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,uhty;gpz;b: efupy; ,d;W (tpahof;fpoik) ele;j kdpj jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjypy; me;ehl;bd; Kd;dhs; gpujkUk; ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; jiytUkhd ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH. ,e;j murpay; gLnfhiy ghfp];jhdpy; gjl;lj;ijAk; cyfshtpa mstpy; mjpHr;rpiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

ghfp];jhd; KOtJk; gutyhff; fytuk; ntbj;Js;sJ. fuhr;rp> ng\hthH> ,uhty;gpz;b Nghd;w efuq;fspy; kf;fs; njUtpy; ,wq;fp MHg;ghl;lk; nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. filfs; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NjHjYf;F ,d;Dk; rpy ehs;fs; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; ehl;by; Fog;g epiy cUthfpAs;sJ. epiyikiar; rkhspf;f K\;uht; kPz;Lk; mtrufhyr; rl;lj;ijg; gpufldg;gLj;jf; $ba rhj;jpak; ,Uf;fpwJ.

ghfp];jhd; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F mLj;j khjk; rdtup 8 ,y; Nju;jy; elf;fTs;s epiyapy; ,d;W jdJ ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; ,uhty;gpz;bapy; khngUk; Nguzpia ngdhrpu; elj;jpdhu;. ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpd; jiyikafk; ,q;Fjhd; cs;sJ. ,J jiyefu; ,];yhkhghj; mUNf cs;sJ. Nguzpapy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd fl;rpj; njhz;lu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,ijnahl;b ,uhty;gpz;b efupy; fLk; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ghfp];jhdpy; gy efu;fspy; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;glyhk; vd cs;Jiw mikrR Vw;fdNt vr;rupf;if nra;J ,Ue;jJ.

Nkilapy; Ngrp Kbj;Jtpl;L ngdhrpu; CHjpapy; Gwg;gl;lNghJ mtu; kPJ Jg;ghf;fr; R+L ele;jJ. ,jpy; mtuJ fOj;jpy; Fz;L gha;e;jJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Ljhup rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;il ntbf;f itj;jhd;. gLfhak; mile;j ngdrpu; Gl;Nlh cldbahf ,uhty;gpz;b muR kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;J nry;yg;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; ,we;J tpl;ljhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j Fz;Lntbg;gpy; NkYk; 25 Ngu; gypahfpAs;sdu;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; gLfhak; mile;Js;sdu;.

kUj;Jtkid Kd; $ba ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rp njhz;lu;fs; kpFe;j MNtrj;Jld; fhzg;gl;ldu;. “K\hug; eha;> K\hug;igf; nfhy;' vd;W Kof;fq;fis vOg;gpdu;. ,J ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; nfhiyf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,uhZtj;jpd; iftupir my;yJ K\hugpd; jpl;lkpl;l;. rjp my;yJ ,uz;Lk; ,Ug;gjhf kf;fs; fl;rpj; njhz;lHfs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. xUKiw jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J jg;gpa ngdhrpH Gl;NlhTf;F cr;rf;fl;l ghJfhg;Gf; nfhLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhLf;fj; jtwpaNj ,e;jr; rhTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd mtuJ MjuthsHfs; epidf;fpwhHfs;.

,e;j Mz;L kl;Lk; ghfp];jhdpy; 40 jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; ele;NjwpAs;sd. mjpy; 770 NgH gypahfpAs;sdH. ,e;j Mz;L KOJk; ghfp];jhd; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; cynfq;Fk; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfshf ntsp te;jd. fle;j fpoik K];ypk;fsJ Kf;fpa rka ehshd <l; ,y; tpohtpd; NghJ ng\hthupy; cs;s xU k#jpapy; njhOJ nfhz;bUe;j kf;fisf; Fwpitj;J xU jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Ljhup elj;jpa jhf;Fjypy; 54 NgH gypahdhHfs;.

gu;Nt]; K\hug; ,uhZtg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaij mLj;J jdJ fztu; Mrpg; ru;jhupAld; ,yz;ldpy; ngdhrpH jQ;rk; GFe;jhH. vl;L Mz;Lfs; fopj;J; gu;Nt]; K\hug;NthL nra;J nfhz;l xU cld;gbf;ifia mLj;J fle;j xf;Njhgu; 19 Mk; ehs; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;. fuhr;rp efu; thDhHjp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtu; ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd njhz;lu;fSld; gpukhz;lkhd Nguzpahfr; nrd;whu;. mg;NghJ kdpj ntbFz;Lj; jhf;Fy; elj;jg;gl;ljpy; 140 Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J ngdrpu; capu; jg;gpdhu;. ,k;Kiw mtH gf;fk; mjpl;lk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiy mLj;j khjk; rdtup 8 Mk; ehs; eilngw ,Uf;Fk; nghJj;NjHjiyf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpf;F cs;shf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ.

,e;jg; gLnfhiyf;F ahUk; ,Jtiu cupik Nfhutpy;iy. Kd;G jd;kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhiy Kaw;rpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ghfp];jhdpd; csTj;Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy rf;jpfs; ,Ue;jjhf ngdhrPH Gl;Nlh Fw;wk; rhl;b ,Ue;jhH. my; nfaplh cl;gl ,];yhkpa jPtputhjpfsplk; ,Ue;J jdf;Ff; nfhiyg; gaKWj;jy; te;Js;sjhfTk; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh njuptpj;jpUe;jhH.

ngdhrpUf;F ghfp];jhdpd; goikthjpfSk; my; nfaplh cs;spl;l jPtputhj mikg;GfSk; mtiuf; fLikahf vjpuj;J te;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpYk; mtUf;F vjpupfs; mjpfk; ,Ue;jhHfs;.

ehL jpUk;gpa ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh K\;uhg; mtrufhyj;ijg; gpufldg;gL;j;jp cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfsJ gjtpfisg; gwpj;J mtHfis tPl;Lf; fhtypy; itj;jNghJ mjidf; fLikahf vjpHj;jhH. kf;fshl;rpg; gLnfhiy vd;W mjid tUzpj;jhH. jdJ murpay; epiyg;ghl;ilf; iftplhj ngdhrph; njhlHe;J muRf;F vjpuhd Nguhl;lq;fis Nguzpfis elj;jp te;jhu;.

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh xU Gfo;ngw;w murpay; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ je;ij Ry;gpfhH myp Gl;Nlh (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) 1979 Mk; Mz;L mg;NghJ Ml;rpj;jiytuhf ,Ue;j ,uhZt jsgjp Zia ul-Haq My; Jhf;fpy; Nghlg;gl;lhH. mg;NghJ mtuJ mfit 51 MFk;.

54 mfit epiwe;j ngdhrpH xf;];Nthl; kw;Wk; `hthl; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; gbj;jtH. xU K];ypk; ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; gpujkH vd;w ngUikAk; mtUf;Fz;L. ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd; gpujkuhf ,UKiw ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhH. mtUf;F %d;W Foe;ijfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

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A+iy 3 : ,];yhkhghj;jpy; gaq;futhjpfs; gapw;rp ngw;W te;j rptg;G kR+jpapy; ,uhZtk; GFe;J jhf;Fjy;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gaq;futhjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

a+iy 20 : mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp ngdhrpUk;> mjpgu; K\hug;Gk; mGjhgpapy; ,ufrpa cld;ghL.

xf;NjhgH 18 - vl;L Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ghfp];jhd; jpUk;gpdhu; ngdhrpu;. tuNtw;G Cu;tyj;jpy; gaq;futhjpfs; jhf;Fjy;. 139 Ngu; gyp.

xf;NjhgH 31 - K\hug; mtrufhy neUf;fbia eilKiwg;gLj;j nra;aj; jpl;lkpLtjhf; ngdhrpu; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhH.

