ngdrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiyia mLj;J Ml;lk; fz;bUf;Fk; ghfp];jhd;

,uhty;gpz;b: efupy; ,d;W (tpahof;fpoik) ele;j kdpj jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjypy; me;ehl;bd; Kd;dhs; gpujkUk; ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; jiytUkhd ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH. ,e;j murpay; gLnfhiy ghfp];jhdpy; gjl;lj;ijAk;  cyfshtpa mstpy; mjpHr;rpiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

ghfp];jhd; KOtJk; gutyhff; fytuk; ntbj;Js;sJ. fuhr;rp> ng\hthH> ,uhty;gpz;b Nghd;w efuq;fspy; kf;fs; njUtpy; ,wq;fp MHg;ghl;lk; nra;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. filfs; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NjHjYf;F ,d;Dk; rpy ehs;fs; ,Uf;Fk; epiyapy; ehl;by; Fog;g epiy cUthfpAs;sJ. epiyikiar; rkhspf;f K\;uht; kPz;Lk; mtrufhyr; rl;lj;ijg; gpufldg;gLj;jf; $ba rhj;jpak; ,Uf;fpwJ.

ghfp];jhd; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F mLj;j khjk; rdtup 8 ,y; Nju;jy; elf;fTs;s epiyapy; ,d;W jdJ ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; rhu;gpy; ,uhty;gpz;bapy; khngUk; Nguzpia ngdhrpu; elj;jpdhu;. ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpd; jiyikafk; ,q;Fjhd; cs;sJ. ,J jiyefu; ,];yhkhghj; mUNf cs;sJ. Nguzpapy;   gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd fl;rpj; njhz;lu;fs; gq;Nfw;wdu;. ,ijnahl;b ,uhty;gpz;b efupy; fLk; ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ghfp];jhdpy; gy efu;fspy; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;glyhk; vd cs;Jiw mikrR Vw;fdNt vr;rupf;if nra;J ,Ue;jJ.

Nkilapy; Ngrp Kbj;Jtpl;L ngdhrpu; CHjpapy; Gwg;gl;lNghJ mtu; kPJ Jg;ghf;fr; R+L ele;jJ. ,jpy; mtuJ fOj;jpy; Fz;L gha;e;jJ. mijj; njhlu;e;J jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Ljhup rf;jp tha;e;j Fz;il ntbf;f itj;jhd;.   gLfhak; mile;j ngdrpu; Gl;Nlh cldbahf ,uhty;gpz;b muR kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;J nry;yg;gl;lhu;. mq;F mtu; ,we;J tpl;ljhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;j Fz;Lntbg;gpy; NkYk; 25 Ngu; gypahfpAs;sdu;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu; gLfhak; mile;Js;sdu;.

kUj;Jtkid Kd; $ba ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rp njhz;lu;fs; kpFe;j MNtrj;Jld; fhzg;gl;ldu;. “K\hug; eha;> K\hug;igf; nfhy;' vd;W Kof;fq;fis vOg;gpdu;. ,J ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; nfhiyf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,uhZtj;jpd; iftupir my;yJ K\hugpd; jpl;lkpl;l;. rjp my;yJ ,uz;Lk; ,Ug;gjhf kf;fs; fl;rpj; njhz;lHfs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. xUKiw jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J jg;gpa ngdhrpH Gl;NlhTf;F cr;rf;fl;l ghJfhg;Gf; nfhLj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhLf;fj; jtwpaNj ,e;jr; rhTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd mtuJ MjuthsHfs; epidf;fpwhHfs;.

,e;j Mz;L kl;Lk; ghfp];jhdpy; 40 jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; ele;NjwpAs;sd. mjpy; 770 NgH gypahfpAs;sdH. ,e;j Mz;L KOJk; ghfp];jhd; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; cynfq;Fk; jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfshf ntsp te;jd. fle;j fpoik K];ypk;fsJ Kf;fpa rka ehshd <l; ,y; tpohtpd; NghJ ng\hthupy;  cs;s xU k#jpapy; njhOJ nfhz;bUe;j kf;fisf; Fwpitj;J xU jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Ljhup elj;jpa jhf;Fjypy; 54 NgH gypahdhHfs;.

gu;Nt]; K\hug; ,uhZtg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaij mLj;J  jdJ fztu; Mrpg; ru;jhupAld; ,yz;ldpy; ngdhrpH jQ;rk; GFe;jhH.  vl;L Mz;Lfs; fopj;J; gu;Nt]; K\hug;NthL nra;J nfhz;l xU cld;gbf;ifia mLj;J fle;j xf;Njhgu; 19 Mk; ehs; ehL jpUk;gpdhu;. fuhr;rp efu; thDhHjp epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtu; ghfp];jhd; kf;fs; fl;rpapd; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd njhz;lu;fSld; gpukhz;lkhd Nguzpahfr; nrd;whu;. mg;NghJ kdpj ntbFz;Lj; jhf;Fy; elj;jg;gl;ljpy; 140 Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J ngdrpu; capu; jg;gpdhu;. ,k;Kiw mtH gf;fk; mjpl;lk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiy mLj;j khjk; rdtup 8 Mk; ehs; eilngw ,Uf;Fk; nghJj;NjHjiyf; Nfs;tpf;Fwpf;F cs;shf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ.  

,e;jg; gLnfhiyf;F ahUk; ,Jtiu cupik Nfhutpy;iy. Kd;G jd;kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nfhiy Kaw;rpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ghfp];jhdpd; csTj;Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy rf;jpfs; ,Ue;jjhf ngdhrPH Gl;Nlh Fw;wk; rhl;b ,Ue;jhH. my; nfaplh cl;gl  ,];yhkpa jPtputhjpfsplk; ,Ue;J jdf;Ff;  nfhiyg; gaKWj;jy; te;Js;sjhfTk; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh njuptpj;jpUe;jhH. 

ngdhrpUf;F ghfp];jhdpd; goikthjpfSk; my; nfaplh cs;spl;l jPtputhj mikg;GfSk; mtiuf; fLikahf vjpuj;J te;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;jpYk; mtUf;F vjpupfs; mjpfk; ,Ue;jhHfs;.

ehL jpUk;gpa ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh K\;uhg; mtrufhyj;ijg; gpufldg;gL;j;jp cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfsJ gjtpfisg; gwpj;J mtHfis tPl;Lf; fhtypy; itj;jNghJ mjidf; fLikahf vjpHj;jhH. kf;fshl;rpg; gLnfhiy vd;W mjid tUzpj;jhH. jdJ murpay; epiyg;ghl;ilf; iftplhj ngdhrph; njhlHe;J muRf;F vjpuhd Nguhl;lq;fis Nguzpfis elj;jp te;jhu;.

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh xU Gfo;ngw;w murpay; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ je;ij Ry;gpfhH myp Gl;Nlh (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto) 1979 Mk; Mz;L mg;NghJ Ml;rpj;jiytuhf ,Ue;j ,uhZt jsgjp  Zia ul-Haq  My; Jhf;fpy; Nghlg;gl;lhH. mg;NghJ mtuJ mfit 51 MFk;.

54 mfit epiwe;j ngdhrpH xf;];Nthl; kw;Wk; `hthl; gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; gbj;jtH. xU K];ypk; ehl;bd; Kjy; ngz; gpujkH vd;w ngUikAk; mtUf;Fz;L. ghfp];jhd; ehl;bd; gpujkuhf ,UKiw ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhH. mtUf;F %d;W Foe;ijfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

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    gugug;ghd fle;j 6 khjq;fs;!

