

6) Mjp gftd; vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> Giyr;rp me;jzd; vd;w ngha;f;fij nka;f;fij vdf; nfhs;Sk; Gy;ywpthsHf;Nf rhYk;.

7) ,g; gh ,uz;L Mupar; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; xd;Nw ,g;gh Nkw;$wpa ngha;f; fijia nka;nadf; nfhz;l gpw;fhyj;Jg; Gytd; xUtdhy; ghlg;gl;lnjd;gjw;F Nghjpa rhd;whFk;.

8) mfuj;ij Kjy; vOj;jhff; nfhs;shj nkhopfSk; cz;L.

9) cyF vd;Dk; nrhy;iyAk; jdpj;jkpo;r; nrhy;nyd;W nrhy;tjw;Fk; ,lkpy;iy. gpwg;G vd;Wk; tha;g;ghl;Lr; nrhy; xd;wpy;yhky; ntz;ghtpd; ,Wjpr; rPuhf Kbe;J tUtJ tof;fhapDk; mt;thW mr; rPupy; ntz;gh KbtJ mt;tsT rpwg;gd;W.

10) ,Wjpapy; nrhy;> nghUs; ,Of;Ffis itj;J mg;ghtpidg; ghHf;ifapNy ek; jpUts;StH ,aw;wpdhH vd;wy; mtuJ GyikiaAk; ngUikiaAk; gopj;Njahf mg;gopg;gpid nra;aj; Jzpe;jhNu ,g;gh mtUilanjd;gH. VidNahH ,g;ghit mtUilanjd;dhH! (lhf;lH jp.yPyhtjp vOjpa jkpo; je;j t.c.rp. gf;fk; 98-99)

t.c.rp. ,d czHr;rp> ehl;L czHr;rp ,tw;Wf;F mbg;gilahd nkhop czHr;rp kpf;ftH. mtH kfhftp ghujpahupd; rk fhyj;jtH. mtuhy; ghlg;ngw;w ngUik ngw;wtH.

NkNyhHfs; ntQ;rpiwapy; tPo;e;J fplg;gJTk;
EhNyhHfs; nrf;fbapy; NehtJTq; fhz;fpiyNah?

vd;w ghujpahupd; ghly; tupfs; (ghujpahH ftpijfs; -Rje;jpug; gapH) nrf;fpOj;j t.c.rp. iaNa Rl;LfpwJ.

flTs; tho;j;Jg; gw;wpa thf;Fthjj;Jf;Fs; Mokhf Eisa ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; flTs; tho;j;Jg; gw;wp <.Nt.uh. ngupahH nrhy;ypapUf;Fk; fUj;jpid fPNo jUfpNwd;.

1) Kjyhtjhf flTs; vd;w jj;Jtj;ijg;gw;wp FwshrpupaUila fUj;J vd;d?

2) flTis xU nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;jhuh? xU gz;ghff; Fzkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhuh?

3) me;jg; gz;Gf;F MrpupaH flTs; vd;w ngaH nfhz;L ,Ue;jhuh?

Fwspy; KjyhtJ mjpfhuj;Jf;Ff; flTs; tho;j;J vd;w ngaH jiyg;Gg; nfhLj;jpUg;gJ Fws; Mrpupauhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljh? my;yJ NtW ahuhyhtJ nfhLf;fg;gl;ljh vd;gJ xUGwkpUe;jhYk;> me;j mjpfhuj;Jf;F mg;ngaH nghUj;jkw;wjhFk; vd;gJ vd; fUj;jhFk;. (tsUk;)

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (13)

,iwtd; vd;why; murd; nja;tk; vd;why; NjtH!

jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s 1330 ghl;bYk; XH ,lj;jpYk; 'flTs;' vd;fpd;w nrhy;iyj; jpUts;StH ifahsNt ,y;iy vd;gijg; ghHj;Njhk;.

md;wpAk; Kjyjpfhuj;jpy cs;s 10 FwspYk; $l XH ,lj;jpYk; flTs; vd;w nrhy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjw;F khwhf ts;StH gpd;tUk; nrhy; my;yJ nrhw;nwhliuf; ifahs;fpwhH.

gftd;
thywptd;
kyHkpir Vfpdhd;
Ntz;Ljy; Ntz;lhikapyhd;
,iwtd;
nghwpthapy; ma;e;jtpj;jhd;
jdf;Ftik ,y;yhjhd;
mwthop me;jzd;
vz; Fzj;jhd;
,iwtd;

,iwtd; vd;w nrhy;iy ts;StH ,UKiw gad;gLj;jpAs;shH. KOj; jpUf;FwspYk; Ie;J Kiwjhd; ,Nj nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwhH. Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,uz;L ,iwtd; ePq;fyhf mjpfhuk; 69 Fws; 690 Yk;> mjpfhuk; 74 Fws; 733 Yk;> mjpfhuk; 78 Fws; 778 Yk; ,iwtd; vd;w nrhy;iy ts;StH gad;gLj;jp ,Uf;fpwhH.

,e;j mjpfhuq;fs; KiwNa JhJ (69) ehL (74) gilr;nrUf;F (78) MfpadthFk;.

Mdhy; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fspy; ,iwtd; vd;w nrhy;iy ts;StH murd; vd;w nghUspy;jhd; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhH. ,iwtd; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F NtW nghUs; nfhs;s ,lk; ,y;yhjthW ts;StH me;jr; nrhy;iyf; ifahz;L ,Uf;fpwhH. cz;ikapy; muridtpl ,iwtd; vd;w nrhy;Ny Jha jkpo;r; nrhy;yhFk;!

murd; vd;w nrhy;iy ts;StH xNu xU FwspYk; muR vd;w nrhy;iy %d;W FwspYk; ifahz;bUf;fpwhH. gd;ikg; nghUs; fhl;l vspjha; ,Ug;gjw;F 'gilFb $o; mikr;R el;guz; MWk; cilahd; murUs; VW' (mjpfhuk; 39 -,iwkhl;rp> Fws; 381) vd;fpwhH. m/jhtJ Nrid> ehL> nghUs;> mikr;r> el;G> muz; Mfpa MW mq;fq;fisAk; cilatd; murHfspy; Mz; mupkh Nghd;wtd; vd;gjhFk;.

murd; muR vd;W vspjhfr; nrhy;tJ Nghy ,iwtd; ,iwT vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ,iwT vd;w nrhy; jkpopy; ,y;iy. mjd; fhuzkhf muR vd;w nrhy;iy ts;StH gad;gLj;jpahfj; njupfpwJ.

vdNt Kjy; mjpfhuk; Kjy; Fwspy; gftd; vd;w nrhy;iy flTs; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F khw;Wr; nrhy;yhf ts;StH gad;gLj;jpdhH vd;W nghUs; nfhs;s ,lk; ,y;iy.

jpUf;Fwspy; RkhH 12>000 nrhw;fs; cz;L. ,jpy; 50 nrhw;fSf;Fk; FiwthfNt Ntw;Wnkhopr; nrhw;fis mtH Mz;L ,Uf;fpwhH. rpyH 35 nrhw;fSf;Fk; Fiwthf Mz;L ,Uf;fpwhH vd;fpwhHfs;.

vdNt vLj;j vLg;gpNyNa Kjy; mjpfhuk; Kjy; Fwspy; ,uz;L tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis (cyifAk; NrHj;J %d;W tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs;) ts;StH Mz;bUg;ghH vd;W nfhs;s KbahJ. gftd; vd;w nrhy;iy cr;rupj;Jg; ghHj;jhNy mJ jkpo;r; nrhy; my;y vd;gJ vspjpy; Gyg;GLk;.

rpyH Mjp gftd; vd;gJ ts;Stupd; jha; je;ijaiuf; Fwpg;gjhfr; nrhy;thHfs;. ts;StH Mjp vd;w giwr;rpf;Fk; gftd; vd;w ghHg;ghDf;Fk; gpwe;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; Mghrf; fij Kw;wpYk; fw;gidahFk;.

,e;jg; GSFf; fij fgpyH vd;w gpw;fhyg; GytH xUtH vOjpa fgpyH mftypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mUe;jt Kdpahk; gftw;Ff;
fUT+Hg; ngUk; gjpf;fl; ngUk;Giyr;rp
Mjp tapw;wpdpy; md;wtjupj;j
fhd;Kisahfpa fgpyDk; ahNd
vd;Dld; gpwe;jtH vd;jidNgH vdpy;
Mz;ghy; %tH ngz;ghy; ehy;tH
ahk; tsHjpwk; rpwpJ ,ak;Gty; Nfz;kpd;.