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ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J K\;uhthy; ftpo;f;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; gpujkH ehth]; n\upt; fLikahff; fz;bj;Js;sH. “ngdhrpupd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;a muR jtwptpl;lJ. ehl;L kf;fspd; Nrhfj;jpy; ehDk; gq;Nfw;fpNwd;. ,J Nrhjid kpFe;j fhyk;. K\;uhit gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fk; tiu Nghuhl;lk; njhlUk;” vdr; #Siuj;jhH.

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh nfhy;yg;gl;ljw;F mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH NahH[; G\;> cUrpahtpd; Ml;rpj; jiytH Gl;bd;> ,e;jpahtpd; gpujkH kd;Nkhfd; rpq; Nghd;NwhH fLk; fz;ldk; njuptpj;Js;shHfs;. mnkupf;f mjpgu; G\; ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;ifapy;> ghfp];jhdpd; Kd;dhs; gpujku; ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh Nfhioj;jdkhd Kiwapy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH vdj; njuptpj;Js;shH.

ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij Ml;rpj;jiytH K\hug; fLikahff; fz;bj;Js;shH. “,JNghd;w R+o;epiyapy;> ehl;L kf;fs; czu;r;rp trg;glhky; mikjpia filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gaq;futhj mikg;GfSf;F vjpuhd vdJ eltbf;if njhlUk;" vd;whu;. NkYk; 3 ehs; Njrpa Jf;f ehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njd; fpof;fhrpahtpd; mZrf;jp ehlhd ghfp];jhdpy; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; rhT murpay; cWjpapd;ikia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. 1947 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lk; Jz;lhlg; gl;l gpd;dH mjd; vjpHfhyk; ,g;NghJ kq;fyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Ml;rpia ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; ifg;gw;wpa K\;uht; mijj; jf;f itf;f mUk;ghL gLfpwhH. ,g;NghJ jdJ gjtpiaf; fhg;ghw;w K\;uht; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;ijNa ek;gp ,Uf;fpwhH. ,uhZtk; Gul;rp %yk; mtiu mfw;wpdhy; xopa mtuJ gjtpf;F Mgj;J ,Ug;gjhf ahUk; epidf;f KbahJ. rdtup 8 Mk; ehs; elf;Fk; NjHjypy; mtuJ K];ypk; yPf; nty;yf; $ba rhj;jpak; epiwa ,Uf;fpwJ.

Mdhy; murpaypy; vjidAk; mWjpapl;L vjpH $wptpl KbahJ. ,uhf;fpd; Ml;rpj; jiytH jdJ muR ftpo;f;fg;gl;L jhDk; nfhy;yg;gLthH vdf; fdtpYk; vz;zp ,Ue;jpUf;f khl;lhH. mtuJ rhT K\;uht; cl;gl vy;yhr; rHthjpfSf;Fk; xU ghlkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

mz;ikapy; cr;r ePjpkd;w Kjd;ik ePjpgjpiaAk; NtW rpyiuAk; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jp tpl;L mtHfsJ ,lq;fisj; jdJ mbtUbfisf; nfhz;L epug;gpa gpd;dNu 42 ehs; ePbj;j mtrufhy epiyikia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhH.

,e;j kf;fshl;rp gLnfhiyia mnkupf;fh> ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> fdlh Nghd;w kf;fshl;rp ehLfs; fz;Lnfhs;sTk; ,y;iy fz;bf;fTk; ,y;iy. ,e;j ehLfs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij NtW gf;fk; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;Ltpl;ld. ,g;NghJ kl;Lky;y 1999 Mk; Mz;L ngHtp]; K\;uht; ,uhZtg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa NghJ njhlf;fj;jpy; MjuT njuptpf;fg; gQ;rpg;gl;l mnkupf;fh Mg;fhdp];jhd; kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ jdJ ,uhZt eyd; fUjp K\;uhit ,Wfj; jOtpf; nfhz;lJ. gaq;futhjj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; ghfp];jhdpd; ,uhZt xj;Jiog;Gf;Ff; ifkhwhf epjpAjtpAk; ,uhZt MAj jsghl cjtpfisAk; mnkupf;fh jhuhskhfr; nra;jJ.

mnkupf;fh jypghd; kw;Wk; my; nfaplh jPtputhfpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghiu tpl Nkw;fhrpah kw;Wk; kj;jpah Mrpahtpd; ,aw;if tsq;fisr; Ruz;LtjpNyNa fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,uhd; mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nel;Nlh gilfshy; Rw;wp tisf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mnkupf;fh K\;uht; jdJ ifg;ghit vd epidf;fpwJ. me;j epidg;Gf;F Vw;g K\;uht; ed;whf ebj;J mnkupf;fhit Vkhw;WfpwhH. me;j ebg;ig ekgp nrg;njk;gH 11> 2001 f;Fg; gpd;dH mnkupf;fh gj;J gpy;ypad; ngWkjpAila ,uhZt kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cjtpfis ghfp];jhDf;F thup toq;fpAs;sJ. mnkupf;ftpw;F NtW top ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

fle;j Gjd; fpoik 300 kpy;ypad; nlhyH epjpAjtp toq;Fk; rl;lj;jpy; G\; ifnaOj;Jg; Nghl;bUf;fpwhH.

xU Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhy; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiyf;F mnkupf;fh Fiwe;j gl;rk; jhHkPfg; nghWg;ig MtJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiy NkYk; gy nfhiyfSf;F toptFf;ff; $Lk;.

nkhj;jj;jpy; 16 Nfhb kf;fs; thOk; ghfp];jhdpd; kf;fshl;rp KiwikAk; murpay; cWjpg;ghLk; ngdrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiyia mLj;J Ml;lk; fz;Ls;sJ. cyfj;jkpoH - bnrk;gH 21> 2007)

bnrk;gH khjk; Kbtila ,d;Dk; rpy ehs;fNs kpQ;rp ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kd;dH mwptpj;jgb bnrk;gH 10 f;Fs; nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijr; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mJ mg;gb vijAk; nra;atpy;iy.

Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;Fk; - cUrpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vOe;Js;s Kuz;ghL fhuzkhf nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaH jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij NkYk; %d;W khjq;fSf;Fj; js;spg; Nghl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. %d;W khjq;fs; Kbtjw;Fs; nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij nra;Akh? ,Jjhd; ,d;W cyfj;jpd; jiyefHfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tp MFk;.

1998 – 1999 fhyg; gFjpapy; NrHgpa FbauRj; jiytH ];NyhNghld; kpNyhrptpf; (Slobodan Milosevic) nfhNrhNth kPJ mlf;FKiwiaf; ifahz;L ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;ig nra;J Kbj;jhH. mjd; tpisthf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaHfs; ,lk; ngaHe;jhHfs;. mg;NghJ Nel;Nlh mjpy; jiyapl;L NrHgpah kPJ Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpaJ. NrHgpa ,uhZtk; nfhNrhNthtpy; ,Ue;J tpul;b mbf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjidj; njhlHe;J nfhNrhNthtpy; Nel;Nlh – ma;ad;dh $l;L Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. NrHgpa epyg;gug;gpy; nfhNrhNth 15 tpOf;fhL nfhz;Ls;sJ.

NrHgpah fle;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf mnkupf;fh> ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; cUrpah Mfpa ehLfNshhL Ngr;R thHj;ij elj;jpaJ. Mdhy; me;jg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; ntw;wp mspf;ftpy;iy. mjd; fhyf; nfLTk; (bnrk;gH 10> 2007) Kbe;Jtpl;lJ.

NrHgpa muRf;Fk; nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mT];wpahtpy; ele;j Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; ,zf;fk; fhzhJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;Js;sJ.

nrhNrhNth gw;wp xU cld;ghl;Lf;F tUkhW ma;ad;dh tpjpj;jpUe;j fhyf; nfLTk; Kbe;J tpl;lJ.