A+iy 3    : ,];yhkhghj;jpy; gaq;futhjpfs; gapw;rp ngw;W te;j rptg;G kR+jpapy; ,uhZtk; GFe;J jhf;Fjy;. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gaq;futhjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

a+iy 20   : mjpfhuj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp ngdhrpUk;> mjpgu; K\hug;Gk; mGjhgpapy; ,ufrpa cld;ghL.

xf;NjhgH 18 - vl;L Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ghfp];jhd; jpUk;gpdhu; ngdhrpu;. tuNtw;G Cu;tyj;jpy; gaq;futhjpfs; jhf;Fjy;. 139 Ngu; gyp.

xf;NjhgH 31  - K\hug; mtrufhy neUf;fbia eilKiwg;gLj;j nra;aj; jpl;lkpLtjhf; ngdhrpu; Fw;wk; rhl;bdhH.

nehntk;gH 3 : ghfp];jhdpy; mtrufhy neUf;b mwptpj;jy;.  

nehntk;gH 7 : mtrufhyj;ij vjpu;j;J Nguzp elj;jg;Nghtjhf ngdrpu; mwptpg;G.

nehntk;gH 9 : ngdhrpUf;F tPl;Lf;fhty;.

nehntk;gH 12 : rdtupapy; nghJj;Nju;jy; vd K\hug; mwptpj;jhu;.

nehntk;gH 13 : K\hug; gjtp tpyf ngdrpu; typAWj;jy;.

nehntk;gH 16 - kPz;Lk; mjpguhf nghWg;Ngw;whu; K\hug;.

nehntk;gH 26 : ngdhrpu; Ntl;G kD jhf;fy;.

bnrk;gH 27   : gug;Giug; Nguzpapy; ngdhrpu; Rl;Lf;nfhiy.

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ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J K\;uhthy; ftpo;f;fg;gl;l Kd;dhs; gpujkH ehth]; n\upt; fLikahff; fz;bj;Js;sH.  “ngdhrpupd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;a muR jtwptpl;lJ. ehl;L kf;fspd; Nrhfj;jpy; ehDk; gq;Nfw;fpNwd;. ,J Nrhjid kpFe;j fhyk;. K\;uhit gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fk; tiu Nghuhl;lk; njhlUk;” vdr; #Siuj;jhH.  

ngdhrpH Gl;Nlh nfhy;yg;gl;ljw;F mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH NahH[; G\;>  cUrpahtpd; Ml;rpj; jiytH Gl;bd;> ,e;jpahtpd; gpujkH kd;Nkhfd; rpq; Nghd;NwhH fLk; fz;ldk; njuptpj;Js;shHfs;. mnkupf;f mjpgu; G\; ntspapl;Ls;s mwpf;ifapy;> ghfp];jhdpd; Kd;dhs; gpujku; ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh  Nfhioj;jdkhd Kiwapy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH vdj; njuptpj;Js;shH.

ngdhrpu; Gl;Nlh gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lij Ml;rpj;jiytH  K\hug; fLikahff; fz;bj;Js;shH. “,JNghd;w R+o;epiyapy;> ehl;L kf;fs; czu;r;rp trg;glhky; mikjpia filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gaq;futhj mikg;GfSf;F vjpuhd vdJ eltbf;if njhlUk;" vd;whu;. NkYk; 3 ehs; Njrpa Jf;f ehshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njd; fpof;fhrpahtpd; mZrf;jp ehlhd ghfp];jhdpy; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; rhT  murpay; cWjpapd;ikia cUthf;fpAs;sJ. 1947 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lk; Jz;lhlg; gl;l gpd;dH mjd; vjpHfhyk; ,g;NghJ kq;fyhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Ml;rpia ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; ifg;gw;wpa K\;uht; mijj; jf;f itf;f mUk;ghL gLfpwhH. ,g;NghJ jdJ gjtpiaf; fhg;ghw;w K\;uht; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;ijNa ek;gp ,Uf;fpwhH. ,uhZtk; Gul;rp %yk; mtiu mfw;wpdhy; xopa mtuJ gjtpf;F Mgj;J ,Ug;gjhf ahUk; epidf;f KbahJ. rdtup 8 Mk; ehs; elf;Fk; NjHjypy; mtuJ K];ypk; yPf; nty;yf; $ba rhj;jpak; epiwa ,Uf;fpwJ.

Mdhy; murpaypy; vjidAk; mWjpapl;L vjpH $wptpl KbahJ. ,uhf;fpd; Ml;rpj; jiytH jdJ muR  ftpo;f;fg;gl;L jhDk; nfhy;yg;gLthH vdf; fdtpYk; vz;zp ,Ue;jpUf;f khl;lhH. mtuJ rhT K\;uht; cl;gl vy;yhr; rHthjpfSf;Fk; xU ghlkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

mz;ikapy; cr;r ePjpkd;w Kjd;ik ePjpgjpiaAk; NtW rpyiuAk; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;jp tpl;L mtHfsJ ,lq;fisj; jdJ mbtUbfisf; nfhz;L epug;gpa gpd;dNu 42 ehs; ePbj;j mtrufhy epiyikia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jhH.

,e;j kf;fshl;rp gLnfhiyia mnkupf;fh> ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> fdlh Nghd;w kf;fshl;rp ehLfs; fz;Lnfhs;sTk; ,y;iy fz;bf;fTk; ,y;iy. ,e;j ehLfs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij NtW gf;fk; jpUg;gpf; nfhz;Ltpl;ld. ,g;NghJ kl;Lky;y 1999 Mk; Mz;L ngHtp]; K\;uht; ,uhZtg; Gul;rpapd; %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpa NghJ njhlf;fj;jpy; MjuT njuptpf;fg; gQ;rpg;gl;l  mnkupf;fh Mg;fhdp];jhd; kPJ gilnaLj;j NghJ jdJ ,uhZt eyd; fUjp K\;uhit ,Wfj; jOtpf; nfhz;lJ. gaq;futhjj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghupy;  ghfp];jhdpd; ,uhZt xj;Jiog;Gf;Ff; ifkhwhf epjpAjtpAk; ,uhZt MAj jsghl cjtpfisAk; mnkupf;fh jhuhskhfr; nra;jJ.

mnkupf;fh jypghd; kw;Wk; my; nfaplh jPtputhfpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghiu tpl Nkw;fhrpah kw;Wk; kj;jpah Mrpahtpd; ,aw;if tsq;fisr; Ruz;LtjpNyNa fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,uhd; mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nel;Nlh gilfshy; Rw;wp tisf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mnkupf;fh K\;uht; jdJ ifg;ghit vd epidf;fpwJ. me;j epidg;Gf;F Vw;g K\;uht; ed;whf ebj;J mnkupf;fhit Vkhw;WfpwhH. me;j ebg;ig ekgp nrg;njk;gH 11> 2001 f;Fg; gpd;dH mnkupf;fh gj;J gpy;ypad; ngWkjpAila ,uhZt kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cjtpfis ghfp];jhDf;F thup toq;fpAs;sJ.  mnkupf;ftpw;F NtW top ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

fle;j Gjd; fpoik 300 kpy;ypad; nlhyH epjpAjtp toq;Fk; rl;lj;jpy; G\; ifnaOj;Jg; Nghl;bUf;fpwhH.

xU Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhy; ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiyf;F mnkupf;fh Fiwe;j gl;rk; jhHkPfg; nghWg;ig MtJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ngdhrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiy NkYk; gy nfhiyfSf;F toptFf;ff; $Lk;.

nkhj;jj;jpy; 16 Nfhb kf;fs; thOk; ghfp];jhdpd; kf;fshl;rp KiwikAk; murpay; cWjpg;ghLk; ngdrpH Gl;Nlhtpd; gLnfhiyia mLj;J Ml;lk; fz;Ls;sJ. cyfj;jkpoH - bnrk;gH 21> 2007) 

nfhNrhNthtpd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Kl;Lf;fl;il NghLk; cUrpah

ef;fPud;

bnrk;gH khjk; Kbtila ,d;Dk; rpy ehs;fNs kpQ;rp ,Uf;fpd;wd. Kd;dH mwptpj;jgb bnrk;gH 10 f;Fs; nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijr; nra;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; mJ mg;gb vijAk; nra;atpy;iy.

Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;Fk; - cUrpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; vOe;Js;s Kuz;ghL  fhuzkhf nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaH jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij NkYk; %d;W khjq;fSf;Fj; js;spg; Nghl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. %d;W khjq;fs;  Kbtjw;Fs; nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ij nra;Akh? ,Jjhd; ,d;W cyfj;jpd; jiyefHfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tp MFk;.

1998 – 1999 fhyg; gFjpapy; NrHgpa FbauRj; jiytH ];NyhNghld; kpNyhrptpf; (Slobodan Milosevic) nfhNrhNth kPJ mlf;FKiwiaf; ifahz;L  ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;ig nra;J Kbj;jhH. mjd; tpisthf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaHfs; ,lk; ngaHe;jhHfs;. mg;NghJ Nel;Nlh mjpy; jiyapl;L NrHgpah kPJ Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjiy elj;jpaJ. NrHgpa ,uhZtk; nfhNrhNthtpy; ,Ue;J  tpul;b mbf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjidj; njhlHe;J nfhNrhNthtpy; Nel;Nlh – ma;ad;dh $l;L Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. NrHgpa epyg;gug;gpy; nfhNrhNth 15 tpOf;fhL nfhz;Ls;sJ.