Cw;Wf;fhL vDk; CHjdpy; jq;fpNa
tz;zhH mfj;jpy; cg;ig tsHe;jds;

fhtpupg;G+k; gl;bdj;jpy; fs;tpidQH Nrupapy;
rhd;whH mfe;jdpy; cWit tsHe;jds;

euk;Gf; fUtpNahH ez;zpLQ; Nrupapy;
ghzH mfj;jpy; xsit tsHe;jds;

FwtH Nfhkhd; nfha; jpidg;Gdk; #o;
tz;kiyr; rhuypy; ts;sp tsHe;jds;

njhz;il kz;lyj;jpy; tz;lkpo; kapiyg;
giwauplj;jpy; ts;StH tsHe;jdH

mUk;ghH Nrhiyf; fUk;ghH tQ;rp
mjpfd; ,y;ypil mjpfkhd; tsHe;jdd;

gh&H ePH ehl;lhH CHjd;dpy;
me;jzH tsHf;f ahDk; tsHe;Njd;.

fgpyH mfty; 138 mbfs; nfhz;lJ. ghtifapy; mfty; ghitr; NrHe;jJ. vdNt ghtif fUjpNa mjd; ngaH nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fpgp 12 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;LfpwJ. Mdhy; ,J ntWk; CfNk. rhjpiaf; Fwpf;f ,jpy; nrhy;yg;gLk; rhdhH vd;w nrhy; gpw; fhyj;jJ. mjdhy; fgpyH mfty; 15> 17 my;yJ 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;ilr; NrHe;j Ehy; vdf; nfhs;thUk; cz;L. fgpyH mfty;fspy; ghl NgjKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

gz;ila fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; mfuhjp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; ve;jr; nrhy; ve;jf; fhyj;jpy; vd;d nghUspy; toq;fpaJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;s topapy;iy.

fgpyH mftypd; xU gb gpupj;jhdpa mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ 1887 Mk; Mz;L gjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fgpyH mftiy %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. Kjy; gFjpapy; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtk;> $w;Wtd; ve;j Neuj;jpYk; tUthd; vdNt ehis ehis vd;dhJ mwk; nra;J tho Ntz;ba flg;ghL gw;wpg; NgRfpwhH.

,uz;lhtJ gFjpapy; ehy;tifr; rhjpia ehl;ba ghHg;gdHfisf; fLikahfr; rhLfpwhH. Nky;tif fPo;tif ,uz;Lk; xOf;fj;jhy; tUtJ gpwg;ghy; my;y vd;fpwhH.

%d;whk; gFjpapy; jd; $w;whfj; jhDk; jdJ cld;gpwg;Gf;fSk; gpwe;J ve;nje;j Cupy; ve;nje;jr; rhjpapduJ ,y;yq;fspy; tsHe;jhHfs; vd;w fijiaf; $WfpwhH.

Kjy; gFjpapy; fgpyH mfty; njuptpf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; kzpNkfiyapy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fNjhL xd;wpg; Nghtjhf mike;Js;sd.

,uz;lhtJ gFjp ghHg;gduJ rhjp Ngjj;jhy; ehl;Lf;Fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;l NfLfs; gw;wpaJ.

Mdhy; %d;whtJ gFjpahd jd; fij Kjy; ,uz;L gFjpfNshL Kuz;gl;L epw;fpwJ.

rhjpiaf; fLikahfr; rhba GytH jd; FLk;g tuyhw;iwr; rhjp mbg;gilapy; ntt;NtW CHfspy; tho;e;jjhfr; nrhy;tJ rpwpJk; nghUj;jkw;wjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gpd;te;j ahNuh xU GytH nrtp top Mjp vd;w Giyr;rpiag; gftd; vd;w ghHg;gdd; kze;J CH Cuhfj; jpupe;J Mq;fhq;Nf Foe;ijfisg; ngw;wJk; mtHfisf; iftpl;L VfpdH vd;w fl;Lf; fijia vOjpr; nrUfp tpl;ljhfg; gLfpwJ.

,e;jf; fijapd; mbg;gilapy; Giyr;rpf;Fg; gpwe;j jpUts;StH jPz;lj;jfhjtH mtH vOjpa jpUf;Fws; jPl;Lg;gl;l Ehy; mijj; njhlf;$lhJ vdg; ghHg;gdHfs; Kuz;L gpbj;J te;jpUf;fpwhHfs;.

1796 ,y; nrd;idf;F muRj; Jiwapy; gzp ahw;w te;j vy;yP]; Jiu mtHfs; jkpo; gbf;f tpUk;gpdhH.

mtUf;Fj; jpUf;Fws; Vl;Lr; Rtbnahd;iwj; jhd; Ntiy ghHj;J te;j nts;isf;fhuH top NrHg;gpj;jtH mNahj;jp jhrupd; ghl;ldhuhd fe;jrhkp vd;gtH.

vy;yP]; jdf;Fj; jkpo; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f te;j gpuhkzHfsplk; fe;jrhkp jpUf;Fws; Rtb nfhLj;jij nrhd;dhH. mjw;F mtHfs; “mtH jPz;lj;jfhjtH> mtH nfhLj;j jpUf;Fws; jPz;lj; jfhjJ” vd;wdH. fhuzk; ts;StH Gyr;rpapd; kfd; vd;gJ mtHfs; vz;zk.;

Vd; ,g;gbg; gpuhkzHfs; fUJfpwhHfs; vd;W fe;jrhkpia mioj;J vy;yP]; Jiu Nfl;f "vq;fSf;Fk; ,tHfSf;Fk; tpNuhjk;. vq;fs; tPjpf;Fs; gpuhkzHfs; te;jhy; cq;fs; ghjk; gl;l ,lk; gOjhfptpl;lJ vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L ,tHfisj; Juj;jp gpuhkzHfs; te;j topapYk; nrd;w topapYk; rhzj;ijf; fiuj;Jj; njspj;J rhzr; rl;biaAk; cilj;J tUfpwhHfs;” vd;W $wpdhuhk;.

cz;ikahd fhuzj;ijg; Gupe;J nfhz;l vy;yP]; Jiu jpUf;Fwis Mokhfg; gbj;J mij Mqfpyj;jpYk; nkhop ngaHj;jhH.

1819 ,y; Jiu jpLnkd kiwa NeHe;jjhy; E}y; KOtJ nkhop ngaHf;fhky; Nghapw;W. (FwSk; mNahj;jpjhrUk;)

Mjp gftd; nrhw;fSk; rup> Mjp gftd; fijAk; rup jkpo;g; gz;ghl;NlhLk; tuyhw;NwhLk; xl;lhJ jdpj;J epw;fpd;wd.

njhy;fhg;gpaH fhyk; njhl;Nl jkpopy; flTSf;Fr; nrhy; ,Ue;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gftd; vd;w nrhy; vq;NfDk; gad;gLj;jg;glTk; ,y;iy.

,/J jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s Kjy; %d;W mjpfhuq;fSk; ,ilr; nrUf;fy; vd;w jkpowpQH t..c.rp. apd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F muz; NrHg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ.

Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpy; flTisf; Fwpg;gjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; Vida nrhw;fs; kdpjj; jd;ikf;F Nkyhd nja;tj;jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;fpwNj my;yhJ flTs; jd;ikiaf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy.

rkzuJ 'flTs;' Md mUfdJ Fzg; gz;GfNs Kjy; mjpfhuj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJ ngUk;ghyhd mwpQHfsJ fUj;jhFk;. kyHkpir Vfpdhd;> mwthop me;jzd;> vz;Fzj;jhd;> Ntz;Ljy; Ntz;lhikapyhd; vd;w nrhw;nwhlHfs; mUfidNa Fwpf;fpwJ. mit Gj;jiuf; Fwpg;gjhff; $lf; nfhs;syhk;. mg;gbf; nfhs;spDk; vQ;rpa 1320 Fws;fspYk; mjw;fhd muz; ,y;iy.

jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s 1>330 Fws;fspYk; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; MW ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. me;jf; Fws;fs; 43> 50> 55> 619> 703> 1023 MfpadthFk;.

,e;jj; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; flTisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwjh? mjhtJ ,d;iwa irtk;> itztk;> fpwpj;jtk;> ,];yhkpa kjq;fs; topgLk; flTisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwjh?