NrHgpah nfhNrhNthTf;F “Hong Kong” khjpup xU murpay; jPHit Kd;itj;jJ. mjd; fPo; nfhNrhNth Rahl;rp ngw;w mNj Neuk; NrHgpa ehl;bd; xU Rahl;rp murhf tpsq;Fk;. Mdhy; ,e;j Nahridia nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaH epuhfupj;J tpl;lhHfs;.

jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijr; nra;tJ vspjhd nray; my;y. cyf ehLfs; mjid mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ma;ad;dhtpd; xg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ma;ad;dhtpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; ehLfs; ,Uf;f Kbahjh? KbAk;. 23 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; thOk; jha;thd; ehl;il ma;ad;dh mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. cyf ehLfspy; 25 ehLfs; kl;LNk mjid mq;fPfupj;Js;sd. jha;thNdhL ey;y cwit itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s mnkupf;fh $l mjid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; jha;thd; 122 ehLfNshL cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w Kiwapy; ,uhrje;jpu cwTfis itj;Js;sJ.

xU ehL mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Ff; Fiwe;jJ gj;J msitfs; (criteria) Njitg;gLfpd;wd. epyg;gug;G> Fbfs;> ,iwik> nghUshjhu fl;Lkhdk;> fy;tpf;$lq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fhty;Jiw> ntspehl;L mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jha;thidg; nghWj;jstpy; mJ xU eilKiw; murhf (de facto) kl;Lk; ,aq;FfpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahfr; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jhy; mJ rq;fpypf; NfhHit Nghd;w vjpHtpisTfis - Nghy;fd; gFjpapy; kl;Lky;y mjw;F mg;ghYk; - cUthf;Fk; vd cUrpa ehl;L ntspAwT mikr;rH Sergei Lavrov Nkw;Fyf ehLfis vr;rupj;Js;shH. nfhNrhNth ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;G mitapy; cUrpahjhd; jdJ tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jg; Nghtjhfg; gaKWj;jp jil nra;J tUfpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jhy; mijapl;L gpd;dH ftiyg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W NrHgpahTk; vr;rupj;Js;sJ. gjpndl;L ,yf;fk; kf;fs; thOk; nfhNrhNth ehd;F gf;fKk; epyj;jpdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.

NrHgpah nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupf;Fk; ehLfspy; ,Ue;J jdJ JhJtHfisj; jpUg;gp miof;fg; Nghtjhf kpul;LfpwJ. kpd;dhw;wy; toq;fiyAk; ntl;btplg; Nghtjhfr; nrhy;fpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jdJ kpd;dhw;wy; Njitapy; 40 tpOf;fhl;il NrHgpahtplk; ,Ue;J jw;NghJ ngWfpwJ.

NrHgpah ,d;Dk; rpy gbfs; NkNy nrd;W nfhNrhNth khfhzj;NjhL ,Uf;Fk; jdJ vy;iyfis %btplyhk;.

Mdhy; NrHgpah mg;gbr; nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; mJ nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; NrHgpa rpWghd;ikapdiuAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;ijg; nghWj;jstpy; nrhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;ij xU kdjhf Mjupf;Fk; epiyapy; ,y;iy. ,Rg;ghdpah> irg;gpu];> fpNuf;fk; kw;Wk; rpNyhtf;fpah Nghd;w ehLfs; nfhNrhNth Rje;jpug; gpufldj;Jf;F vjpHg;Gj; njuptpj;J tUfpd;wd.

tuyhw;wpy; jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ntw;wpngw;wjhf gjpT ,y;iy vd;W ,Rg;ghdpahtpd; ntspAwT mikr;rH Miguel Angel Moratinos fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;shH.

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Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpa ehLfSf;F ,ilNa nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuk; njhlHghf xUkdjhd KbT vLf;fg;glyhk;.

cyf ty;yurhd mnkupf;fh nrhNrhNth xU jdpehlhf cUthFtij KOikahf Mjupf;fpwJ. mNj Neuk; nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; NrHgpa rpWghd;ik kf;fSf;F murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; Nghjpa rl;l ghJfhg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpUk;GfpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;tijj; jtpHj;J jd;NdhLk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;NjhLk; xj;Jg; NghFkhW mnkupf;fh mwpTiu toq;fpAs;sJ.

,jw;fpilapy; NrHgpah nfhNrhNth Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; mJ rl;lg;gb nry;YgbahFkh? ,y;iyah? vd gd;dhl;L ePjp kd;wj;ij (International Court of Justice) mZfp mjd; fUj;ijg; ngwg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;Js;sJ.

nfhNrhNth 1999 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ma;ad;dhtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. nrhe;jkhd mur ,ae;jpuk; - ghjp ma;ad;dh ghjp nfhNrhNth - ,aq;FfpwJ. ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;tjw;F ma;ad;dh “gaz Mtzq;fis” toq;fp tUfpwJ. Mdhy; mtw;iw NrHgpah fz;Lnfhs;tjpy;iy.

nfhNrhNth epyg;gug;ig NrHgpah jd;NdhL itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kad;whYk;
eilKiwapy; nfhNrhNth NrHgpahtpd; xU cWg;ghf ,d;W ,y;iy. NrHgpa gil 1999 Mk; Mz;Nl tYf;fl;lhakhf Nel;Nlh gilahy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L tpl;lJ. mg;NghJ ele;j rz;ilapy; 10>000 my;NgdpaHfs; ,we;jhHfs;. vl;L ,yf;fk; kf;fs; jq;fs; tPL thry;fis iftpl;L XbdhHfs;.

nfhNrhNth> jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;tij ma;ad;dhtpd; jPHkhdk; 1244 jLf;ftpy;iy vd thjhLfpwJ. NrHgpahtpd; Ml;Gy xUikg;ghl;il (territorial integrity) jPHkhdj;jpy; KfTiuapy;jhd; (preamble) $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. KfTiuapy; $wg;gLk; thrfj;Jf;F rl;l tYT fpilahJ vd nfhNrhNth nrhy;fpwJ.

nfhNrhNth NrHgpahtpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J ntF njhiyT nrd;W tpl;lJ. nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; my;NgdpaHfs; kPz;Lk; NrHgpahtpd; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpapd; fPo; thoKbahJ vd;w Kbtpy; ,Wf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xU jhuhs jd;dhl;rp murpay; mikg;gpd; fPOk; NrHgpaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhnrhNth kf;fs; thor; rk;kjpg;ghHfsh vd;gij fw;gidapy; $l epidj;Jg; ghHf;f KbahJ ,Uf;fpwJ (It is impossible to imagine them accepting a return to Serbian control even under the most generous form of autonomy) vd nfhNrhNth jiytHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;ijj; js;spf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhy; mJ my;Ngdpa K];ypk;fSf;Fk; NrHgpa Guhjd fpwpj;jtHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kPz;Lk; xU ,d Nkhjiy cUthf;fyhk; vd Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; mQ;Rfpd;wd.

nghUshjhuj;jpy; kPz;Lk; jiy epkpHe;J tUk; cUrpah cyf muq;fpy; jdJ ehl;lhz;ikiaf; fhl;bf; nfhs;s tpUk;GfpwJ. jdJ gioa ty;yuR gjtpiag; gpbf;f epidf;fpwJ. mjd; ntspg;ghNl nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;Jf;F mJ NghLk; Kl;Lf;fl;il MFk;. ,tw;why; mnkupf;f - cUrpa cwT Kd;Nghy; ,y;yhky; ,wq;FKfkhfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuk; cUrpahtpd; jatpd;wp epiwNtWtJ fbdk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa epiyg;ghlhFk;. (cyfj;jkpoH - bnrk;gH 21> 2007)

(jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fk; vupj;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; xw;Wikia ,e;jf; fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ)

ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G 1945 Mk; Mz;L 54 cWg;gpdHfNshL njhlf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gl;lak; A+d; 26> 1945 ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L xf;NjhgH 24> 1945 md;W eilKiwf;F te;jJ. cyfpy; ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G xd;Nw NghH my;yJ mikjp ,uz;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk; gilj;j mikg;ghFk;.