NrHgpah fle;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf mnkupf;fh> ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak; kw;Wk; cUrpah Mfpa ehLfNshhL Ngr;R thHj;ij elj;jpaJ. Mdhy; me;jg; Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; ntw;wp mspf;ftpy;iy. mjd; fhyf; nfLTk; (bnrk;gH 10> 2007) Kbe;Jtpl;lJ. 

NrHgpa muRf;Fk; nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mT];wpahtpy; ele;j Ngr;R thHj;ijfs; ,zf;fk; fhzhJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;Js;sJ.

nrhNrhNth gw;wp xU cld;ghl;Lf;F tUkhW  ma;ad;dh tpjpj;jpUe;j fhyf; nfLTk; Kbe;J tpl;lJ.

NrHgpah nfhNrhNthTf;F “Hong Kong” khjpup xU murpay; jPHit Kd;itj;jJ. mjd; fPo; nfhNrhNth Rahl;rp ngw;w mNj Neuk; NrHgpa ehl;bd; xU Rahl;rp murhf tpsq;Fk;.  Mdhy; ,e;j Nahridia nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaH epuhfupj;J tpl;lhHfs;.

jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijr; nra;tJ vspjhd nray; my;y. cyf ehLfs; mjid mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf ma;ad;dhtpd; xg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ma;ad;dhtpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; ehLfs; ,Uf;f Kbahjh? KbAk;.  23 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; thOk; jha;thd; ehl;il ma;ad;dh mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. cyf ehLfspy; 25 ehLfs; kl;LNk mjid mq;fPfupj;Js;sd. jha;thNdhL ey;y cwit itj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s mnkupf;fh $l mjid mq;fPfupf;ftpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; jha;thd; 122 ehLfNshL cj;jpNahfg; gw;ww;w Kiwapy; ,uhrje;jpu cwTfis itj;Js;sJ.

xU ehL mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;Ff; Fiwe;jJ gj;J msitfs; (criteria) Njitg;gLfpd;wd. epyg;gug;G> Fbfs;> ,iwik> nghUshjhu fl;Lkhdk;> fy;tpf;$lq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fhty;Jiw> ntspehl;L mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jha;thidg; nghWj;jstpy; mJ xU eilKiw; murhf (de facto) kl;Lk; ,aq;FfpwJ.  

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahfr; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jhy; mJ rq;fpypf; NfhHit Nghd;w vjpHtpisTfis - Nghy;fd; gFjpapy; kl;Lky;y mjw;F mg;ghYk; - cUthf;Fk; vd cUrpa ehl;L ntspAwT mikr;rH Sergei Lavrov  Nkw;Fyf ehLfis vr;rupj;Js;shH.  nfhNrhNth ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;G mitapy; cUrpahjhd; jdJ tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jg; Nghtjhfg; gaKWj;jp jil nra;J tUfpwJ.  

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jhy; mijapl;L gpd;dH ftiyg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W NrHgpahTk;  vr;rupj;Js;sJ. gjpndl;L ,yf;fk; kf;fs; thOk; nfhNrhNth ehd;F gf;fKk; epyj;jpdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.

NrHgpah nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;ij mq;fPfupf;Fk; ehLfspy; ,Ue;J jdJ JhJtHfisj; jpUg;gp miof;fg; Nghtjhf kpul;LfpwJ. kpd;dhw;wy; toq;fiyAk; ntl;btplg; Nghtjhfr; nrhy;fpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jdJ kpd;dhw;wy; Njitapy; 40 tpOf;fhl;il NrHgpahtplk; ,Ue;J jw;NghJ ngWfpwJ.

NrHgpah ,d;Dk; rpy gbfs; NkNy nrd;W nfhNrhNth khfhzj;NjhL ,Uf;Fk; jdJ vy;iyfis %btplyhk;.

Mdhy; NrHgpah mg;gbr; nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; mJ nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; NrHgpa rpWghd;ikapdiuAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

nfhNrhNth xNu ghHitapy;

kf;fs; njhif    -  18 ,yf;fk;

jiyefH         -   Pristina

Ml;rpj;jiytH     - Fatmir Sejdiu

jiyik mikr;rH  - Agim Ceku (Kd;dhs; nfhNrhNth tpLjiyg; gilj; jsgjp)

nkhop            -  my;Ngdpad;> NrHgpad;

rkak;            -  ,];yhk;> fpwpj;jtk;

njhiyf;fhl;rp            -   Kosovo Radio-Television (RTK) – public
                                         TV 21 - private
                                         KohaVision (KTV) - private

thndhyp                  -    Kosovo Radio-Television (RTK) - public 
                                         Radio 21 - private
                                         Radio Dukagjini - private

,aw;if tsk;  -   fup> <ak;> Jj;jehfk; (zinc) nts;sp> FNwhkpak; 

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Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpa ehLfSf;F ,ilNa nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuk; njhlHghf xUkdjhd KbT vLf;fg;glyhk;. 

cyf ty;yurhd mnkupf;fh nrhNrhNth xU jdpehlhf cUthFtij KOikahf Mjupf;fpwJ. mNj Neuk; nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; NrHgpa rpWghd;ik kf;fSf;F murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; Nghjpa rl;l ghJfhg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpUk;GfpwJ.

nfhNrhNth jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;tijj; jtpHj;J jd;NdhLk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;NjhLk; xj;Jg; NghFkhW mnkupf;fh mwpTiu toq;fpAs;sJ.

,jw;fpilapy; NrHgpah nfhNrhNth Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; mJ rl;lg;gb nry;YgbahFkh? ,y;iyah?  vd gd;dhl;L ePjp kd;wj;ij (International Court of Justice) mZfp mjd; fUj;ijg; ngwg; Nghtjhf mwptpj;Js;sJ.

nfhNrhNth 1999 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ma;ad;dhtpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fs; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. nrhe;jkhd mur ,ae;jpuk; - ghjp ma;ad;dh ghjp nfhNrhNth - ,aq;FfpwJ. ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;tjw;F ma;ad;dh “gaz Mtzq;fis” toq;fp tUfpwJ. Mdhy; mtw;iw NrHgpah fz;Lnfhs;tjpy;iy.

nfhNrhNth epyg;gug;ig NrHgpah jd;NdhL itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kad;whYk;
eilKiwapy; nfhNrhNth NrHgpahtpd; xU cWg;ghf ,d;W ,y;iy. NrHgpa gil 1999 Mk; Mz;Nl tYf;fl;lhakhf Nel;Nlh gilahy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L tpl;lJ. mg;NghJ ele;j rz;ilapy; 10>000 my;NgdpaHfs; ,we;jhHfs;. vl;L ,yf;fk; kf;fs; jq;fs; tPL thry;fis iftpl;L XbdhHfs;.

nfhNrhNth> jd;dpr;irahf Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;tij ma;ad;dhtpd; jPHkhdk; 1244 jLf;ftpy;iy vd thjhLfpwJ. NrHgpahtpd; Ml;Gy xUikg;ghl;il (territorial integrity) jPHkhdj;jpy; KfTiuapy;jhd; (preamble) $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. KfTiuapy; $wg;gLk; thrfj;Jf;F rl;l tYT fpilahJ vd nfhNrhNth nrhy;fpwJ.

nfhNrhNth NrHgpahtpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J ntF njhiyT nrd;W tpl;lJ. nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; my;NgdpaHfs; kPz;Lk; NrHgpahtpd; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpapd; fPo; thoKbahJ vd;w Kbtpy; ,Wf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xU jhuhs jd;dhl;rp murpay; mikg;gpd; fPOk; NrHgpaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhnrhNth kf;fs; thor; rk;kjpg;ghHfsh vd;gij  fw;gidapy; $l  epidj;Jg; ghHf;f KbahJ ,Uf;fpwJ (It is impossible to imagine them accepting a return to Serbian control even under the most generous form of autonomy) vd nfhNrhNth jiytHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;ijj; js;spf; nfhz;Nl Nghdhy; mJ my;Ngdpa K];ypk;fSf;Fk; NrHgpa Guhjd fpwpj;jtHfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kPz;Lk; xU ,d Nkhjiy cUthf;fyhk; vd Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; mQ;Rfpd;wd.