,y;tho;f;if vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (5) Fws; 43 ,y; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; tUfpwJ. ,y;tho;f;ifapy; ,Ug;gtd; ,we;j Kd;NdhH (njd;Gyj;jhH) nja;tk;> tpUe;jpdH> Vio cwtpdH jd; FLk;gk; vd;w mt; ma;e;jplj;Jk; nra;a Ntz;ba mwtpidfisg; Ngzpr; nra;jy; ,y;ywj;jhDf;F jiyaha flikahFk;. ,q;Nf nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; NjtH vd;w nghUspNyNa tUfpwJ.

,y;tho;f;if vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (5) Fws; 50 ,y; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; tUfpwJ. 'itaj;Js; tho;thq;F tho;gtd; thDiwAk; nja;tj;Js; itf;fg;gLk;' vd;gjpy; nja;tk; thDiwAk; vd;w nrhy;iy milnkhopahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,y;ywj;jpy; tOthJ tho;gtd; ,e;j cyfj;jtdhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtd; thDfj;Jj; NjtHfspy; xUtdhf kjpf;fg;gLthd;. mjhtJ kdpjDk; nja;tkhfyhk;! ,jpYk; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; NjtH vd;w nghUspNyNa tUfpwJ.

,Nj mjpfhuj;jpy; (5) Fws; 55 ,y; “nja;tk; njhohs; nfhOed; njhOnjOths; nga;nadg; nga;Ak; kio” vd;w Fwspy; nja;tk; vd;w nrhy; tUfpwJ. ,e;jf; Fwspy; nja;tk; fztid tplj; jho;e;jJ vd;w nghUspy; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ms;tpid cilik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (62) Fws; 619 ,y; 'nja;tj;jhy; MfhnjdpDk;' vd;w njhlH tUfpwJ. Ms;tpid vd;why; ,iltplhj Kaw;rp. nja;tj;jhy; MfhnjdpDk; cliy tUj;jp Kaw;rp nra;jhy; mjw;fhd gyd; fpilf;Fk; vd;gJ ts;StH Nfhl;ghL. ,q;F nja;tk; Kaw;rp nra;Ak; kdpjid tplj; jho;e;jJ vd;w nghUspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fwpg;G mwpjy; vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (71) Fws; 702 ,y; 'nja;tj; njhL xg;gf; nfhsy;' vd;w njhlH tUfpwJ. ,jpy; nja;tKk; kdjpd;fz; ma;ag;glhJ czUk; mwpthspAk; rkk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fbnray;tif mjpfhuj;jpy; (103) Fws; 1023 ,y; 'nja;tk; kbjw;Wj; jhd; Ke;JWk;' vd;gJ jd; Fbia caur; nra;af; flNtd; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L mjw;F Vw;w nray;fisr; nra;gtDf;F nja;tk; Milia ,Wf;ff; fl;bf; nfhz;L cjtp nra;aj; jhNd Kd;te;J epw;Fk;. mjhtJ ey;yJ nra;jhy; ey;yJ tpisAk; vd;gJ ,aw;if tpjp. (tsUk;)

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (14)

jpuhtplH ehfupfk; NtW MupaH ehfupfk; NtW!

jpUf;Fws; Mupaj;ij> Mupa jHkj;ij kWj;J vOjg;gl;l Ehy;. flTs; tho;j;jpy; $l ts;StH xOf;fj;ijAk; gw;ww;w jd;ikiaAk; mwpitAk; jhd; flTs; Nky; Vw;wpf; $wpAs;shH. flTis mtH xOf;fk; nfl;ltdhfNth> fhKfdhfNth> tQ;rfdhfNth gilf;ftpy;iy.

jpUf;Fws; Mupa ehfupfk;> gz;ghL> ryhr;rhuj;ij kWj;J jkpoH ehfupfj;ij> gz;ghl;il> fyhr;rhuj;ij vLj;J ,ak;Gk; xOf;f EhyhFk;.

fPij Nghw;Wk; fz;zd; xOf;fk; nfl;ltdhf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd ngz;fSf;F fhKfdha; fhjydha; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;. gpwe;jJ Kjw; nfhz;L ,wf;Fk; tiu fz;zd; xOf;fk; cilatdhff; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. xOf;ff; NfldhfNt fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;. mtdJ xOf;ff; NfLfSf;F GuhzpfHfs; 'yPiyfs;' vd nja;tPf Kyhk; G+rpAs;sdH!

Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; g+jd; rflh#ud; jpUzhtHj;jd; MfpNahiu nfhd;whd;!

fd;WUtj;Jld; te;j tw;rhRuid tpshkuj;jpy; Nkhjpf; nfhd;whd;!

nfhf;F cUtj;Jld; te;j gfhRud; thiag; gpse;J nfhd;whd;!

kiyg;ghk;G cUtpy; te;j mfhRudpd; thapy; GFe;J nfhd;whd;!

khl;LUf; nfhz;L te;j mup\;ldpd; nfhk;igg; gpLq;fpf;; nfhd;whd;!

Fjpiu cUf;nfhz;L te;j Nfrpiaf; nfhd;whd;!

tpahKuRudpd; fOj;ij neupj;Jf; nfhd;whd;!

fk;rd; tPl;L tz;zhidf; nfhd;whd;!

fk;rdpd; gl;lj;J ahidapd; nfhk;ig Kwpj;Jf; nfhd;W mjd; ghfidAk; nfhd;whd;!

kw;NghUf;F te;j rhD}uidf; nfhd;whd;!

Rgyd; Nfhrd; Mfpa ,UtiuAk; fhyhy; Nkhjpf; nfhd;whd;!

jd; khkdhfpa fk;ridg; gLf;ifapypUe;J ,Oj;Jj; js;spf; nfhd;whd;!

gQ;rfd; vd;gtid flypy; nrd;W nfhd;whd;!

ruhre;jdpd; Nridfisnay;yhk; nfhd;whd;!

KuhRuidAk; mtdJ FkhuHfisAk; nfhd;whd;!

eufhRuidf; nfhd;whd;!

,uzpaidf; nfhd;whd;!

thRNjtDf;Fj; Jizahf te;j gTz;lufidAk; Rjl;rzidAk; nfhd;whd;!

rhStidf; nfhd whd;!

rpRghyidf; nfhd;whd;!

JupNahjddpd; rpq;fhjdj;jpd; fPopUe;j muf;fHfisf; nfhd;whd;!

,t;tsTjhd; ,tdJ gLnfhiyfs; vd;W vz;z Ntz;lhk;! ,d;Dk; gyTz;L! ,q;F vOj ,lkpy;iy.

',d;dh nra;jhiu xWj;jy; mtd; ehz ed;daQ; nra;J tply;' vd;w caH fUj;J gutpapUe;j jkpofj;jpy; nfhiyfhuf; fpU\;zd; fijia jkpofj;ij CLUtpa MupaH GFj;jp tpl;lhHfs;. eufhR#uidf; nfhd;w tp\;Zit jPghtsp vdf; nfhz;lhLk; mstpw;F jkpoHfs; kjp ,oe;J tpl;ldH.

fpU\;zd; nfhiyfhud; kl;Lky;y xOf;fk; nfl;ltd; $l. Mw;wpy; ePuhbf; nfhz;bUe;j ngz;fSila NriyfisAk; rl;ilfisAk; fsthbf; nfhz;L kujpd;Nky; Vwpf; nfhz;L mk;kzkhfj; jz;zPupy; epd;w mg;ngz;fs; jq;fs; ,U iffisAk; jiyf;F NkNy Jhf;fpf; Fk;gpl;lhy;jhd; jUNtd; vd;W $wp mt;tpjNk nra;a itj;J fz; Fspug; ghHj;jhd;!

,uhij> cUf;kzp> rj;jpaghik> rhk;gtjp> fhspe;jp> kpj;jputpe;ij> rj;jpatjp gj;jpiu> ,yl;Rkiz> eg;gpd;id> Nrhig> gpuik> rhe;jp Mfpa ngz;fis kze;J nfhz;lhd;.

NkYk; eufh#ud; gl;lzj;jpypUe;J nfhz;Lte;j 16>000 ngz;fisAk; kze;J nfhz;lhd;.

,tHfSk; Nghjhky; gfjj;jdpd; efuj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mq;F rpiwapypUe;j 1160 ,uhrf; fd;dpiffisAk; kze;J nfhz;lhd;.

,tHfisj;jtpu gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Nfhgpfh ngz;fSld; yPiyfs; Gupe;jhd;.

nfhiyAk; tpgrhuKk; kl;Lky;y! nfhiy nra;aTk; Jhz;bdhd; fPijapd; %ykhf!

nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ltHfs; vy;yhk; mRuHfs; (jpuhtplHfs;) vd;W $wyhk;. mg;gbahdhy; MupaHfs; kl;Le;jhNd ,tidg; Gfo Ntz;Lk;? kw;wtHfs; Gfoyhkh? nfhz;lhlyhkh?