,d;W ma;ad;dhtpd; cWg;gpdH njhif 192 Mf caHe;Js;sJ. nrd;w 16 Mz;Lfspy; kl;Lk; 34 ehLfs; Gjpjhfr; NrHe;Js;sd! ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehLfs; Kd;ida Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; kw;Wk; A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbauirj; NrHe;jit.

vupj;jpah 1993 Nk 23 ,y; ma;ad;dhtpy; cWg;gpduhfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lJ. vj;jpNahg;gpahtpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J vupj;jpah tpLjiy ngw 30 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf MAjk; jhq;fp FUjp rpe;jpg; NghuhbaJ. Rje;jpuj;Jf;F me;j ehL cr;r tpiy nfhLj;Js;sJ.

1885 Mz;Lf;F Kd;dH ,g;NghJ vupj;jpupah vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epyg;gug;G cs;SH NghHr; rz;baHfshy; my;yJ nrq;fly; gFjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gd;dhl;L rf;jpfshy; Msg;gl;L te;jJ. 1890 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjj;jpy; ,j;jhyp nrq;flypy; cs;s jdJ ntt;NtW epyg;gug;ig xUq;fpizj;J vupj;jpah vd;w ngaupy; xU nfhydpj;Jt ehl;il cUthf;fpaJ.

1896 ,y; ,j;jhyp mz;il ehlhd vj;jpNahg;gpah kPJ gilnaLf;f vupj;jpahit xU fskhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy; ,j;jhyp Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjiy vj;jpNahg;gpah ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabj;jJ. ,j;jhypg; gil Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ. mLj;j 40 Mz;Lfs; ,e;jj; Njhy;tp ,j;jhypapd; kdjpy; xU Mwhj fhaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1936 ,y; ,j;jhyp kPz;Lk; vupj;jpahtpd; JizNahL vj;jpNahg;gpah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ. vupj;jpahTk; NrHe;J nfhz;ljhy; ,k;Kiw ,j;jhyp Nghupy; ntw;wpthif #baJ. ,jidj; njhlHe;J mgprPdpah (ma;Nuhg;gpaHfs; vupj;jpahit ,g;gbj;jhd; mioj;jhHfs;) vupj;jpah kw;Wk; Nrhkhypyhe;J %d;Wk; NrHe;J ,j;jhypapd; fpof;F Mgpupf;fh (Italian East Africa (AOI) vd;w ngaupy; xU $l;likg;G cUthfpaJ.

,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghiu mLj;J ,j;jhypapd; nfhydpj;Jtk; KbTf;F te;jJ. gpupj;jhdpah vj;jpNahg;gpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,j;jhypia ntspNaw;wpaJ. ntspNaw;wpa gpd;dH kPz;Lk; kd;dH n`apyp nryh];rpia (Haile Selassie) vj;jpNahg;ghtpd; mupaizapy; Vw;wpaJ. ,j;jhyp ruz; mile;jijj; njhlHe;J vj;jpNahg;gpah gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ,uhZt Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

1952 ,y; ma;ad;dh mitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPHkhdk; vupj;jpupahitAk; vj;Njhg;gpahitAk; xU ,izg;ghl;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ. vupj;jpahtpd; Rje;jpu ehl;Lf; Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; vupj;jpahTf;F XusT cs;sf Rahl;rpAk; rpy kf;fshl;rp cupikfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

Mdhy; ,izg;ghl;rp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ vupj;jpahtpd; cupikfs; gbg;gbahff; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld my;yJ kPwg;gl;ld.

1962 ,y; kd;dH N`apyp nryh];rp vupj;jpupah ehlhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;Jtpl;L mjid vj;jpNahg;gpahNthL tYf;fl;lhakhf ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. ,J vupj;jpupaHfsJ Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Nghiuj; njhlf;fp itj;jJ. 1974 Mk; Mz;L ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; N`apyp nryh];rp mupaizapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;l gp;d;dUk; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd vupj;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lk; njhlHe;jJ.

khHf;];rp];l; rhHghd vj;jpNahg;gpa murpd; ,uhZt Ml;rp gilj;jsgjp nkd;[p];l;L N`apyp kupak; (Mengistu Haile Miriam) jiyikapy; ,aq;fpaJ.

1960 fspy; vupj;jpahtpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vupj;jpad; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (Etritrean Liberation Front ) jiyikapy; ele;jJ. 1970 ,y; ,e;j Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J rpyH gpupe;J nrd;W vupj;jpad; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhHfs;.

1970 Mk; Mz;L filrpg; gFjpapy; ,gpvy;vt; vj;jpNahg;gpa ehl;Lf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLk; FOf;fSf;F ,ilapy; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. mjd; jiytuhf ,rpah]; mt;NtHfp (Isiyas Afwerki) nray;gl;lhH. ,gpvy;vt; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfsplk; ,Ue;J ifg;gw;wpa MAjq;fis vj;jpNahg;gpa gilf;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ.

1977 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; xU mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ. mjpy; “,gpvy;vt; kl;LNk vupj;jpa kf;fspd; Vfg;gpujpepjp MtH. me;j mikg;Ng vupj;jpa kf;fspd; rhHgpy; Ngrty;y rl;lG+Htkhd mikg;G” vd mwptpj;jJ.

1977 ,y; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilia vupj;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tpul;Lk; epiyapy; ,gpvy;vt; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> mNj Mz;L vj;jpNahg;gpahTf;F Nrhtpaj; NghHj; jsghlq;fisAk; ngUksT MAjq;fisAk; thd;topahf nfhz;L nrd;W Ftpj;jJ. ,jdhy; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfs; gpd;thq;Ftij tpLj;J Kd;Ndwp ,gpvy;vt; gilazpfis GjUf;Fs; js;spaJ.

1978 kw;Wk; 1986 fhyg; gFjpapy; vj;jpNahg;gpa mur gilfs; vl;LKiw ghupa gilnaLg;ig ,gpvy;vt; f;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mj;jid gilnaLg;Gf;fSk; ,Wjpapy; gL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd. ,gpvy;vt; kuGtop jhf;FjiyAk; nfupy;yh jhf;FjiyAk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfSf;F vjpuhf rkfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

1978 Nk khjj;jpy; vupj;jpahtpd; njd;gFjpapy; epiynfhz;bUe;j vupj;jpahtpd; Gul;rpg; gilfis mopj;njhopf;F Kfkhf 100>000 Mapuk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gil vjpHj;jhf;Fjypy; <LgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; kw;Wk; ,vy;vt; gilfs; %Hf;fj;jf;fkhf vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhba NghJk; NghHj;je;jpukhf gpd;thq;fpd. vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfs; efuq;fisAk; CHfisAk; kPsf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. vj;jpNahg;gpa jhf;Fjypy; ,vy;vt; ,af;fk; gyj;j ,og;Gf;F MshdJ. mjd; jiytHfs; mz;ilehlhd RlhDf;F Xbj; jg;gpdhHfs;.

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kf;fs; njhif – 4>786>994 (NkYk; 5 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; Rlhdpy; Vjpypfshf
tho;fpwhHfs;)

,dq;fs; - xd;gJ ,df; FOf;fs; ((Tigrinya, Tigray, Bilen, Afar, Saho, Kunama,
Nara, Hidareb and Rashaida).

rkak; - ghjpg;NgH nfhg;upf; fpwpj;jtH. vQ;rpatHfspy; K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH.

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1982 ,y; vj;jpNahg;gpah 6 MtJ Kiwahf vupj;jpahTf;F vjpuhfg; ghupa gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapy; 120>000 Mapuk; gilapdH ,Ue;jdH. ,e;jg; gilnaLg;Gf;F rptg;G el;rj;jpuk; vdg; ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; elj;jpa vjpHj;jhf;Fjypy; 40>000 Mapuk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapdH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. ngUe;njhifahd MAjq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. 1984 Nk khjj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; nfhkhd;Nlh gilazp m];Nkuh (Asmera) tpkhd jsj;ijj; jhf;fp ,uz;L Nrhtpaj; II-38 fly; NtTtpkhdq;fis mopj;jJ.