nghUshjhuj;jpy; kPz;Lk; jiy epkpHe;J tUk; cUrpah cyf muq;fpy; jdJ ehl;lhz;ikiaf;  fhl;bf; nfhs;s tpUk;GfpwJ. jdJ gioa ty;yuR gjtpiag; gpbf;f epidf;fpwJ. mjd; ntspg;ghNl nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuj;Jf;F mJ NghLk; Kl;Lf;fl;il MFk;. ,tw;why; mnkupf;f - cUrpa cwT Kd;Nghy; ,y;yhky; ,wq;FKfkhfg; Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. nfhNrhNth Rje;jpuk; cUrpahtpd; jatpd;wp  epiwNtWtJ fbdk; vd;gNj ,d;iwa epiyg;ghlhFk;. (cyfj;jkpoH - bnrk;gH 21> 2007)

vupj;jpahtpd; tPuk; nrwpe;j tpLjiyg; NghH

ef;fPud;

(jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fk; vupj;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; xw;Wikia ,e;jf; fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ)

ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G 1945 Mk; Mz;L 54 cWg;gpdHfNshL njhlf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gl;lak; A+d; 26> 1945 ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L xf;NjhgH 24> 1945 md;W eilKiwf;F te;jJ. cyfpy; ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G xd;Nw NghH my;yJ mikjp ,uz;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk; gilj;j mikg;ghFk;.

,d;W ma;ad;dhtpd; cWg;gpdH njhif 192 Mf caHe;Js;sJ. nrd;w 16 Mz;Lfspy; kl;Lk; 34 ehLfs; Gjpjhfr; NrHe;Js;sd! ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ehLfs; Kd;ida Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; kw;Wk; A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbauirj; NrHe;jit.

vupj;jpah 1993 Nk 23 ,y; ma;ad;dhtpy; cWg;gpduhfr; NrHe;J nfhz;lJ. vj;jpNahg;gpahtpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J vupj;jpah tpLjiy ngw 30 Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhf MAjk; jhq;fp FUjp rpe;jpg; NghuhbaJ. Rje;jpuj;Jf;F me;j ehL cr;r  tpiy nfhLj;Js;sJ.

1885 Mz;Lf;F Kd;dH ,g;NghJ vupj;jpupah vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epyg;gug;G cs;SH NghHr; rz;baHfshy; my;yJ nrq;fly; gFjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gd;dhl;L rf;jpfshy; Msg;gl;L te;jJ. 1890 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjj;jpy; ,j;jhyp nrq;flypy; cs;s jdJ ntt;NtW epyg;gug;ig xUq;fpizj;J vupj;jpah vd;w ngaupy; xU nfhydpj;Jt ehl;il cUthf;fpaJ.

1896 ,y; ,j;jhyp mz;il ehlhd vj;jpNahg;gpah kPJ gilnaLf;f vupj;jpahit xU fskhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. Mdhy; ,j;jhyp Nkw;nfhz;l jhf;Fjiy vj;jpNahg;gpah ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabj;jJ. ,j;jhypg; gil Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ. mLj;j 40 Mz;Lfs; ,e;jj; Njhy;tp ,j;jhypapd; kdjpy; xU Mwhj fhaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1936 ,y; ,j;jhyp kPz;Lk; vupj;jpahtpd; JizNahL  vj;jpNahg;gpah kPJ gilnaLj;jJ. vupj;jpahTk; NrHe;J nfhz;ljhy; ,k;Kiw ,j;jhyp Nghupy; ntw;wpthif #baJ. ,jidj; njhlHe;J mgprPdpah (ma;Nuhg;gpaHfs; vupj;jpahit ,g;gbj;jhd; mioj;jhHfs;) vupj;jpah kw;Wk; Nrhkhypyhe;J %d;Wk; NrHe;J ,j;jhypapd; fpof;F Mgpupf;fh (Italian East Africa (AOI) vd;w ngaupy; xU $l;likg;G cUthfpaJ.

,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghiu mLj;J ,j;jhypapd; nfhydpj;Jtk; KbTf;F te;jJ. gpupj;jhdpah vj;jpNahg;gpahtpy; ,Ue;J ,j;jhypia ntspNaw;wpaJ. ntspNaw;wpa gpd;dH kPz;Lk; kd;dH n`apyp nryh];rpia (Haile Selassie)  vj;jpNahg;ghtpd; mupaizapy; Vw;wpaJ. ,j;jhyp ruz; mile;jijj; njhlHe;J vj;jpNahg;gpah gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ,uhZt Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

1952 ,y; ma;ad;dh mitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l jPHkhdk; vupj;jpupahitAk; vj;Njhg;gpahitAk; xU ,izg;ghl;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ. vupj;jpahtpd; Rje;jpu ehl;Lf; Nfhupf;if epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; vupj;jpahTf;F XusT cs;sf Rahl;rpAk; rpy kf;fshl;rp cupikfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

Mdhy; ,izg;ghl;rp eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;l NghJ vupj;jpahtpd; cupikfs; gbg;gbahff; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld my;yJ kPwg;gl;ld.

vupj;jpupahtpd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

1962 ,y; kd;dH N`apyp nryh];rp vupj;jpupah ehlhSkd;wj;ijf; fiyj;Jtpl;L mjid vj;jpNahg;gpahNthL tYf;fl;lhakhf ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. ,J vupj;jpupaHfsJ Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Nghiuj; njhlf;fp itj;jJ. 1974 Mk; Mz;L ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; N`apyp nryh];rp mupaizapy; ,Ue;J mfw;wg;gl;l gp;d;dUk; Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd vupj;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lk; njhlHe;jJ. 

khHf;];rp];l; rhHghd vj;jpNahg;gpa murpd; ,uhZt Ml;rp gilj;jsgjp nkd;[p];l;L N`apyp kupak; (Mengistu Haile Miriam) jiyikapy; ,aq;fpaJ.

1960 fspy; vupj;jpahtpd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vupj;jpad; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (Etritrean Liberation Front ) jiyikapy; ele;jJ. 1970 ,y; ,e;j Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J rpyH gpupe;J nrd;W vupj;jpad; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhHfs;.

1970 Mk; Mz;L filrpg; gFjpapy; ,gpvy;vt; vj;jpNahg;gpa ehl;Lf;F vjpuhfg; NghuhLk; FOf;fSf;F ,ilapy; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ. mjd; jiytuhf ,rpah]; mt;NtHfp (Isiyas Afwerki) nray;gl;lhH.  ,gpvy;vt; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfsplk; ,Ue;J ifg;gw;wpa MAjq;fis vj;jpNahg;gpa gilf;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLj;jpaJ.

1977 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; xU mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ. mjpy; “,gpvy;vt; kl;LNk vupj;jpa kf;fspd; Vfg;gpujpepjp MtH. me;j mikg;Ng  vupj;jpa kf;fspd; rhHgpy; Ngrty;y rl;lG+Htkhd mikg;G” vd mwptpj;jJ.

fpof;F Mgpupf;fhtpy; gdpg; NghH

1977 ,y; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilia vupj;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J tpul;Lk; epiyapy; ,gpvy;vt;  ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> mNj Mz;L vj;jpNahg;gpahTf;F Nrhtpaj; NghHj; jsghlq;fisAk; ngUksT MAjq;fisAk; thd;topahf nfhz;L nrd;W  Ftpj;jJ. ,jdhy; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfs; gpd;thq;Ftij tpLj;J Kd;Ndwp ,gpvy;vt; gilazpfis GjUf;Fs; js;spaJ.

1978 kw;Wk; 1986 fhyg; gFjpapy; vj;jpNahg;gpa mur gilfs; vl;LKiw ghupa gilnaLg;ig ,gpvy;vt; f;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mj;jid gilnaLg;Gf;fSk; ,Wjpapy; gL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd. ,gpvy;vt; kuGtop jhf;FjiyAk;  nfupy;yh jhf;FjiyAk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfSf;F vjpuhf rkfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

1978 Nk khjj;jpy; vupj;jpahtpd; njd;gFjpapy; epiynfhz;bUe;j vupj;jpahtpd; Gul;rpg; gilfis mopj;njhopf;F Kfkhf 100>000 Mapuk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gil vjpHj;jhf;Fjypy; <LgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; kw;Wk; ,vy;vt; gilfs; %Hf;fj;jf;fkhf vjpHj;Jg; Nghuhba NghJk; NghHj;je;jpukhf gpd;thq;fpd.  vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfs; efuq;fisAk; CHfisAk; kPsf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. vj;jpNahg;gpa jhf;Fjypy; ,vy;vt; ,af;fk; gyj;j ,og;Gf;F  MshdJ. mjd; jiytHfs; mz;ilehlhd RlhDf;F Xbj; jg;gpdhHfs;. 