,it fw;gidf; fijfs;jhd;. Mdhy; mit flTs; jd;ikf;Fg; nghUe;Jkh? jd;khdk; cs;stHfs; ,g;NgHg;gl;l Mghrf; fw;gidf; fijia Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhkh?

,uhkhazk; Nghw;Wk; ,uhkDk; ahUf;Nfh gpwe;jtdhfj;jhd; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;shd;. mtd; mWgjpdhapuk; kidtpaiu kze;J nfhz;l jrujDf;Fg; gpwe;jjhff; $wg;gltpy;iy. ,uhkdJ ehkj;ij ,ilawhJ ehNjhghrfk; nra;jhy; vy;yhk; rupte;J tpLk; vdr; nrhy;Yk; fk;gjhrHfs; ,uhkdpd; FiwghLfisf; fz;L nfhs;shJ ,Ue;J tpLfpwhHfs;.

tpUj;jpuh#ud; kidtp tpUijapd; fw;ig tp\;Z nfLj;j rhgj;jpdhy; ,uhkhazk; cUthapw;nwd;Wk; tp\;ZTk; ,nyl;RkpAk; itFz;lj;jpy; jq;fs; khspifg; gLf;if miwapy; jdpikapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjDs; nry;y epidj;j [dfhjp up\pfis tp[ad; n[ad; vd;w muz;kidf; fhtw;fhuHfs; jLj;jjdhy; gpuhkz cj;jkHfshd KdptHfshy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l rhgj;jpdhy; ,uhkhazk; cUthapw;W vd;W irt itzt Guhzq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

,uhkhazk; NjtHfs; vd;gtHfSf;Fk; mRuHfs; vd;gtHfSf;Fk; ele;j Nghuhl; lkhFk;. mjhtJ MupaHfSf;Fk; jpuhtplHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j Nkhjiy mbg;gilahf itj;J fw;gpf;fg;gl;l ,jpfhrkhFk;.

,uhkhazk; NjtHfs; vd;gtHfis caHj;jpAk; mRuHfs;> ,uhf;fjHfs; vd;gtHfisj; jho;j;jpAk; ,opj;Jk; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.

,uhkhazk; gw;wpr; nrhd;dJ fe;jGuhzj;Jf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. ,uz;Lf;Fk; gy xw;Wik fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fe;jGuhzk; irtHfshy; itzt ,jpfhrkhd ,uhkhazj;Jf;Fg; Nghl;bahf vOjg;gl;lJ.

,uhkhahzj;jpd; fjhehafd; ,uhkid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mtd;-

(1) ,uhtzid mopj;jnjy;yhk; "cd;id kPl;Fk; nghUl;L md;W. vdf;F NeHe;j gopiaj; ePf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Nl MFk;. eP ,we;J gL. ,d;Nwy; vq;NfahtJ Ngha;tpL" vd;W nrhd;djhy; rPij jPf;Fspj;J jd; fw;ig vz;gpf;fpwhs;. fl;ba kidtp kPJ ma;ag;gl;ljhy; jPf;Fspj;J th vd;W nrhd;dtid mtjhuk; vd;W nrhy;y KbAkh?

(2) ,uhkd; tpRthkpj;jpud; elj;Jk; ahfj;ij fiyj;j rk;Gfid ( jpuhtplid) ve;j Kfhe;jpuKk; ,d;wp mk;G va;jpf; nfhy;fpwhd;. ,J "rj;jpupa jHkkh"?

3) thypiag; Ngb Nghy khkuj;jpd; gpd; kiwe;jpUe;J nfupy;yh ghzpapy; mk;G va;jpf; nfhy;fpwhd;. mtjhuk; (md;iwa) Aj;j jHkj;ij kPwyhkh?

(4) mNahj;jpf;F rPijAld; jpUk;gpa ,uhkd; kPz;Lk; xU ryitj; njhopyhspapd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L mts; kPJ ma;ak; nfhz;L fhl;Lf;F mDg;Gfpwhd;. mJTk; rPij fHg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ! xU ruhrup kdpjNd mg;gbr; nra;a khl;lhd; vd;Dk; NghJ xU mtjhuk; nra;ayhkh?

(4) rPijaplk; ,uhkd; ',e;j ytDk; FrDk; vdf;Fg; gpwe;jtHfs;jhd; vd;gjw;F vd;d rhd;W' vd;W Nfl;fpwhd;. rPij kdk; nehe;J fjw> "G+kh Njtp" gpse;J rPijia ,Oj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;.

,g;gbj;jhd; thy;kPfp vOjpapUf;fpwhH.

,t;thW ,uhkidg; Nghd;w xU mNahf;fpaidj; njhOjhy; my;yJ mtdJ ngaiu ,ilawhJ "ehNjhghrfk;" nra;jhy; ghtk; tUkh my;yJ njhiyAkh? mikjp tUkh? my;yJ nfLkh?

Mupa kjj;ij jkpoHfs; jOtpajhNyNa gz;ghl;Lr; rpijT Vw;gl;lJ. njhy;fhg;gpaupd; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dNu MupauJ murpay; gz;ghl;Lg; gilnaLg;G njhlq;fp tpl;lJ. mJ Kw;rq;f fhyj;jpy; NkYk; rpwpJ CLtp gpw;rq;f fhyj;jpy; Nt&d;wp tsHe;jJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,uhkhaz ghujf; fijfs; gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l rpyg;gjpfhuk; ehd;kiw me;jzH nry;thf;ifAk; Ntj kjj;jpd; tsHr;rpiaAk; fhl;LfpwJ. jpUkhy;> ngupNahd;> fhkd;> ,e;jpud;> gyuhkd; MfpNahUf;F Nfhl;lq;fs; ,Ue;jijAk;> ,e;jpu tpoh nfhz;lhbaijAk;> flw;fiur; Nrhiyapy; NrhkFz;lk; #upa Fz;lk; vd;w ,uz;L Gz;zpa jlhfq;fs; ,Ue;jijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. rkzf; flTshd mUfNjtDf;F gs;spfSk; gTj;jH topgLk; Gj;jUf;F tpfhiufSk; ,Ue;jijAk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

jpUts;StH vOjpAs;s Fws;fSf;Fg; nghUs; fhZk; NghJ mtH MSik gw;wpAk; mtH tho;e;j fhyj;J r%fk;> gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk; gw;wpAk; Kjypy; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; mtuJ fz;fs; Clhf Fwspd; nghUis cs;sthW ed;F czHe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

jpUts;StH fhyj;jpw;Fk; ekJ fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilntsp ngupaJ. mtH tho;e;j fhyj;jpd; #o;epiyf;F Vw;gNt mtH jdJ fUj;Jf;fis Muha;e;J $wpapUf;f KbAk;. mtuJ fhyj;J murpay; mikg;G 'kd;dd; capHj;Nj kyH jiy cyfk;' vdf; fUjpa fhyk;. Fytpr;ir fy;yhky; ghfk; gLk; vd;gJ mtuJ fhy r%f mikg;G. mjhtJ Fyj; njhopy; fw;fhky; jhdhf te;J NrUk; vd;gjhFk;.

,d;W murpay; mikg;G> r%f mikg;G khwptpl;ld. jiyfPohd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jptpl;l mwptpay; cyfpy; ehk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. 'mZitj; Jisj;J vO fliyg; GFj;jp' vd;W mt;itahuhy; ghlNt Kbe;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W mZit cz;ikahfg; gpse;J mjd; Mw;wiy mopTf;Fk; Mf;fj;jpw;Fk; gad; gLj;JfpNwhk;.

GytHfs; epyhtpid ngz;fspd; Kfj;Jf;F ctik $wpa fhyj;jpy; ts;StH tho;e;jhH. ,d;W ehk; kdpjd; epyhtpy; ,wq;fp ele;j fhyj;jpy; tho;fpNwhk;. mLj;J nrt;thapy; kdpjid jiuapwf;f Kaw;rpfs; elf;fpd;wd.

ts;StH fhyj;jpy; coTj; njhopy;jhd; rpwe;jjhf vz;zg;gl;lJ. Vida njhopy; nra;jtHfs; njhOJz;L gpd; nry;gtHfs; vd ts;StH $WfpwhH.