1986 ,y; m];Nkuh tpkhd jsj;ij ,gpvy;vt; nfhkhd;Nlh mzp kPz;Lk; CLUtpj; jhf;fpaJ. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; 40 tpkhdq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. MAjf; fsQ;rpaq;fSk; vupnghUs; Fjq;fSk; vupA+l;lg;gl;ld.

1988 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; vupj;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Nf mtngl; (Afabet) vd;w efupy; mike;Js;s vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapd; jiyikafj;ijj; jhf;fpf; ifgw;wpaJ. mNj rkak; Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;lf; FOf;fs; vj;jpNahg;ghtpw;Fs; CLUtp jhf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;.

1980 filrpapy; vj;jpNahg;gpa Ml;rpj;jiytH nkq;[p];Lf;F (Mengistu) mjNdhlhd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G cld;ghL Gjpg;gpf;f khl;lhJ vd Nrhtpaj; mwptpj;jJ. ,e;j mwptpj;jy; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapduJ kdTWjpia kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. ,jidr; rhjfkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L ,gpvy;vt; kw;Wk; MAjf; FOf;fs; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfspd; epiyfis Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpd.

1991 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; gil vj;jpNahg;gpa mur gilfSf;F vjpuhd ghupa jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;lJ. nrq;flypd; Xukhf ClWj;J efHe;j ,gpvy;vt; gilfs; Vnrg; (Aseb) efupd; thapiy mile;jJ. Vg;upy; filrpapy; ,gpvy;vt; gilfs; m];Nkuh> Vnrg; kw;Wk; Nfud; (Keren) ePqfyhf KO vupj;jpahitAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ.

1991 Nk 24 ,y; m];Nkuhtpy; ,uz;lhtJ Gul;rpg; giliar; NrHe;j 120>000 vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapdH ,gpvy;vt; gilaplk; ruz; mile;jhHfs;.

vupj;jpah – vj;jpNahg;gpah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjpg; Ngr;RthHj;ij ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjw;F mnkupf;fh mDruiz toq;fpaJ. 1991 Nk khjk; nkq;[p];J muR ftpz;lJ. Nk eLtpy; nkq;[p];J Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig xU fhg;ge;J murplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L ehl;il tpl;Nlhb rpk;ghNt (Zimbawe) ehl;by; murpay; Gfyplk; NfhupdhH.

Nk khjf; filrpapy; ,Ujug;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu mnkupf;fh jiyikapy; ,yz;ldpy; Ngr;RthHj;ij ele;jJ. ,gpvy;vt; cl;gl ehd;F Nghuhspf; mikg;Gf;fs; Ngr;RthHj;ijapy; gq;F gw;wpd.

vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfisf; fsj;jpy; GwKJF fz;l ,gpvy;vt; jkJ jhafj;ijj; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jJ. Nk 1991 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; Rje;jpuk; gw;wp xU Neub thf;nfLg;G vLj;J xU epue;ju muir mikf;Fk; tiu ehl;il Ms vupj;jpa ,ilf;fhy muir (Provisional Government of Eritrea) epWtpaJ. muRj;jiytuhf ,gpvy;vt; jiytH ,irah]; mtHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,gpvy;vt; ,d; kj;jpa FO rl;lrigahf khwpaJ.

A+iy 1-5> 1991 Mk; Mz;L xU caHkl;l mnkupf;f FOnthd;W vj;jpNahg;gpahtpd; jiyefuhd mb]; mghgh (Addis Ababa) Ngha;r; NrHe;jJ. mq;F ,j;jpNahg;gpahtpy; xU ,ilf;fhy muir epWT Kfkhff; $l;lg;gl;l khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; ,e;j khehl;by; xU ghHitahsuhff; fye;J nfhz;lJ. ,ilf;fhy muNrhL vupj;jpa – vj;jpNahg;gpa ,ilapayhd cwT gw;wpg; Ngr;R thHj;ij elj;jpaJ. Ngr;RthHj;ijapd; Kbtpy; vupj;jpa Rje;jpuk; gw;wp kf;fsplk; xU Neub thf;nfLg;G elj;Jtjw;F vj;jpNahg;gpah xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.

xU fhyj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; Nghuhspfs; khHf;rPr rpj;jhe;jj;ij iff;nfhzbUe;jhYk; nkq;[p];Jf;F Nrhtpaj; nfhLj;j MjuT mtHfs; Nrhtpaj;jplk; cjtp Nfl;gjw;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpYk; mjd; fpof;F ma;Nuhg;gpa Ner ehLfspYk; nghJTlik Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ mj;jifa Ml;rp Kiw vupj;jpahtpYk; Njhy;tpapy; KbAk; vd;w cz;ikia mtHfSf;F czHj;jpaJ.

1993 Vg;upy; 23-25 ehs;fspy; ele;j Neub thf;nfLg;gpy; vupj;jpah vj;jpNahg;gpa ehl;by; ,Ue;J gpupe;J Rje;jpu ehlhf khwNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Mjuthf ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; thf;fspj;jhHfs;. Rje;jpukhd ,e;j Neub thf;nfLg;G ma;ad;dh fz;fhzpg;gpy; eilngw;wJ.

,jidj; njhlHe;J vupj;jpa jiytHfs; vupj;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij Vg;upy; 27 ,y; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. vupj;jpa kf;fs; me;j Rje;jpuj;ij Nk 24 ,y; mjpfhuG+Htkhff; nfhz;lhb kfpo;e;jhHfs;. (cyfj;jkpoH - nehntk;gH 23>2007)

gpu;pNfbaH R.g. jkpo;r;nry;tdpd; ,og;G <Lnra;a Kbahj ,og;G. ,J xg;Gf;Fr; nrhy;Yk; thHj;ijfs; my;y. xU cyfwpe;j ,uhrje;jpupia ehk; ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;. rpwe;j rpe;jidahsid ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;. ve;j neUffbf;Fs;Sk; rpupj;j Kfj;NjhLk; kaf;Fk; Gd;difNahLk; tyk; te;j xU khdplid ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;.

cyfpy; gpwe;jtH ahUk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. vy;NyhUk; ,we;Nj NghdhHfs;. Nfhlhd Nfhb kf;fs; gpwe;J gpd;dH ,wf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jf; Nfhlhd Nfhb kf;fspy; cyfk; xU rpyiuj;jhd; epidtpy; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. vQ;rpatHfs; kwf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhHfs;.

rpj;jHfSk; Kf;jHfSk; kuzk; ,aw;if vd;whHfs;. gpwg;G vg;gb ,aw;ifNah mNj Nghy; gpwe;jit ahTk; ,wg;gJk; ,aw;if vd;whHfs;.

QhdpfSk; NahfpfSk; rpj;jH> Kf;jH> Qhdpfs;> Nahfpfs;> KdptHfs; vy;NyhUk; rhit Gwq;fhz vijnaijNah nra;J ghHj;jhHfs;. %r;ir mlf;fpg; ghHj;jhHfs;. Nkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhHfs;. fhafy;g;gk; cz;L ghHj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; rhit nty;y Kbatpy;iy.

"Gj;jd;> NaR> KfkJegp> ,uhkd;> rq;fuH> ,uhkE[H vy;NyhUNk khz;L NghdhHfs;. ehd; kl;Lk; ghH kPJ rhfhjpUg;Ngd;" vd;W ghujp Koq;fpdhH.