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xNu ghHitpay; vupj;jpah

epyg;gug;G  - 121>320 rJu fpkP (46>842 rJu iky;)

jiyefH  - m];khuh (Kd;dH m];kPuh)

kf;fs; njhif – 4>786>994 (NkYk; 5 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; Rlhdpy; Vjpypfshf
              tho;fpwhHfs;)

,dq;fs; - xd;gJ ,df; FOf;fs; ((Tigrinya, Tigray, Bilen, Afar, Saho, Kunama,
                    Nara, Hidareb and Rashaida).

rkak;  - ghjpg;NgH nfhg;upf; fpwpj;jtH. vQ;rpatHfspy; K];ypk; ngUk;ghd;ikapdH.

nkhj;j cs;SH cw;gj;jp – 4>472>000>000 m.nlhyH

ehzak;  - ef;th (Nakfa)

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1982 ,y; vj;jpNahg;gpah 6 MtJ Kiwahf vupj;jpahTf;F vjpuhfg; ghupa gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapy; 120>000 Mapuk; gilapdH ,Ue;jdH. ,e;jg; gilnaLg;Gf;F rptg;G el;rj;jpuk; vdg; ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; elj;jpa vjpHj;jhf;Fjypy; 40>000 Mapuk; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapdH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.  ngUe;njhifahd  MAjq;fs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.  1984 Nk khjj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; nfhkhd;Nlh gilazp m];Nkuh (Asmera) tpkhd jsj;ijj; jhf;fp ,uz;L Nrhtpaj;  II-38 fly; NtTtpkhdq;fis mopj;jJ. 

1986 ,y; m];Nkuh tpkhd jsj;ij ,gpvy;vt; nfhkhd;Nlh mzp kPz;Lk; CLUtpj; jhf;fpaJ. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; 40 tpkhdq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. MAjf; fsQ;rpaq;fSk; vupnghUs; Fjq;fSk; vupA+l;lg;gl;ld.

1988 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; vupj;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Nf mtngl; (Afabet)  vd;w efupy; mike;Js;s vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapd; jiyikafj;ijj; jhf;fpf; ifgw;wpaJ. mNj rkak; Vida MAjg; Nghuhl;lf; FOf;fs; vj;jpNahg;ghtpw;Fs; CLUtp jhf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;.

1980 filrpapy; vj;jpNahg;gpa Ml;rpj;jiytH nkq;[p];Lf;F  (Mengistu) mjNdhlhd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G cld;ghL Gjpg;gpf;f khl;lhJ vd Nrhtpaj; mwptpj;jJ. ,e;j mwptpj;jy; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapduJ kdTWjpia kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. ,jidr; rhjfkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L ,gpvy;vt; kw;Wk; MAjf; FOf;fs; vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfspd; epiyfis Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpd.

1991 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; gil vj;jpNahg;gpa mur gilfSf;F vjpuhd ghupa jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;lJ. nrq;flypd; Xukhf ClWj;J efHe;j ,gpvy;vt; gilfs; Vnrg; (Aseb) efupd; thapiy mile;jJ. Vg;upy; filrpapy; ,gpvy;vt; gilfs; m];Nkuh> Vnrg; kw;Wk; Nfud; (Keren) ePqfyhf KO vupj;jpahitAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ.

1991 Nk 24 ,y; m];Nkuhtpy; ,uz;lhtJ Gul;rpg; giliar; NrHe;j 120>000 vj;jpNahg;gpa gilapdH  ,gpvy;vt; gilaplk; ruz; mile;jhHfs;.

Ngr;R thHj;ij

vupj;jpah – vj;jpNahg;gpah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjpg; Ngr;RthHj;ij ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjw;F mnkupf;fh mDruiz toq;fpaJ. 1991 Nk khjk; nkq;[p];J muR ftpz;lJ. Nk eLtpy; nkq;[p];J Ml;rpg; nghWg;ig xU fhg;ge;J murplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L ehl;il tpl;Nlhb rpk;ghNt (Zimbawe) ehl;by; murpay; Gfyplk; NfhupdhH.

Nk khjf; filrpapy; ,Ujug;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngw;w Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltu mnkupf;fh jiyikapy; ,yz;ldpy; Ngr;RthHj;ij ele;jJ. ,gpvy;vt; cl;gl ehd;F Nghuhspf; mikg;Gf;fs; Ngr;RthHj;ijapy; gq;F gw;wpd.

vj;jpNahg;gpa gilfisf; fsj;jpy; GwKJF fz;l ,gpvy;vt; jkJ jhafj;ijj; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jJ. Nk 1991 ,y; ,gpvy;vt; Rje;jpuk; gw;wp xU Neub thf;nfLg;G vLj;J xU epue;ju muir mikf;Fk; tiu ehl;il Ms vupj;jpa  ,ilf;fhy muir (Provisional Government of Eritrea)  epWtpaJ. muRj;jiytuhf ,gpvy;vt; jiytH ,irah]; mtHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,gpvy;vt; ,d; kj;jpa FO rl;lrigahf khwpaJ.

mnkupf;f MjuT

A+iy 1-5> 1991 Mk; Mz;L xU caHkl;l mnkupf;f FOnthd;W vj;jpNahg;gpahtpd; jiyefuhd mb]; mghgh (Addis Ababa) Ngha;r; NrHe;jJ. mq;F ,j;jpNahg;gpahtpy; xU ,ilf;fhy muir epWT Kfkhff; $l;lg;gl;l  khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lJ. ,gpvy;vt; ,e;j khehl;by; xU ghHitahsuhff; fye;J nfhz;lJ. ,ilf;fhy muNrhL vupj;jpa – vj;jpNahg;gpa ,ilapayhd cwT gw;wpg; Ngr;R thHj;ij elj;jpaJ. Ngr;RthHj;ijapd; Kbtpy; vupj;jpa Rje;jpuk; gw;wp  kf;fsplk; xU Neub thf;nfLg;G elj;Jtjw;F vj;jpNahg;gpah xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.

xU fhyj;jpy; ,gpvy;vt; Nghuhspfs; khHf;rPr rpj;jhe;jj;ij iff;nfhzbUe;jhYk;  nkq;[p];Jf;F Nrhtpaj; nfhLj;j MjuT mtHfs; Nrhtpaj;jplk; cjtp Nfl;gjw;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;jpYk; mjd; fpof;F ma;Nuhg;gpa Ner ehLfspYk; nghJTlik Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ mj;jifa Ml;rp Kiw vupj;jpahtpYk; Njhy;tpapy; KbAk; vd;w cz;ikia mtHfSf;F czHj;jpaJ.

vupj;jpahTf;F Rje;juk;

1993 Vg;upy; 23-25 ehs;fspy; ele;j Neub thf;nfLg;gpy; vupj;jpah vj;jpNahg;gpa ehl;by; ,Ue;J gpupe;J Rje;jpu ehlhf khwNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F Mjuthf ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; thf;fspj;jhHfs;. Rje;jpukhd ,e;j Neub thf;nfLg;G ma;ad;dh fz;fhzpg;gpy; eilngw;wJ.