,d;W ,ae;jpuj; njhopy; tsHr;rpAk; kpd;dZ tsHr;rpAk; (electronics) ,aw;gpay; tsHr;rpAk; thdpay; tsHr;rpAk; mRu Ntfj;jpy; tsHe;J tpl;ld. cly; typikia tpl %is typik ngupjhfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. tpkhdg; Nghf;F tuj;jhy; cyfk; RUq;fp tpl;lJ. cyfk; xU CH (global village) vd;w GJ nkhop gpwe;J tpl;lJ.

vdNt ts;StH fhyj;ijAk; ,d;iwa fhyj;ijAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jhy; xw;Wikfisak; fhzyhk; Ntw;WikfisAk; ghHf;fyhk;.

,Ue;Jk; ts;StH nra; jpUf;Fws; vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; vdr; nrhy;fpNwhNk? mJ rupah?

cyf ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdpjd; itaj;jpy; tho;thq;F tho;e;J ,d;Gw;W ,Ug;gjw;F cupa mwpTiufis> fUj;Jf;fis> newpfis nrhy;fpd;wd. ,e;j tpOkpaq;fs; fhy Xl;lj;jpy; NgusT khWtjpy;iy. rpwpjsNt khWfpwJ. ,d;Ws;s rpf;fy;fis> FiwghLfisj; jPHg;gjw;F ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH tho;e;j ts;StH Ehw;Wf;F EhW tpOf;fhL topfhl;bahf ,Ug;ghH vd;W vz;ZtJ jtwhFk;.

Fwpg;ghf mtH fhyj;jpy; mtH ngz;fisg; gw;wpr; nrhd;d fUj;Jf;fs; Gul;rpfukhditahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ,d;W ngz;fisg; gw;wp ts;StH $wpa fUj;Jf;fs; rpy Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahjit.

,e;jf; Nfhiy itj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; ehk; ts;Stiu msf;f Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; cz;ikia mwpa KbAk;. (tsUk;)

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (15)

gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;

jpUts;StH gw;wpa tho;f;if tuyhW ,d;Wk; xU ,Uz;l ,uthfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. mtH fhyj;jtNuh mtUf;Fg; gpd;dH te;jtHfNsh mtiug; gw;wp ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; vOjp itf;ftpy;iy. ,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; jkpoHfSf;F tuyhw;W czHT ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd;gNj. kPwp vOjp itj;j fHz guk;giuf; fijfs; mtUf;F khR fw;gpg;gjhfNt cs;sd.

jpUf;Fwisg; gbf;Fk; NghJ jdp xU kdpjUf;F ,j;jid nghUs;fs; gw;wp ,t;tsT Mokhd mwpT ,Ue;jpf;fpwjh vd;w kiyg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. mjdhy; rpy Nkiy ehl;L mwpQHfs; jpUf;Fwis jdp xUtH kl;Lk; vOjpapUf;f KbahJ vd epidf;fpwhHfs;.

ts;StH Vida rq;f fhyg; GytHfisg; NghyNt ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis Jiwawf; fw;wtH. Ntj kjk;> rkzk;> gTj;jk; Nghd;w mW rkaq;fis ed;F ciuj;Jg; ghHj;jtH. ,tw;NwhL cyfj;ij ed;F Muha;e;J ghHj;j gl;lwpT mtuJ gue;J gl;l mwpTf;Fj; Jiz epd;wpUf;fpwJ.

jpUf;FwSf;F gpd;dH vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fspy; ts;StH fUj;Jf;fNsh> nrhw;fNsh> nrhw;nwhlHfNsh Vwhj ,dpa Ehy;fs; ,y;iy vd;Nw $wyhk;. vy;yhr; rpwe;j Ehy;fspYk; ts;Stj;jpd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhzyhk;. Fwpg;ghf jkpopy; vOe;j ePjp Ehy;fs; jpUf;Fwisg; gpd;gw;wpNa ePjpfisf; $wpr; nry;fpd;wd.

nja;tk; njhohms; nfhOed; njhOthisj;
nra;tk; njhOk; jifik jpz;zpjhy;...........

vd rpyg;gjpfhu MrpupaH ,sq;Nfh mbfs; jpUf;Fwis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;bAs;shH.

nja;tk; njhoms; nfhOed; njhOJ vOths;
nga;nadg; nga;Ak; ngUkio vd;w
mg;nghha;apy; Gytd; nghUs; ciu Njwha;............

vd MrpupaH rhj;jdhH jdJ kzpNkfiy fhg;gpaj;jpy; jpUf;Fwis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b ts;Stiu 'ngha;apy; Gytd;' vdg; Nghw;wpAs;shH.

,sq;Nfh mbfs; kw;Wk; rhj;jdhH Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;ba Fws;

nja;tk; njhoms; nfhOed; njhOJ vOths;
'nga;' vdg; nga;Ak; kio

vd;w FwshFk;. ,e;jf; Fws; (55) tho;f;ifj;Jiz eyk; vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (6) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; kzpNkfiy ,e;j ,uz;L fhg;gpaq;fSk; rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jit ( fpgp 2 Mk; Ehw;whz;L) vdf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

vdNt ts;StH kzpNkfiy rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; Ke;jpa fhyj;jtH vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jpUts;StH gw;wpa Fwpg;Ng ,y;iy. nkhj;jk; 500 Fk; Nkw;gl;l rq;fg; GytHfs; ghba ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fshd vl;Lj; njhif gj;Jg; ghl;L Ehy;fspy; ts;StH ghba ghly; xd;NwDk; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy.

Mdhy; jpUf;Fwspy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs; rpy rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ke;ij apUe;J el;NlhH nfhLg;gpDk;
eQ;Rk; cz;gH edpehfupfH

vd ew;wpizapy; (355) xU ghly; tUfpwJ. 'gioikahd el;Gs;stHfs; eQ;irf; nfhLg;ghuhapDk; fz;Nzhl;lk; cs;stHfs; mij cz;ghHfs;' vd;gJ ,e;jg; ghly; tupfspd; nghUshFk;. ,e;j ew;wpizg; ghly; fUj;ij jpUts;StH Fws; xd;wpy; ifahz;Ls;shH.

ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;R cz;L miktH eaj;jf;f
ehfupfk; Ntz;L gtH. (mjpfhuk; fz;Nzhl;lk; - Fws; 580)

fz;Nzhl;lk; vd;why; ehfupfk;. m/jhtJ jd;NdhL gapd;whiuf; fz;lhy; mtH $wpad kWf;fkhl;lhik.

,t;thNw 'gFj;Jhz; njhFj;j Mz;ikg; gpwHf;nfd tho;jp eP Mfd; khNw' vd;w gjpw;Wg;gj;J ghly; tupf; fUj;J (38) ts;Stuhy; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gFj;Jz;L gy;YapH Xk;Gjy;> EhNyhH
njhFj;jtw;Ws; vy;yhk; jiy. (mjpfhuk; nfhy;yhik - Fws; 322)

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis vl;Lj; njhif gj;Jg; ghl;L gjpnzz; fPo;f; fzf;F vd;w tupirapy; nrhy;yg;gLtJjhd; kuG. jpUf;Fws; gjpnzz; fPo;f; fzf;if NrHe;j Ehy;. ,JTk; jpUts;StH rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpatH vd;gjw;F rhd;whFk;. NkYk; rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpoH gz;ghl;bd; $Wfshf ,Ue;j fs;Fbj;jy;> Gyhy; cz;zy;> guj;ijaH cwT jpUf;Fwspy; fLikahff; fz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itAk; jpUts;StH rq;f fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpw;fhyj;jtH vd;gij NgusT cWjpg;gLj;JfpwJ.

jpUf;FwSf;Fg; gyH ciu vOjpapUf;fpwhHfs;. ,jpy; ,ilf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j gupNkyofH nra;j ciuNa rpwe;jJ vd mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu nfhz;lhlg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

Mdhy; ,J cz;ikad;W. gupNkyofH jpUts;Stupd; fUj;Jf;fis jdJ fhyj;Jf;Fk; rka ek;gpf;iff;Fk; xg;g jpupj;Jtpl;lhH vd;gNj rupahFk;.

mwj;Jf;F ,yf;fzk; $w te;j gupNkyofH jdJ ciug; ghapuj;jpy; 'mtw;Ws; mwkhtJ> kD Kjypa Ehy;fspy; tpjpj;jd nra;jYk;> tpyf;fpaJ xopj;jYk; Mk;. m/J xOf;fk;> tof;F> jz;lk; vd %tifg;gLk;.

mtw;Ws;> xOf;fkhtJ me;jzH Kjypa tUzj;jhH> jj;jkf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l gpukrupak; Kjypa epiyfspy; epd;w> mtw;wpw;F Xjpa mwq;fspy; tOthJ xOFjy;.'