"fhyh cd;idr; rpW Gy;nyd kjpf;fpNwd;! - vd;wd;
fhyUNf thlh> rw;Nw cd;id kpjpf;fpNwd;"

nehe;j Gz;izf; Fj;Jtjhy; gandhd;wpy;iy
    Neh ahNy kbe;jpl;lhd; Gj;jd; fz;BH
me;jzdhk; rq;fuhr; rhHad; khz;lhd;
    mjw;fLj;j ,uhkh E[Dk; Nghdhd;!
rpYitapNy mbAz;L NaR nrj;jhd;
    jPanjhU fizahNy fz;zd; khz;lhd;
gyH GfOk; ,uhkDNk ahw;wpy; tPo;e;jhd;!
    ghHkPJ ehd; rfh jpUg;Ngd;> fhz;gPH!      (ghujpahH Rarupij)

vd;whd;. Mdhy; 'kuzj;ij nty;tJ vg;gb?' vd;W cghak; nrhd;d kfhftp ghujp $l me;j kuzj;ij nty;y Kbatpy;iy! jdJ Kg;gj;njhd;gjhtJ mfitapy; me;jf; fhyd; vd;;w ghgp mtiuf; $l;br; nrd;whd;.

rhT kdpjDf;F cyfk; njhlq;fpa fhyk; njhl;Nl xU GjpuhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. me;jg; Gjpiu ahUk; ,d;Dk; mtpo;j;j ghlhf ,y;iy. kuzj;jpd; gpd; (kW) gpwg;G cz;lh? cz;L vd;W nrhy;gtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;gtHfSk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. gjpnzd; rpj;jHfspy; xUtuhd rptthf;fpahH kWgpwg;G ,y;iy vd;W mbj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhH.

fwe;jghy; Kiyg;Gfh> file;jntz;nza; NkhH Gfh>
cile;J Nghd rq;fpd; Xir capHfSk; cl;Gfh>
tpupe;jG+ cjpHe;jfhAk; kPz;Lk; Ngha; kuk;Gfh>
,we;jtH gpd; gpwg;gjpy;iy> ,y;iy,y;iy ,y;iyNa! (rpj;jH ghly;fs;)

kdpjd;> cyfk;> mz;lk;> flTs; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilapy; cs;s cwit tpsf;f vOe;j Ntjhe;jq;fSk; rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; ,e;jr; rpf;fyhd Kbr;ir mtpo;f;f kdpjdhy; vOjg; gl;litNa. kdpjid ek;g itf;f mit flTshy; mUsg;gl;ld vdg; Gide;Jiuj;jhHfs;. flTshy; mUsg;gl;bUe;jhy; xU rkak;> xU flTs;> xU Ntjk;> xU rpj;jhe;jk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

kdpjHfis tpl;LtpLNthk;. xU NghH tPuDf;F vg;gbahd rhT Neu Ntz;Lk;? ts;StH mjw;F tpil mspf;fpwhH.

jkf;Fr; nra;j ed;wpfis epide;J murd; fz;fs; ePHngUfg; Nghupy; capHePf;fg; ngw;why; me;fr; rhT ,ue;jhtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; jFjpAilaJ vd;gJ ,f; Fwspd; nghUshFk;.

gpupNfbaH R.g. jkpo;r;nry;td; jpUts;StH nrhy;Yk; rhit ,ue;J ngw;Ws;shH. mjw;F Njrpaj; jiytH khz;GkpF gpughfud; jkpo;r;nry;tdJ rhTf;F ,uq;fp ntspapl;l ,uq;fYiu rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.

“jkpOyfNk Mokhf Nerpj;j xU murpay; jiytidr; rpq;fs Njrk; ,d;W rhfbj;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpoPo kf;fspd; kdq;fis ntd;w xU jd;dpfuw;w jiytidr; rpq;fsk; gypnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vkJ Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; murpaw;Wiwg; nghWg;ghsu; gpupNfbau; jkpo;r;nry;tidAk; Vida Ie;J NghuhspfisAk; ,oe;J ,d;W jkpoPo Njrk; tuyhw;wpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj xU Ngupog;igr; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j khngUk; Nrhf epfo;T vk;kf;fis mjpu;r;rpapYk; Mo;e;j Jauj;jpYk; Mo;j;jpAs;sJ.

jkpo;r;nry;td; vkJ Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;j fhyj;jpypUe;Nj vd;NdhL xd;whf> neUf;fkhf tho;e;jtd;. ehd; mtid Mokhf mwpe;J> MokhfNt Nerpj;Njd;. vdJ md;Gj; jk;gpahfNt tsu;j;Njd;. mtdJ mofpa rpupg;Gk; mjDs; Gije;j Mapuk; mu;j;jq;fisAk; mtDs; mlu;e;J fple;j Mw;wy;fisAk; MSikfisAk; ehd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj fz;Lnfhz;Nld;.

,yl;rpag; Nghuhspahf> jiyrpwe;j jhidj; jsgjpahf> khngUk; murpay; nghWg;ghsdhf> midj;JyNfhLk; cwthba ,uh[je;jpupahf> Nguhw;wy; kpf;f Ngr;Rthu;j;ijahsdhf mtid tsu;j;njLj;Njd;.

jhd; Nerpj;j kz; tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk;> jhd; Nerpj;j kf;fs; Rje;jpukhf> nfsutkhf> ghJfhg;ghf tho Ntz;Lnkd;W rjh rpe;jpj;jhd;. jhd; Nerpj;j me;j kf;fsJ tpLjiyf;fhf> tpbtpw;fhfj; jd;idNa Cdhf cUf;fp> cWjpahf cioj;j xU ,yl;rpa neUg;G mtd;.

“vdJ md;Gj; jk;gpahfNt tsu;j;Njd;” vd;w thHj;ijfs; Njrpaj; jiytH gpup;NfbaH jkpo;r;nry;td; kPJ itj;jpUe;j Mokhd md;igAk; ghrj;ijAk; giwrhw;WfpwJ. gjpNdohtJ mfitapy; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l jkpo;r;nry;td; 23 Mz;Lfs; jiytupd; mutizg;gpy; ,Ue;jhH.

,af;fk; vd;w gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Glk; Nghlg;gl;L thHj;J vLf;fg;gl;lhH. jiytH gpughfuDf;F mLj;jjhf jkpoPo kf;fsJ kdq;fis kl;Lk; my;y cyfshtpa jkpo; kf;fspd; kdq;fisf; nfhs;is nfhz;l tPudhfTk; ,uhrje;jpupahfTk; jkpo;r;nry;td; tpsq;fpdhH.

Ngr;R Nkilapy; mtH Gd;dif G+j;j Kfj;Jld; tPw;wpUe;j fhl;rpiag; ghHj;Jg; G+upg;gile;Njhk;. ngUikg;gl;Nlhk;.

tPur; rhitj; jOtpa gpupNfbaH jkpo;r;nry;tdpd; Gfo; cly; cupa kjpg;NghL Gij Fopapy; tpijf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. kf;fs; fz;zPH tpl;L mOjhHfs;. ftpQHfs; nrhw;G+f;fs; njhLj;J ghkhiy fl;bdhHfs;. tPutzf;ff; $l;lq;fspy; kf;fs; fly; miynadj; jpuz;L jq;fs; tzf;fj;ijj; njuptpj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; ,it kl;Lk; NghJkh?

vkJ kf;fs; nrhy;nyhzhj; Jd;gq;fisAk; ,d;dy;fisAk; ,lHfisAk; ehSk; nghOJk; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwHfs;.

njd; jkpoPoj;jpy; ,lk;ngaHe;j 300>0000 ,yl;rk; kf;fspy; ghjpg;NgH ,d;Dk; kPs; FbakHj;jg;gltpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf %JH fpof;fpy; cs;s rk;G+H> Njhg;G+H> ghl;lhspGuk;> ey;YhH Nghd;w 12 CHfisr; NrHe;j RkhH 14>000 kf;fs; kPs; FbakHj;jg;glhky; kuq;fspd; fPOk; tPjp Xuq;fspYk; jw;fhypf nfhl;by;fspy; euf tho;f;if tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j CHfs; rpq;fsg; gilahy; caHghJfhg;G tyakhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L mq;F tho;e;j kf;fs; eLj;njUtpy; tplg;gl;Ls;shHfs;.

aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL jpwe;jntsp rpiwr;rhiyahf rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jpdhy; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. capiuf; fhg;ghw;w kf;fNs Kd;te;J jq;fis rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;FkhW ePjpkd;wq;fis ehb XLfpwhHfs;.