,jidj; njhlHe;J vupj;jpa jiytHfs; vupj;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij Vg;upy; 27 ,y; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. vupj;jpa kf;fs;  me;j Rje;jpuj;ij Nk 24 ,y; mjpfhuG+Htkhff; nfhz;lhb kfpo;e;jhHfs;. (cyfj;jkpoH - nehntk;gH 23>2007)

gpuhHj;jpf;Fk; cjLfistpl nfhLf;Fk; if GdpjkhdJ!

gpu;pNfbaH R.g. jkpo;r;nry;tdpd; ,og;G <Lnra;a Kbahj ,og;G. ,J xg;Gf;Fr; nrhy;Yk; thHj;ijfs; my;y.  xU cyfwpe;j ,uhrje;jpupia ehk; ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;. rpwe;j rpe;jidahsid ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;. ve;j neUffbf;Fs;Sk; rpupj;j Kfj;NjhLk; kaf;Fk; Gd;difNahLk; tyk; te;j xU khdplid ,oe;J tpl;Nlhk;.

jkpoPoj; Njrpaj jiytH gpughfud; jhd; tsHj;njLj;j xU ey;y jk;gpia ,oe;J tpl;lhH.  

cyfpy; gpwe;jtH ahUk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. vy;NyhUk; ,we;Nj NghdhHfs;. Nfhlhd Nfhb kf;fs; gpwe;J gpd;dH ,wf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jf; Nfhlhd Nfhb kf;fspy; cyfk; xU rpyiuj;jhd; epidtpy; itj;jpUf;fpwJ. vQ;rpatHfs; kwf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhHfs;.

rpj;jHfSk; Kf;jHfSk;  kuzk; ,aw;if vd;whHfs;.  gpwg;G vg;gb ,aw;ifNah mNj Nghy; gpwe;jit ahTk; ,wg;gJk; ,aw;if vd;whHfs;.

QhdpfSk; NahfpfSk; rpj;jH> Kf;jH> Qhdpfs;> Nahfpfs;> KdptHfs; vy;NyhUk; rhit Gwq;fhz vijnaijNah nra;J ghHj;jhHfs;. %r;ir mlf;fpg; ghHj;jhHfs;. Nkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghHj;jhHfs;. fhafy;g;gk; cz;L ghHj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; rhit nty;y Kbatpy;iy. 

"Gj;jd;> NaR> KfkJegp> ,uhkd;> rq;fuH> ,uhkE[H vy;NyhUNk khz;L NghdhHfs;. ehd; kl;Lk; ghH kPJ rhfhjpUg;Ngd;" vd;W ghujp Koq;fpdhH.    

"fhyh cd;idr; rpW Gy;nyd kjpf;fpNwd;! - vd;wd;
 fhyUNf thlh> rw;Nw cd;id kpjpf;fpNwd;"

vd;W fhyDld; tPuk; NgrpdhH.

nehe;j Gz;izf; Fj;Jtjhy; gandhd;wpy;iy
    Neh ahNy kbe;jpl;lhd; Gj;jd; fz;BH
me;jzdhk; rq;fuhr; rhHad; khz;lhd;
    mjw;fLj;j ,uhkh E[Dk; Nghdhd;!
rpYitapNy mbAz;L NaR nrj;jhd;
    jPanjhU fizahNy fz;zd; khz;lhd;
gyH GfOk; ,uhkDNk ahw;wpy; tPo;e;jhd;!
    ghHkPJ ehd; rfh jpUg;Ngd;> fhz;gPH!      (ghujpahH Rarupij)

vd;whd;. Mdhy; 'kuzj;ij nty;tJ vg;gb?' vd;W cghak; nrhd;d kfhftp ghujp $l me;j kuzj;ij nty;y Kbatpy;iy!  jdJ Kg;gj;njhd;gjhtJ mfitapy; me;jf; fhyd; vd;;w ghgp mtiuf; $l;br; nrd;whd;.  

rhT kdpjDf;F cyfk; njhlq;fpa fhyk; njhl;Nl xU GjpuhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. me;jg; Gjpiu ahUk; ,d;Dk; mtpo;j;j ghlhf ,y;iy. kuzj;jpd; gpd; (kW) gpwg;G cz;lh? cz;L vd;W nrhy;gtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;gtHfSk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. gjpnzd; rpj;jHfspy; xUtuhd rptthf;fpahH kWgpwg;G ,y;iy vd;W mbj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhH.

fwe;jghy; Kiyg;Gfh> file;jntz;nza; NkhH Gfh>
cile;J Nghd rq;fpd; Xir capHfSk; cl;Gfh>
tpupe;jG+ cjpHe;jfhAk; kPz;Lk; Ngha; kuk;Gfh>
,we;jtH gpd; gpwg;gjpy;iy> ,y;iy,y;iy ,y;iyNa! (rpj;jH ghly;fs;)

vJ vg;gbNah ,we;jtH ahUk; kPz;L te;J ,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;F ,Jtiu tpil nrhy;ytpy;iy!

kdpjd;> cyfk;> mz;lk;> flTs; ,tw;Wf;F ,ilapy; cs;s cwit tpsf;f vOe;j Ntjhe;jq;fSk; rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; ,e;jr; rpf;fyhd Kbr;ir mtpo;f;f kdpjdhy; vOjg; gl;litNa. kdpjid ek;g itf;f mit flTshy; mUsg;gl;ld vdg; Gide;Jiuj;jhHfs;. flTshy; mUsg;gl;bUe;jhy; xU rkak;> xU flTs;> xU Ntjk;> xU rpj;jhe;jk; kl;LNk  ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

kdpjHfis tpl;LtpLNthk;. xU NghH tPuDf;F vg;gbahd rhT Neu Ntz;Lk;? ts;StH mjw;F tpil mspf;fpwhH.

Gue;jhH fz; ePHky;fr; rhfpw;gpd;> rhf;fhL

,ue;JNfhs; jf;fJ cilj;J.            (mjpfhuk; 78 gilr;nrUf;F (Fws; 780)

jkf;Fr; nra;j ed;wpfis  epide;J murd; fz;fs; ePHngUfg; Nghupy; capHePf;fg; ngw;why; me;fr; rhT ,ue;jhtJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; jFjpAilaJ vd;gJ ,f; Fwspd; nghUshFk;.

gpupNfbaH R.g. jkpo;r;nry;td; jpUts;StH nrhy;Yk; rhit ,ue;J ngw;Ws;shH. mjw;F Njrpaj; jiytH khz;GkpF gpughfud; jkpo;r;nry;tdJ rhTf;F ,uq;fp ntspapl;l ,uq;fYiu rhd;whf mike;Js;sJ.

“jkpOyfNk Mokhf Nerpj;j xU murpay; jiytidr; rpq;fs Njrk; ,d;W rhfbj;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpoPo kf;fspd; kdq;fis ntd;w xU jd;dpfuw;w jiytidr; rpq;fsk; gypnfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vkJ Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; murpaw;Wiwg; nghWg;ghsu; gpupNfbau; jkpo;r;nry;tidAk; Vida Ie;J NghuhspfisAk; ,oe;J ,d;W jkpoPo Njrk; tuyhw;wpy; vd;Wkpy;yhj xU Ngupog;igr; re;jpj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,e;j khngUk; Nrhf epfo;T vk;kf;fis mjpu;r;rpapYk; Mo;e;j Jauj;jpYk; Mo;j;jpAs;sJ.

jkpo;r;nry;td; vkJ Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;j fhyj;jpypUe;Nj vd;NdhL xd;whf> neUf;fkhf tho;e;jtd;. ehd; mtid Mokhf mwpe;J> MokhfNt Nerpj;Njd;. vdJ md;Gj; jk;gpahfNt tsu;j;Njd;. mtdJ mofpa rpupg;Gk; mjDs; Gije;j Mapuk; mu;j;jq;fisAk; mtDs; mlu;e;J fple;j Mw;wy;fisAk; MSikfisAk; ehd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj fz;Lnfhz;Nld;.

,yl;rpag; Nghuhspahf> jiyrpwe;j jhidj; jsgjpahf> khngUk; murpay; nghWg;ghsdhf> midj;JyNfhLk; cwthba ,uh[je;jpupahf> Nguhw;wy; kpf;f Ngr;Rthu;j;ijahsdhf mtid tsu;j;njLj;Njd;.

jhd; Nerpj;j kz; tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk;> jhd; Nerpj;j kf;fs; Rje;jpukhf> nfsutkhf> ghJfhg;ghf tho Ntz;Lnkd;W rjh rpe;jpj;jhd;. jhd; Nerpj;j me;j kf;fsJ tpLjiyf;fhf> tpbtpw;fhfj; jd;idNa Cdhf cUf;fp> cWjpahf cioj;j xU ,yl;rpa neUg;G mtd;.

ehk; vkJ ,yl;rpag; ghijapy; njhlu;e;Jk; cWjpNahL gazpg;Nghk;.”

.