Ntj kjj;jpd; 18 ];kpUfs; my;yJ jHk rhj;jpuq;fis vOjpatHfspy; kD kpfTk; caHthfg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH. ngupa rl;lthjpahfg; (Law giver) Gfog;gLfpwhH.

gpw;fhy Nru Nrho ghz;baH kD> kplhf;rhup> N`khj;up> [{Kf thjdH vOjpa jahghf (jHkuj;dh vd;w ePjp E}ypd; xU gFjp) Mfpa ehd;F rhj;jpuq;fspd;Nky; NrhoHfSila ePjp epUthfj;jpd; mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gij Vw;fdNt (mj;jpahak; 3) $wpapUf;fpNwd;.

kDtpd; ngUikia giwrhw;w 'kD ePjp fz;l Nrhod;' vd;w fij Gidag;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; Gidfijiag; gw;wpa Fwpg;G rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

jkpoHfsJ %is gykhf ryit nra;ag; gl;lijNa ,e;jf; fij fhl;LfpwJ.

tuyhw;wpy; kD ePjpiaf; fz;bj;J mjw;F vjpuhff; Fuy; nfhLj;j ngUik kNdhd;kzpak; ng. Re;juk;gps;is ( fpgp 1855-1897) mtHfSf;F cupaJ. mtH rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis vOj;njz;zpg; gbj;jtH. jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> kiyahs nkhopfspy; Gyik tha;e;j ,tH jpUtde;jGuk; fy;Yhupapy; NguhrpupauhfTk; Kjy;tuhfTk; ,Ue;jtH.

kNdhd;kzpak; vd;w ehlf Ehiy 1891 Mk; Mz;L vOjp ntspapl;lhH. ypl;ld; gpuG vOjpa 'The Lost Tale of Mietus' vd;w Ehiyj; jOtp kNdhd;kzpak; vOjg;gl;lJ.

mjpy; 'ePuhUk; flYLj;j epykle;ijf; nfopnyhOFk; rPuhUk; tjdnkdj; jpfo; guj fz;lkpjpy; ... ' vdj; njhlq;Fk; jkpo;j;nja;t tzf;fg; ghlypy;-

ts;StH nra; jpUf;Fwis kWtwed; FzHe;NjhHfs;
cs;StNuh kDthjp xUFyj;Jf; nfhUePjp?

vd kDitf; fhl;lkhff; fz;bf;fpwhH. 'xU Fyj;Jf;F xU ePjp' ,Jjhd; kDjHkj;jpd; jHkk;!

jpUts;StH ,e;j mePjpf;F vjpuhff; Fuy; vOg;GfpwhH. jkpopdj;ij mupj;J mopj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rhjp Nehia ehfupfkhd Kiwapy; kWj;Jiuf;fpwhH.

gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh capHf;Fk;> rpwg;nght;th
nra;njhopy; Ntw;Wik ahd;. (mjpfhuk; 98 ngUik - Fws; 972)

jpUts;StH fhyj;J ghHg;gdHfs; jq;fs; gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; jhq;fs; caHe;jtHfs; vd nrhy;ypj; jpupe;jdH. mij ts;StH kWj;Jiuf;fpwhH. kf;fspilNa gpwg;gpdhy; Ntw;Wik ,y;iy. gpwg;G xU jd;ikahdJ. Mdhy; mtutH nra;Ak; njhopy;fspd; NtWghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; epiyikfs; xNu epfuhdit my;y vd;fpwhH.

,e;jf; FwSf;F nkhop QhapW NjtNeag; ghthzH nfhLj;jpUf;Fk; njhopy; NtWghLfSf;fhd tpsf;fk; ts;Stupd; cs;sf; fplf;ifia ed;F ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

njhopy; NtWghLfs;: mjpfhuKs;sJ mjpfhuk; ,y;yhjJ. tUkhdk; kpf;fJ tUkhdk; Fiwe;jJ. jw;rhHghdJ kw;rhHghdJ. epoypy; nra;tJ nta;apypy; nra;tJ. kdTiog;Gs;sJ clYog;Gs;sJ. Jg;guthdJ Jg;gutw;wJ. xOf;ff; Nfl;bw;F ,lKs;sJ xOf;ff; Nfl;bw;F ,lk; ,y;yhjJ. ,d;wpaikahjJ ,d;wpaikahj jy;yhjJ. gpwiu ,d;GWj;JtJ gpwiu ,d;GWj;jhjJ. ey;yJ jPaJ vd;gd.

,tw;Ws; xt;NthH ,izf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyikAk; cz;L. njhopy; NtWghl;lhy; Vw;gLk; rpwg;G epiyikfs; caHT> jho;T> ,ilepfHT> kpfTaHT> kpfj;jho;T vd;gd. (jpUf;Fws; kuGiu - gf;fk; 336)

gupNkyofH xU ghHg;gdH vd;gjhy; ,e;jf; FwSf;F type;J nghUs; nfhs;fpwhH.

'tpid taj;jhw; gQ;rG+j gupzhkkhfpa ahf;ifiag; nghUe;jp epd;W mjpd; gadDgtpj;jy; vy;yh tUzj;jhHf;Fk; xj;jypw; gpwg;nghf;F nkd;Wk;> ngUik rpWiffl;Ff; fl;lisf; fy;yhfpa njhopw; ghFghLfs; tUze;NjhJk; ahf;if NjhWk; NtWgLjypy; 'rpwg;nght;th' ntd;Wk; (ts;StH) $wpdhH vd;gJ gupNkyofupd; Mupar; rhHGila ciuahFk;.

,e;j xU Fws; %yk; kl;Lk; my;yhJ ngUik mjpfhuj;jpy; tUk; Vida Fws;fs; thapyhfTk; kf;fs; mbg;gilapy; rkkhdtHfs; mtHfspilNa kD fw;gpf;Fk; gpwg;ghy; caHT jho;T ,y;iy vd;gij njspthf ts;StH vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH.

NkypUe;Jk; Nkyy;yhH Nkyy;yH> fPopUe;Jk;
fPoy;yhH fPoy; ytH. (mjpfhuk; 98 ngUik - Fws; 973)

gpwg;nghL njhlHGs;s Mupaf; Fyg; gpuptpidahy; Vw;gl;l FKjha gbKiw xOq;fpy; gpuhkzH vd;Dk; Mupag; ghHg;gdH cr;rpapy; ,Ue;Jk; xOf;fk; nfl;ltHfshapd; caHe;NjhH my;yH. cz;ikahfj; jho;e;jtH my;yhj njd;dhl;Lj; njhy;Fbj; jkpoH gpuhkzuhy; jho;j;jg;gl;bUg;gpDk; jho;e;jtH my;yH. (Nkw;gb kuGiu - gf;fk; 337)

kwg;gpDk; xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk;> ghHg;ghd;
gpwg;nghOf;fk; Fd;wf; nfLk; (mjpfhuk; 14 xOf;fk; cilik - Fws; 134)

vd;w FwspYk; xUtdJ gpwg;gy;y xOf;fNk mtid caHe;j Fbg;gpwg;G cs;stdh my;ytdh vd;gij epWTfpwJ vd ts;StH $WfpwhH. xOf;fk; Fd;wpdhy; xUtdJ Fbg; gpwg;Gf; nfLk;.