“tl-fpof;fpy; ehshe;jk; 5 NgH nfhy;yg;gLfpwhHfs; my;yJ fhzhky; NghfpwhHfs;. fle;j rdtup khjk; njhlq;fp Mf];l; khjk; tiu ,yq;ifapy; 14 kdpjTupik kw;Wk; rka njhz;lHfs; fhzky; NghAs;shHfs;. ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; 662 NgH nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 540 NgH fhzky; NghAs;shHfs;. 25 Foe;ijfs; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 43 Foe;ijfs; fhzhky; NghAs;shHfs;” ,t;thW rl;lk; kw;Wk; mit Law and Society (LST) vd;w mikg;G kdpjTupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;Ak; Ml;rpj;jiytH Mizaj;Jf;F vOj;J %yk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

vdNt vkJ kz;izAk; kf;fisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba ghupa nghWg;G Gyk;ngaH tho; jkpo;kf;fspd; Njhs;fspy; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gyk;ngaH jkpoHfs; jq;fsJ kdpj tsj;ijAk; nghUs;tsj;ijAk; jpUtpohf;fspYk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspYk; tPzhf;fhky; vq;fs; kf;fis rpq;fs - gTj;j ,dthj nfhba murpd; mlf;FKiwapy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;w xUKfg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tpLjiy vd;gJ Rk;kh nfhz;L te;J jUtjw;F mJ Rf;Fky;y kpsFky;y vd;gij ehk; kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jhaff; fdTfis neQ;rpdpy; Ve;jp tPur;rhitj; jOtpf; nfhz;l gpupNfbaH jkpo;r;nry;td; kw;Wk; mtuJ NjhoHfSk; vq;fs; neQ;rpy; flYk; fhw;Wk; thDk; kjpAk; cs;stiu ePbj;J epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;.

,e;j khtPuHfSf;F ehk; vOg;gg; $ba kpfg; ngupa epidthyak; mtHfs; fz;l jkpooPof; fdit epidthf;FtJjhd;. mijr; nra;J Kbf;f ehq;fs; xt;nthUtUk; #Siug;Nghk;! (cyfj;jkpoH - nehntk;gH 09> 2007)

cyfpy; ghtg;gl;l ,dq;fspd; gl;baiyj; ahuhtJ jahupj;jhy; mjpy; jpNgj;jpaHfs;jhd; Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.

1949 Mk; Mz;L khNr Jq;fpd; jiyikapyhd fk;A+dp];l; Gul;rp rPdhtpy; ntw;wp thif #baJ. mjd; %yk; 1927 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; jsgjp rpahq; fha; Nrf; (Chiang Kai – shek ) jiyikapyhd mnkupf;f rhHG tyJrhupf; fl;rpahd rPd Njrpaf; fl;rpf;Fk; cUrpa rhHG rPd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cs;ehl;Lg; NghH KbTf;F te;jJ. nkupf;fhtpd; nry;yg;gps;isahd rpahq; fha; Nrf; rPdhitf; iftpl;L jha;thDf;F Xbj; jg;gpdhH. mLj;j Mz;L (1950) nrQ;rPdhtpd; gilfs; jpngj; kPJ gilnaLj;J mjid vjpHg;gpd;wp vspjpy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. md;wpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu jpngj; rPd ehl;bd; ,Uk;Gg; gpbapy; rpf;fpj; jtpf;fpwJ.

jpNgj;ij cLk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gjw;F nrQ;rl;ilf; fhuHfs; nrhy;Yk; fhuzk; “jpNgj; rPdhtpd; xU gFjpahf gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; ,Ue;jJ” vd;gJjhd;. Mdhy; cz;ik mJty;y. tuyhw;wpd;gb jpNgj; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

rPdh jpNgj; kPJ gilnaLj;Jj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; mjidf; nfhz;L te;jNghJ cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehLk; rPdhitj; jl;bf; Nfl;ftpy;iy. mz;il ehlhd ,e;jpah rup> cyf ty;yuRfspy; (md;W) xd;whd mnkupf;fh rup> gpupj;jhdpah rup vy;yh ehLfSk; thiyf; fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; RUl;b itj;Jf; nfhz;L tpl;ld. vd;d fhuzk;?

rPdhTk; xU rz;bad; vd;gNj fhuzkhFk;. mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ty;yuR jd;idtplg; gyk; Fiwe;j my;yJ ,isj;j ehLfisg; ghHj;Jj;jhd; rz;ilf;Fg; NghfpwJ.

NkYk; mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfs; tp.Gypfs;> `kh]; Nghd;w tpLjiy ,af;fq;fisg; gaq;futhjg; gl;baypy; NrHj;Js;sd. Nfl;lhy; rpf;fy; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; epahak; ,Ue;jhYk; MAjk; vLj;Jg; Nghuhl ve;jnthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; cupik ,y;iy vd;fpd;wd. MAjk; vLj;Jg; NghuhLfpwtHfs; vy;NyhUNk gaq;futhjpfs;. mjpy; ey;y gaq;futhjpfs; nfl;l gaq;futhjpfs; vd;w ghFghL ,y;iy vd;fpd;wd.

vy;yhtw;iwAk; mikjp topapy; Ngrpj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. “tp.Gypfs; td;Kiwiag; Ngr;rpYk; nraypYk; iftpl;L kf;fshl;rpf;Fj; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbj; jpUk;gpdhy; kl;LNk mtHfisg; gaq;futhjg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J ePf;FtJ gw;wp mnkupf;fh MNyhrpf;Fk;” vd mnkupf;f ,uhrje;jpupfs; XahJ xopahJ Ngrp tUfpwhHfs;. xU thjj;Jf;F xU fzk; mjid xg;Gf;nfhs;SNthk;.

jpNgj; ehl;bd; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkh fle;j 57 Mz;Lfshf mfpk;ir topapy; jdJ ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;L tUfpwhH. Mapuf;fzf;fhd jpNgj;jpaHfs; mfjpfshf ,e;jpah> Neg;ghsk; Nghd;w mz;il ehLfspy; tho;fpwhHfs;. fdlhtpw;F 5>000; jpNgj;jpaHfs; FbNawp cs;shHfs;. Mdhy; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkhtpd; mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy. ntw;wpngWk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; ,e;jf; fzk; tiu ,y;iy.

xU Nfhb jpNgj; ehl;L kf;fs; ,dj;jhy; kjj;jhy; nkhopahy; gz;ghl;lhy; NtWgl;ltHfs;. xU fhyj;jpy; rPdhtpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; me;j ehL rpf;Fz;bUe;jhYk; ,d;W nkhopahy;> gz;ghl;lhy;> ehfupfj;jpdhy; NtWgl;l me;j kf;fs; Rje;jpukhf tho tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. mjpy; vd;d jtW ,Uf;fpwJ?