“vdJ md;Gj; jk;gpahfNt tsu;j;Njd;” vd;w thHj;ijfs; Njrpaj; jiytH gpup;NfbaH jkpo;r;nry;td; kPJ itj;jpUe;j Mokhd md;igAk; ghrj;ijAk; giwrhw;WfpwJ. gjpNdohtJ mfitapy; ,af;fj;jpy; jd;id ,izj;Jf; nfhz;l jkpo;r;nry;td; 23 Mz;Lfs; jiytupd; mutizg;gpy; ,Ue;jhH.

,af;fk; vd;w gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; Glk; Nghlg;gl;L thHj;J vLf;fg;gl;lhH. jiytH gpughfuDf;F  mLj;jjhf jkpoPo kf;fsJ kdq;fis kl;Lk; my;y cyfshtpa jkpo; kf;fspd; kdq;fisf; nfhs;is nfhz;l tPudhfTk; ,uhrje;jpupahfTk; jkpo;r;nry;td; tpsq;fpdhH.

Ngr;R Nkilapy; mtH Gd;dif G+j;j Kfj;Jld; tPw;wpUe;j fhl;rpiag; ghHj;Jg; G+upg;gile;Njhk;. ngUikg;gl;Nlhk;.  

tPur; rhitj; jOtpa gpupNfbaH jkpo;r;nry;tdpd; Gfo; cly; cupa kjpg;NghL Gij Fopapy; tpijf;fg;gl;L tpl;lJ. kf;fs; fz;zPH tpl;L mOjhHfs;. ftpQHfs; nrhw;G+f;fs; njhLj;J ghkhiy fl;bdhHfs;. tPutzf;ff; $l;lq;fspy; kf;fs; fly; miynadj; jpuz;L jq;fs; tzf;fj;ijj; njuptpj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; ,it kl;Lk; NghJkh?

jkpopdk; ,dntwp gpbj;j xU rpq;fs – gTj;j Ml;rpapd; fPo; mfg;gl;Lj; jtpf;fpwJ.  

vkJ kf;fs; nrhy;nyhzhj; Jd;gq;fisAk; ,d;dy;fisAk; ,lHfisAk; ehSk; nghOJk; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwHfs;.

njd; jkpoPoj;jpy; ,lk;ngaHe;j 300>0000 ,yl;rk; kf;fspy; ghjpg;NgH ,d;Dk; kPs; FbakHj;jg;gltpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf %JH fpof;fpy; cs;s rk;G+H> Njhg;G+H> ghl;lhspGuk;> ey;YhH Nghd;w 12 CHfisr; NrHe;j RkhH 14>000 kf;fs; kPs; FbakHj;jg;glhky; kuq;fspd; fPOk; tPjp Xuq;fspYk; jw;fhypf nfhl;by;fspy; euf tho;f;if tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j CHfs; rpq;fsg; gilahy; caHghJfhg;G  tyakhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;L mq;F tho;e;j kf;fs; eLj;njUtpy; tplg;gl;Ls;shHfs;.

aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL jpwe;jntsp rpiwr;rhiyahf rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jpdhy; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. capiuf; fhg;ghw;w kf;fNs Kd;te;J jq;fis rpiwr;rhiyapy; milf;FkhW ePjpkd;wq;fis ehb XLfpwhHfs;.

“tl-fpof;fpy; ehshe;jk; 5 NgH nfhy;yg;gLfpwhHfs; my;yJ fhzhky; NghfpwhHfs;. fle;j rdtup khjk; njhlq;fp Mf];l; khjk; tiu ,yq;ifapy; 14 kdpjTupik kw;Wk; rka njhz;lHfs; fhzky; NghAs;shHfs;. ,Nj fhyg;gFjpapy; 662 NgH nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 540 NgH fhzky; NghAs;shHfs;. 25 Foe;ijfs; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 43 Foe;ijfs; fhzhky; NghAs;shHfs;” ,t;thW rl;lk; kw;Wk; mit Law and Society (LST) vd;w mikg;G kdpjTupik kPwy;fis tprhuiz nra;Ak; Ml;rpj;jiytH  Mizaj;Jf;F vOj;J %yk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

vdNt vkJ kz;izAk; kf;fisAk; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba ghupa nghWg;G Gyk;ngaH tho; jkpo;kf;fspd; Njhs;fspy; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Gyk;ngaH jkpoHfs; jq;fsJ kdpj tsj;ijAk; nghUs;tsj;ijAk; jpUtpohf;fspYk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspYk; tPzhf;fhky; vq;fs; kf;fis rpq;fs - gTj;j ,dthj nfhba murpd; mlf;FKiwapy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;w xUKfg; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tpLjiy vd;gJ Rk;kh nfhz;L te;J jUtjw;F mJ Rf;Fky;y kpsFky;y vd;gij ehk; kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

jhaff; fdTfis neQ;rpdpy; Ve;jp tPur;rhitj; jOtpf; nfhz;l gpupNfbaH jkpo;r;nry;td; kw;Wk; mtuJ NjhoHfSk; vq;fs; neQ;rpy; flYk; fhw;Wk; thDk; kjpAk; cs;stiu ePbj;J epiyj;J ,Uf;Fk;.

,e;j khtPuHfSf;F ehk; vOg;gg; $ba kpfg; ngupa epidthyak; mtHfs; fz;l jkpooPof; fdit epidthf;FtJjhd;. mijr; nra;J Kbf;f ehq;fs; xt;nthUtUk;  #Siug;Nghk;! (cyfj;jkpoH - nehntk;gH 09> 2007)

rPd ty;yurpd; gpbf;Fs; rpf;fpj; jtpf;Fk; jpNgj;jpd; vjpHfhyk; vd;d?

cyfpy; ghtg;gl;l ,dq;fspd; gl;baiyj; ahuhtJ jahupj;jhy; mjpy; jpNgj;jpaHfs;jhd; Kjyplj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;.

1949 Mk; Mz;L khNr Jq;fpd; jiyikapyhd fk;A+dp];l; Gul;rp rPdhtpy; ntw;wp thif #baJ. mjd; %yk; 1927 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; jsgjp rpahq; fha; Nrf; (Chiang Kai – shek ) jiyikapyhd mnkupf;f rhHG tyJrhupf; fl;rpahd rPd Njrpaf; fl;rpf;Fk; cUrpa rhHG rPd fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cs;ehl;Lg; NghH KbTf;F te;jJ. nkupf;fhtpd; nry;yg;gps;isahd rpahq; fha; Nrf; rPdhitf; iftpl;L jha;thDf;F Xbj; jg;gpdhH. mLj;j Mz;L (1950)  nrQ;rPdhtpd; gilfs; jpngj; kPJ gilnaLj;J mjid vjpHg;gpd;wp vspjpy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. md;wpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu jpngj; rPd ehl;bd; ,Uk;Gg; gpbapy; rpf;fpj; jtpf;fpwJ.

jpNgj;ij cLk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gjw;F nrQ;rl;ilf; fhuHfs; nrhy;Yk; fhuzk; “jpNgj; rPdhtpd; xU gFjpahf gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; ,Ue;jJ”  vd;gJjhd;.  Mdhy; cz;ik mJty;y. tuyhw;wpd;gb jpNgj; Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

rPdh jpNgj; kPJ gilnaLj;Jj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; mjidf; nfhz;L te;jNghJ cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehLk; rPdhitj; jl;bf; Nfl;ftpy;iy. mz;il ehlhd ,e;jpah rup> cyf ty;yuRfspy; (md;W) xd;whd mnkupf;fh rup> gpupj;jhdpah rup vy;yh ehLfSk;  thiyf; fhy;fSf;F ,ilapy; RUl;b itj;Jf; nfhz;L tpl;ld. vd;d fhuzk;?

rPdhTk; xU rz;bad; vd;gNj fhuzkhFk;. mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ty;yuR jd;idtplg; gyk; Fiwe;j my;yJ ,isj;j ehLfisg; ghHj;Jj;jhd; rz;ilf;Fg; NghfpwJ.