,f;Fws;fs; %yk; gpwg;ghy; rpwg;gpy;iy vd;gij ts;StH typAWj;jpf; $wpAs;shH. (njhlUk;)

rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jHfs; (16)

Nts;tp nra;J ntWikAw;w jkpo; Nte;jHfs;!

ef;fPud;

jpUf;Fws; xU mw Ehy;. rkaf;fzf;fH topnry;yhJ mjw;Fg; Gwj;Nj ,Ue;J jpUts;StH jpUf;Fwis ahj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt xt;nthU rkaj;jtUk; jpUts;StH jq;fs; rkaj;ijr; rhHe;jtH vd epWt Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jpa ehl;by; Njhd;wpa itjPfk; rkzk; gTj;jk;> GFe;j fpwpj;jtk; ,];yhk; jpUf;Fwspy; jk; jk; rkaf; nfhs;iffs; cz;nldr; nrhy;fpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J xU cz;ik Gyg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU rkaKk; nrhy;Yk; newpfs; jpUf;Fwspy; KOikahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

cyf tpOkpaq;fs; (values) nghJthdit. mJ ve;jf; fhyj;Jf;Fk; nghUe;jp tUgit. xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; jUk; Mjyhy; mJ capupDk; Xk;gg;gLk; vd;gJ mt;thwhd xU tpOkpak;>

ngha; nrhy;yf; $lhJ> vg;NghJk; cz;ikNa Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd tw;GWj;jhj rkak; cyfj;jpNyNa ,y;iy.

nghUis NeH topapy; jpul;l Ntz;Lk; gpwH nghUis ftuf; $lhJ. vy;yh capHfsplj;Jk; md;G nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;> capHfSf;F cWfz; nra;jy; $lhJ> mOf;fhW (nghwhik) mth (Mir) ntFsp (Nfhgk;) ,d;dhr;nrhy; (fLk;nrhy;) ,it ehd;fpidAk; fbe;J (jtpHj;J) tho;tNj mwk;. kw;Wk; GwQ;nrhy;yy; $lhJ vd;w nghJ tpOkpaq;fis jpUts;StH typAWj;JfpwhH.

rka Ehy;fs; cyf epiyahik> ,sik epiyahik> ahf;if epiyahik> nry;t epiyahik Kjypa fUj;Jf;fis msTf;F mjpfkhf tw;GWj;Jfpd;wd. rkzk; fiyntWg;igGk; ngz;ntWg;igAk; nfhz;lJ. ,y;ywj;ij tpl Jwtwk; rpwe;jJ vdr; nrhy;fpwJ. gTj;jk; epiyahik jj;Jtij tw;GWj;JfpwJ. itjPf kjk; cyfk; khia vd;fpwJ. rpw;wpd;gj;ijtpl Ngupd;gk; caHe;jJ vd;fpwJ.

Mdhy; jpUts;StH kdpjd; ,e;j cyfj;jpNyNa tho;thq;F thoNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. mg;gb tho;gtd; ,e;jg; G+Tyfj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj thDiwAk; nja;tj;jpd; epiyia mile;J tpLfpwhd; vd;fpwhH. mj; nja;tj;NjhL xg;g itf;fg;gLthd; vd;fpwhH.

xUtd; ,y;yw tho;f;ifia mwj;jpd; topNa nrYj;Jthdhapd; mtd; Jwtwj;jpy; Ngha;g; ngWk; gad; vd;d? gad; vJTk; ,y;iy vd jpUts;StH gjpy; ,Wf;fpwhH. mwj;jhW vd;gJ gop mQ;rpg; gFj;J cz;lYk;> md;GilikAk; vd;fpwhH.

kidtpia tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk; vd miof;fpwhH. Jizeyk; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp jpUts;StNu Gjpjhff; fz;Lgpbj;j fiyr; nrhy;yhFk;.

rka Ehy;fs; $WtJ Nghy; rpw;wpd;gj;ij jpUts;StH ,opj;Jiuf;ftpy;iy. jiytDk; jiytpAk; mjhtJ MZk; ngz;Zk; $bf; fspf;Fk; ,d;gj;ij jpUts;StH fhkj;Jg; ghypy; 25 mjpfhuq;fspy; $wpAs;shH. fhkj;Jg; ghypy; fk;gurj;ijNah fe;jurj;ijNah fhz KbahJ. fhkj;ij jpUts;StH kpf espdkhff; ifahz;Ls;shH.

nghUspyhHf;F ,t;Tyfk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; xU nghUshf kjpf;fg;glhjtiuAk; kjpf;fr; nra;a ty;y nghUNs md;wp> xUtDf;F NtW rpwe;j nghUs; fpilahJ vd;Wk; jpUts;StH nrhy;fpwhH.

,t;thnwy;yhk; ts;StH mwtop epd;W kdpjd; cyf ,d;gq;fs; midj;ijAk; ntWj;njhJf;fhJ mtw;iwj; Ja;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;GfpwhH.

mwj;Jg; ghypy; Copd; typik gw;wp nrhy;Yk; ts;StH nghUl;ghypy; Ms;tpid cilik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk;> ,iltplhJ Kaw;rp nra;jhy; CioAk; ntw;wp nfhs;syhk; vd;fpwhH.

vdNt jpUts;StuJ cz;ikahd cs;sf;fplf;ifia mwpa jpUf;Fwis KOtjhfg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUf;Fws; mwk; nghUs; ,d;gk; vd;w %tifg; ghy;> ,y;yw ,ay;> Jwtw ,ay;> Co; ,ay;> murpay;> mq;f ,ay;> xopG ,ay;> fstpay;> fw;gpay; vd;w vl;L ,ay;> 133 mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;lJ njupe;jNj.

Ehw;W Kg;gj;J %d;W mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l jpUf;Fwspy; cyf tho;f;if gw;wpg; NgRk; nghUl;ghYf;F 70 mjpfhuq;fisAk; cyf ,d;gj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRk; fhkj;Jg; ghYf;F 25 mjpfhuq;fisAk;> ,y;ywj;Jf;F 20 mjpfhuq;fisAk; xJf;fpa ts;StH Jwtwj;Jf;F 14 mjpfhuq;fis kl;LNk xJf;fpAs;shH. NkYk; Kjypy; ,y;ywj;jpd; rpwg;igf; $wpg; gpd;dNu Jwtwk; gw;wpf; $WfpwhH.

xt;nthU ,aypy; nrhy;yg;gl;lit me;j ,aYf;F rpwg;ghfTk; Vidatw;Wf;F nghJthfTk; $wg;gl;litahFk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf Jwtwj;jpy; JwNthHf;F rpwg;ghfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l fs;shik> tha;ik> ntFshik> nka; czHjy;> mth mWj;jy; ,y;ywj;jhUf;Fk; nghUe;jp tUk;.

jpUf;Fwspy; rpy Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf mwj;Jg; ghy; ,y;yw ,ay; Gfo; mjpfhuj;jpy; '<jy; ,irgl tho;jy; mJty;yJ Cjpak; ,y;iy capHf;F' vd;W nrhy;yptpl;L 'Mtpw;F ePH vd;W ,ug;gpDk;> ehtpw;F ,utpd; ,spte;jJ ,y;' vd nghUl;ghy; xopG ,ay; ,uT mr;rk; mjpfhuj;jpy; nrhy;tJ NknyOe;J ghHg;gtHfSf;F Kuz;ghL Nghy; njupAk;.

Mdhy; <jy; ,y;ywj;jhUf;Fr; nrhd;dJ> ,utr;rk; ,ug;NghHf;Fr; nrhd;dJ vd;W fUj;jpy; nfhz;lhy; Kuz;ghL vd;w Ngr;Rf;Nf ,lk; ,y;yhJ Ngha:;tpLk;.

jkpo; kfs; mt;it jhk; mUspa Mj;jp#bapy; <tJ tpyf;Nfy; vd;W nrhy;yp tpl;L mLj;J Vw;gJ ,fo;r;rp vd;fpwhH. Kd;dJ gpr;irf;fhuDf;Fr; nrhy;ypaJ gpd;dJ nghUSila nry;te;jHfSf;Fr; nrhd;dJ. vdNt mt;it thf;fpy; Kuz;ghL ,y;iy.

jpUts;StH ,aw;wpa jpUf;Fws; xt;nthU jkpodJ tPl;bYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. cly; eyj;Jf;Fk; kd eyj;Jf;Fk; Ntz;ba mwpTiufis jpUts;StH thup toq;FfpwhH.

kdj;jpd;fz; khrpy;yhikNa midj;J mwk; vd;fpwhH ts;StH. NkYyfk; xd;W ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; ,wf;Fk; nghOJ Jizahf tuf; $baJ mwk; kl;LNk vd;fpwhH. Gw Ntlq;fSk; ntWk; Muthu Mrhuq;fshYk; gad; ,y;iy vd;gJ mtH fUj;jhFk;.

ts;StH tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; gy rkaq;fs; ,Ue;jd. mtw;Wf;fpilNa NtWghL ,Ue;jd. G+ry;fs; ,Ue;jd. kzpNkfiy MW tif rkaj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa Nghl;biaAk; G+ry;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.