MAjj;ijj; Jhf;fhNj td;Kiw topiaf; iftpL vd;W nrhy;Yk; mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ty;yuR jpNgj;jpd; tpLjiyf;F Vd; cUg;gbahf xU JUk;igj; jhDk; Jhf;fpg; Nghltpy;iy?

mnkupf;fh rPdhit vjpHf;fhjJ kl;Lky;y mNjhL cwit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; KjyPL nra;aTk; thzpfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;aTk; xw;iwf; fhypy; epw;fpwJ!

mnkupf;fh jdJ tzpf eyd;fSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fpwJ. fle;j Mz;L thDhHjp jahupg;G epWtdkhd Nghapq; (Boeing Company) FOkj;NjhL rPdhtpw;F vz;gJ 737 uf thDhHjpfis tpw;f xg;ge;jk; nra;Js;sJ. ,tw;wpd; ngWkjp 460 Nfhb (A$4.6 billion) mnkupf;f nlhyHfshFk;! mjw;F Kd;dH vOgJ mNj uf 737 Nghapq; thDhHjpfis tpw;gjw;F xg;ge;jk; vOjg;gl;lJ. Mf nkhj;jk; 150 thDhHjpfis Nghapq; FOkk; rPdhTf;F tpw;Wtpl;lJ.

mLj;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; Nghapq; epWtdk; rPdhtpw;F 1970 Nfhb m. nlhyH ngWkjpahd nkhj;jk; 2>400 thDhHjpfis tpw;fyhk; vd vjpHghHf;fpwJ.

rPdh 85<000 Nfhb (850 gpy;ypad;) Nfhb ngWkjpahd mnkupf;f jpiwr;Nrup Jz;Lfspy; ( Treasury Bills) KjyPL nra;Js;sJ.

,jpypUe;J rPdhTld; thzpfkh? jpNgj;jpd; Rje;jpukh? vd te;jhy; mnkupf;fhtpd; njupT vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijr; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy.

,g;NghJ jyha; yhkh fdlhTf;F 3 ehs; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L ,q;F te;jpUf;fpwhH. fle;j Qhapw;Wf; fpoik (xf;NjhgH 28> 2007) fdlhTf;F tUif je;j jpNgj;jpd; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkhitf; fdba gpujkH ];uPgd; `hHg;gH re;jpj;Jg; NgrpdhH. ,e;jr; re;jpg;G 40 kzpj;Jspfs; ePbj;jJ. fdlh ehl;bd; gpujkH xUtH jyha; yhkhitr; mur kupahijNahL re;jpj;Jg; NgrpaJ ,JNt Kjy; jlit MFk;. ,jw;F Kd; ,Ue;j gpujkHfs; vtUk; jyha; yhkhit mur kupahijNahL re;jpf;ftpy;iy.

%d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH gpujkH Nghy; khl;bid jyha; yhkh re;jpj;jhH. Mdhy; me;jr; re;jpg;G murpay; gf;frhHgw;w eLepiy epyg;gug;gpy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. me;j ,lk; xl;lhth cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f MauJ ,y;ykhFk;.

rPdh> gpujkH `hHg;gH jyha; yhkhit murKiwapy; re;jpj;jij ,urpf;ftpy;iy. xl;lhthtpy; cs;s rPd Jhjufk; xU vr;rupf;if mwpf;ifia tpl;lJ. “rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;L mYty;fspy; jiyapLtij epWj;Jq;fs;. fdlh – rPdh cwit ghJfhf;f cUg;gbahd eltbf;iffis vLq;fs;” vd jpq;fs; khiy ele;j nra;jpahsH khehl;by; rPd Jhjufg; Ngr;rhsH njuptpj;jhH. rPdh jyha; yhkhit gpuptpid NfhUk; xU murpay;thjp vd;Wk; JNuhfp vd;Wk; tir ghL;fpwJ.

Mg;fhdp];jhd; cs;whl;Lg; Nghupy; fdlh tfpf;Fk; gq;ifg; gw;wpf; Nfl;l NghJ jyha; yhkh “mikjpahd topapy; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPHT fhz;gJjhd; rupahd top” vd;W tpil mspj;jhH. “td;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy; vjpHkiw td;Kiwia cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; rpy rkak; rpf;fy; ,d;Dk; Nkhrk; milayhk;” vd;whH.

14 MtJ jyha; yhkhtpd; ,aw; ngaH njd;rpd; ifahl;Nwh (Tenzin Gyatro) MFk;. mtUf;F mfit 72. mtH jpNgj;jpy; 1935 Mk; Mz;L xU Vio tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ jhahUf;F 16 gps;isfs;. mjpy; VO kl;Lk; jg;gpd. 13 MtJ jyha; yhkh 1933 Mk; Mz;L kiwe;j NghJ jpNgj; ehl;bd; tof;fg;gb mtuJ thupirj; Njb CH Cuhfg; Gj;j NjuHfs; nrd;wNghJ mg;NghJ 3 mfit epiwe;j ifahl;Nwhit 14 MtJ jyha; yhkhthf njupT nra;jdH. Mz;Lf; fzf;fhd gapw;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH mtuJ 15 MtJ mfitapy; jpNgj;jpd; 60 ,yl;rk; kf;fspd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg; gl;lhH.

1959 Mk; Mz;L rPdhtpd; mlf;FKiw Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l fpsHr;rp Njhy;tpfz;lij mLj;J jyha; yhkh ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jg;gp Xb murpay; milf;fyk; Nfl;lhH. ,d;W ,e;jpahtpy; xU ,yl;rk; jpNgj;jpaH Vjpypfshf tho;fpwhHfs;.

1966-76 Mz;L rPdhit cYf;fpa gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; NghJ jpNgj;jpy; ,Ue;j gTj;j tpfhiufs; ntwpgpbj;j nrQ;rl;il fhtyHfshy; (Red Guards) jfHf;fg;gl;ld.

“jpNgj;jpy; guj;jd;ik (tpgrhuk;) #jhl;lk;> kJghdf; filfs; Mfpatw;iw rPd muR Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; jpNgj; kf;fsJ r%f msTfs;> jhHkPf tpOkpaq;fs; rPuopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; rPdh jpNgj;jpy; gz;ghl;Lg; gLnfhiy xd;iw muq;Nfw;wp tUfpwJ. ,it ahTk; jpNgj;jpd; ehfupfj;ij mopg;gNjhL rPdhtpd; ,dthj kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mfe;ijia giwrhw;Wtjhf cs;sJ” vdj; jyha; yhkh rPdh kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;LfpwhH.

jyha; yhkh rPdhtpd; jiytH kh Nr Jq;if ,UKiw re;jpj;Jg; NgrpapUf;fpwhH. ,uz;lhtJ jlik jyha; yhkh khNthitr; re;jpj;j NghJ “kjk; kf;fsJ mgpd;” vd;w fhHy; khHf;rpd; nghd;nkhopia mtUf;F epidT+l;bdhH. mijf; Nfl;l jyha; yhkh kpfTk; rq;flg;gl;Lg; NghdhH.

jyha; yhkh ngUk;ghYk; ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;J jpNgj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp cupikf;F MjuT jpul;b tUfpwhH. mtH fdlh ehl;bd; fTut Fbkfd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

fdlh te;J ,wq;fpa md;Nw jyha; yhkh xl;lhth nghJkf;fs; ikaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w $l;lj;jpy; NgrpdhH. mz;zsthf 8>000 kf;fs; ,e;j epfo;r;rpapy; fye;J nfhz;lhHfs;.

“ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; kfpo;r;rp> kfpo;r;rpfukhd tho;f;if> ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;ifia tpUk;GfpNwhk;” vdj; jyha; yhkh mwpTiu toq;fpdhH. vy;yh capupdq;fsplKk; fUiz fhl;Lq;fs; vd;w nra;jpiar; nrhd;dhH. Gj;jH nrhd;d NghjidAk; ,J.

mnkupf;fhtpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifgw;wpAk; tpkHr;rpf;f jyha; yhkh jtwtpy;iy. ,uhf; NghH gw;wp jdf;F “kdj;jlq;fy;” ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhH.

jyha; yhkh nuhwd;Nuh Nwh[H]; ikaj;jpy; ele;j $l;lj;jpy; Gjd;fpoik NgrpdhH. Njhuhakhf 10>000 kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;lhHfs;. vg;NghJk; rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; fhl;rp mspf;Fk; jyha; yhkh xU kzpj;jpahyk; NgrpdhH. fdba jpNgj;jpaH mtuplk; Mrp ngw Mapuf;fzf;fpy; tupirapy; epd;whHfs;.