,g;gbahd #oypy;jhd; jpUts;StH jpUf;Fwis vOjpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. jpUf;Fws; rq;fj;jpy; muq;Nfwpa NghJ mjw;F vjpHg;G ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa rpe;jid tuyhw;wpYk; jkpo;ehl;Lr; rpe;jidg; Nghf;fpYk; gy GJikfisg; GFj;jp rpe;jidg; Gul;rp nra;jtH ts;StH. jpUf;Fws; kiwf;fg;gl;ljw;Fk; kd;dHfshy; Nghw;wg;glhJ Nghdjw;Fk; ,JNt fhuzpahFk;.

jpUts;StH fhyj;jpy; ghHg;gdHfs; gytpjkhd Nts;tpfs; (ahfk;) nra;jhHfs;. mtw;wpy; tpyq;Ffs; gypaplg;gl;ld. ,e;j Nts;tpfspy; mRtNkj ahfk; GUrNkj ahfk; Kf;fpakhdit. ghHg;gdHfsJ epwj;Jf;Fk; ke;jpu xypf;Fk; kaf;Fk; Ngr;Rf;Fk; gypahd jkpo; murHfs; Nts;tpfs; nra;J ehl;bd; fUT+yj;ij ntWik Mf;fpdhHfs;.

gz;ila fhy Mupa kd;dHfs; mRtNkj ahfk; nra;tij ngUikahff; fUjpdH. kd;dHfs; kj;jpapy; jk;ik khkd;dHfshf (rf;futHj;jp) fhl;bf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpa kd;dHfs; ngupa nghUl; nrytpy; mRtNkj ahfj;ij elj;jpdhHfs;.

xU Fjpiuia myq;fupj;J mJ ,d;d kd;dDilaJ vd milahsk; njupAk; tifapy; mtdJ nfhb> rpd;dk; Nghd;wtw;iw itj;J mz;ila ehLfspy; jpupa tpLthHfs;. el;G ehlhf ,Ue;jhY rup gif ehlhf ,Ue;jhY rup Fjpiu jpupAk;. mjd; elkhl;lj;ijf; fz;fhzpf;f xw;wHfs; gpd; njhlUthHfs;. kd;ddpd; Fjpiu vd;gjhy; kd;dDf;Fupa kupahij mjw;Fk; fpilf;Fk;. Mdhy; ve;j ehl;byhtJ me;jf; Fjpiuiag; gpbj;Jf; fl;b tpl;lhy; xw;wHfs; %yk; nra;jp mwpe;j kd;dd; mRtNkjf; Fjpiuiaf; fl;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLg;ghd;. me;j muridg; Nghupy; ntd;W ehl;il mbik nfhs;thd;.

gpd;dH jd; ntw;wpiaf; nfhz;lhl ghHg;gdHfSf;F nghd;Dk; nghUSk; ms;spf; nfhLj;J ahfk; nra;thd;. me;j ahfj;Jf;F mRtNkj ahfk; vd;W ngaH. ,e;j ahfj;jpy; Fjpiuia ntl;b mf;fpdpf;Fg; gyp nfhLj;J gpd; mjd; khkprj;ijj; NjtHfSk; KdptHfSk; ghHg;gdHfSk; murgpujhdpfSk; cz;L kfpo;thHfs;. (rg;jgj gpuhkzk;)

Fjpiu ntl;lg;gl;l gpd;dH kd;ddpd; gl;lj;jurp cl;gl kd;ddpd; ehd;F kidtpaH> ehDhW gzpg; ngz;fs; Fjpiuapd; fhy;fis jz;zPH nfhz;L fOTthHfs;. gpd;dH gl;lj;jurp Fjpiuapd; gf;fj;jpy; gLj;Jf; nfhs;s gzpg; ngz;fs; xU Jzpahy; %LthHfs;. mLj;J Fjpiuapd; Fwpia vLj;J gl;lj;jurpapd; kiwtplj;jpy; itg;ghHfs;. kW gf;fk; tpba tpba GNuhfpjHfs; ke;jpuq;fisr; nrgpg;ghHfs;.

GUrNkjahfk; ,J Nghd;wNj. Fjpiuf;Fg; gjpy; kdpjid myq;fupj;J XH Mz;L fhyk; mz;il ehLfs; KOJk; Rw;wpj; jpupa itg;ghHfs;. gpd;dH Fjpiuia ntl;LtJ Nghd;W me;j kdpjDk; ntl;lg;gLthd;. Fjpiuapd; clYf;Fg; gjpy; kdpjdJ clNyhL gl;lj;jurp gLj;jpUg;ghs;. ,g;gbahd xU ahfj;jpd; %ykhfj;jhd; jrujuhkd; gpwe;jhd;!

rq;f fhyj;jpy; njd;dhL GFe;j Mupag; ghHg;gdH ,e;j fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdj;ij Gj;jpapy;yhj jkpo; kd;dHfsplKk; tpw;wdH.

ghHg;gdHfspd; #o;r;rpiag; Gupe;J nfhs;shj jkpo;kd;dHfs; Nts;tp (ahfk;) nra;tijg; ngUikahff; fUjpg; nghd;idAk; nghUisAk; khdj;ijAk; ,oe;jhHfs;.

KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp (fpK 250-225) vd;w rq;f fhyg; ghz;ba murd; nfhiyNts;tp gy elj;jpajhy; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp vd miof;fg;gl;lhd;. ngUtOjpf;F vjpuhf mzp jpuz;L te;J nghUjp tirAw;w murHfs; gyH. ehy;Ntjj;jpy; $wpathW Nts;tp gy nra;J Kbj;J mt; Nts;tpr; rhiyfspy; el;l Jhz;fSk; (A+gq;fSk;) gy. ,jdhy; cd;NdhL nghUJ tirAw;w Nte;jHfs; njhif ngupNjh? my;yJ Nts;tpr;rhiyapy; el;l Jhz;fspd; njhif ngupNjh? ,tw;Ws; kpf;f njhif vJ? vd tpae;J Nfl;fpwhH nel;bikahH vd;w GytH. (Gwk; - 15)

ehd;kiw KdptH ifFtpj;J tho;j;Jq;fhy; epd; Kb (nrd;dp) jho;f vd KJLkpg; ngUtOjpf;F mwpTiu $WfpwhH fhupfpohH vd;w GytH. (Gwk; -6)

rq;fg; GytH khq;Fb kUjdhH gy;ahfrhiy KJLkpg; ngUtOjpiag; gpd;gw;WkhW jiyahdq;fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;nropaid Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. (Gwk; -26)

,uhr#ak; vd;w Nts;tp ,aw;wpajhy; Nrhod; ngUew;fpsp ,uhr#ak; Ntl;l ngUew;fps;sp vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhd;. (Gwk; -16)

fupfhy; ngUtsj;jhd;> ngUew;fps;sp Nghd;w Nrho kd;dHfSk; gy;ahidr; nry;nfO Fl;Ltd;> Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; Kjypa Nru Nte;jHfSk; KJFLkp Nghd;Nw Nts;tpfs; gy ,aw;wp mur fUT+yj;ij ntWikahf;fpdH.

fTzpad; gpz;ze;jhad; vd;gtd; Nrhzhl;Lg; G+Q;rhWhHg; ghHg;ghd;. fTz;bd;dpa Nfhj;jpuj;Jg; ghHg;gdH fTzpaH vdg;gLfpd;wdH. rPHfhop jpUQhd rk;ge;jUk; fTzpauhtH. fTzpaH Nts;tp gy nra;jdH. jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; jhk; ghba gjpfq;fspy; Nts;tp nra;jiy tw;GWj;JfpwhH.

fTzpad; tpz;ze;jhad; xUf;fhy; Nts;tp thapyhfg; ngU tpUe;J nra;jhd;. Nts;tpapy; nea; ePiug;Nghy ,iwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nts;tpf;F MrpupaH MT+H %yq;fpohH vd;w rq;fg; GytH NghapUe;jhH. fTzpad; gpz;ze;jhad; mtUf;F tpUe;Jk; nfhLj;J guprpy;fSk; mspj;jhd;. gupirg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l GytH ,Ugj;njhU Nts;tpfisr; nra;j eP %q;fpy; tsUk; ,kakiy Nghy cyfpy; epiyngWthahf! vd tho;j;jpdhH. ( Gwk; -166)

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fTzpad; tpz;ze;jhad; Nghd;w Nts;tpg; ghHg;gdHfs; nry;tr; nrUf;NfhL tho;e;jijAk; mtHfsplk; MT+H %yq;fpshH Nghd;w jkpo;g; GytHfs; ghb guprpy; ngw;W tho;e;j ,opepiyiaAk; ,e;jg; GwehDhw;Wg; ghly; %yk; mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ.

ghz;baDk; NrhoDk; jd;id ,foe;jhnud;W nrq;Fl;L;td; ntFz;lNghJ khly Ntjpad; mtidg; Gfo;e;J rpde; jzptpj;J Nts;tp ,aw;wpaJ rq;fk; kUtpa fhyj;jpYk; jkpo; kd;dHfs; Nts;tp nra;jijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. (njhlUk;)