NkYk; mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfs; tp.Gypfs;> `kh]; Nghd;w tpLjiy ,af;fq;fisg; gaq;futhjg; gl;baypy; NrHj;Js;sd. Nfl;lhy; rpf;fy; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; mjpy; epahak; ,Ue;jhYk;  MAjk; vLj;Jg; Nghuhl ve;jnthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; cupik ,y;iy vd;fpd;wd. MAjk; vLj;Jg; NghuhLfpwtHfs; vy;NyhUNk gaq;futhjpfs;. mjpy; ey;y gaq;futhjpfs; nfl;l gaq;futhjpfs; vd;w ghFghL ,y;iy vd;fpd;wd.

vy;yhtw;iwAk; mikjp topapy; Ngrpj; jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. “tp.Gypfs; td;Kiwiag;  Ngr;rpYk; nraypYk; iftpl;L kf;fshl;rpf;Fj; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbj; jpUk;gpdhy; kl;LNk mtHfisg; gaq;futhjg; gl;baypy; ,Ue;J ePf;FtJ gw;wp mnkupf;fh MNyhrpf;Fk;” vd mnkupf;f ,uhrje;jpupfs; XahJ xopahJ Ngrp tUfpwhHfs;. xU thjj;Jf;F xU fzk; mjid xg;Gf;nfhs;SNthk;.

jpNgj; ehl;bd; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkh fle;j 57 Mz;Lfshf mfpk;ir topapy; jdJ ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;Fg; ghLgl;L tUfpwhH. Mapuf;fzf;fhd jpNgj;jpaHfs; mfjpfshf ,e;jpah> Neg;ghsk; Nghd;w mz;il ehLfspy; tho;fpwhHfs;. fdlhtpw;F 5>000; jpNgj;jpaHfs; FbNawp cs;shHfs;. Mdhy; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkhtpd; mfpk;irg; Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpngwtpy;iy. ntw;wpngWk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; ,e;jf; fzk; tiu ,y;iy.

xU Nfhb jpNgj; ehl;L kf;fs; ,dj;jhy; kjj;jhy; nkhopahy; gz;ghl;lhy; NtWgl;ltHfs;. xU fhyj;jpy; rPdhtpd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; me;j ehL rpf;Fz;bUe;jhYk; ,d;W nkhopahy;> gz;ghl;lhy;> ehfupfj;jpdhy; NtWgl;l me;j kf;fs; Rje;jpukhf tho tpUk;GfpwhHfs;. mjpy; vd;d jtW ,Uf;fpwJ?

MAjj;ijj; Jhf;fhNj td;Kiw topiaf; iftpL vd;W nrhy;Yk; mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ty;yuR jpNgj;jpd; tpLjiyf;F Vd; cUg;gbahf xU JUk;igj; jhDk; Jhf;fpg; Nghltpy;iy?

mnkupf;fh rPdhit vjpHf;fhjJ kl;Lky;y mNjhL cwit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; KjyPL nra;aTk;  thzpfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;aTk; xw;iwf; fhypy; epw;fpwJ!

mnkupf;fh jdJ tzpf eyd;fSf;Nf Kd;Dupik nfhLf;fpwJ. fle;j Mz;L thDhHjp  jahupg;G epWtdkhd Nghapq; (Boeing  Company) FOkj;NjhL rPdhtpw;F vz;gJ 737 uf thDhHjpfis tpw;f  xg;ge;jk; nra;Js;sJ. ,tw;wpd; ngWkjp 460 Nfhb (A$4.6 billion) mnkupf;f nlhyHfshFk;! mjw;F Kd;dH vOgJ mNj uf 737  Nghapq; thDhHjpfis tpw;gjw;F  xg;ge;jk; vOjg;gl;lJ. Mf nkhj;jk; 150 thDhHjpfis Nghapq; FOkk; rPdhTf;F tpw;Wtpl;lJ.   

mLj;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; Nghapq; epWtdk; rPdhtpw;F 1970 Nfhb m. nlhyH ngWkjpahd nkhj;jk; 2>400 thDhHjpfis tpw;fyhk; vd vjpHghHf;fpwJ. 

rPdh 85<000 Nfhb  (850 gpy;ypad;) Nfhb ngWkjpahd mnkupf;f jpiwr;Nrup Jz;Lfspy; ( Treasury Bills) KjyPL nra;Js;sJ.

,jpypUe;J rPdhTld; thzpfkh? jpNgj;jpd; Rje;jpukh? vd te;jhy; mnkupf;fhtpd; njupT vg;gb ,Uf;Fk; vd;gijr; nrhy;yj; Njitapy;iy.

,g;NghJ jyha; yhkh fdlhTf;F 3 ehs; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L ,q;F te;jpUf;fpwhH.   fle;j Qhapw;Wf; fpoik (xf;NjhgH 28> 2007) fdlhTf;F tUif je;j jpNgj;jpd; Md;kPfj; jiytH jyha; yhkhitf; fdba gpujkH ];uPgd; `hHg;gH re;jpj;Jg; NgrpdhH. ,e;jr; re;jpg;G 40 kzpj;Jspfs; ePbj;jJ. fdlh ehl;bd; gpujkH xUtH jyha; yhkhitr; mur kupahijNahL re;jpj;Jg; NgrpaJ ,JNt Kjy; jlit MFk;.  ,jw;F Kd; ,Ue;j gpujkHfs; vtUk; jyha; yhkhit mur kupahijNahL re;jpf;ftpy;iy.

%d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH gpujkH Nghy; khl;bid jyha; yhkh re;jpj;jhH. Mdhy; me;jr; re;jpg;G murpay; gf;frhHgw;w eLepiy epyg;gug;gpy; ,lk; ngw;wJ. me;j ,lk; xl;lhth cNuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f MauJ ,y;ykhFk;.

rPdh> gpujkH `hHg;gH jyha; yhkhit murKiwapy; re;jpj;jij ,urpf;ftpy;iy.  xl;lhthtpy; cs;s rPd Jhjufk; xU vr;rupf;if mwpf;ifia tpl;lJ. “rPdhtpd; cs;ehl;L mYty;fspy; jiyapLtij epWj;Jq;fs;. fdlh – rPdh cwit ghJfhf;f cUg;gbahd eltbf;iffis vLq;fs;” vd jpq;fs; khiy ele;j nra;jpahsH khehl;by; rPd Jhjufg; Ngr;rhsH njuptpj;jhH. rPdh jyha; yhkhit  gpuptpid NfhUk; xU murpay;thjp vd;Wk; JNuhfp vd;Wk; tir ghL;fpwJ.

Mg;fhdp];jhd; cs;whl;Lg; Nghupy; fdlh tfpf;Fk; gq;ifg; gw;wpf; Nfl;l NghJ jyha; yhkh “mikjpahd topapy; rpf;fy;fSf;Fj; jPHT fhz;gJjhd; rupahd top” vd;W tpil mspj;jhH.  “td;Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy; vjpHkiw td;Kiwia cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; rpy rkak; rpf;fy; ,d;Dk; Nkhrk; milayhk;” vd;whH.

14 MtJ jyha; yhkhtpd; ,aw; ngaH njd;rpd; ifahl;Nwh (Tenzin Gyatro) MFk;. mtUf;F mfit 72. mtH jpNgj;jpy; 1935 Mk; Mz;L xU Vio  tptrhaf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ jhahUf;F 16 gps;isfs;. mjpy; VO kl;Lk; jg;gpd. 13 MtJ jyha; yhkh 1933 Mk; Mz;L kiwe;j NghJ jpNgj; ehl;bd; tof;fg;gb mtuJ thupirj; Njb  CH Cuhfg; Gj;j NjuHfs; nrd;wNghJ mg;NghJ 3 mfit epiwe;j ifahl;Nwhit 14 MtJ jyha; yhkhthf njupT nra;jdH. Mz;Lf; fzf;fhd gapw;rpf;Fg; gpd;dH mtuJ 15 MtJ mfitapy; jpNgj;jpd; 60 ,yl;rk; kf;fspd; Ml;rpj; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg; gl;lhH.

1959 Mk; Mz;L rPdhtpd; mlf;FKiw Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l fpsHr;rp Njhy;tpfz;lij mLj;J jyha; yhkh ,e;jpahTf;Fj; jg;gp Xb murpay; milf;fyk; Nfl;lhH. ,d;W ,e;jpahtpy; xU ,yl;rk; jpNgj;jpaH Vjpypfshf tho;fpwhHfs;.

1966-76 Mz;L rPdhit cYf;fpa gz;ghl;Lg; Gul;rpapd; NghJ jpNgj;jpy; ,Ue;j gTj;j tpfhiufs; ntwpgpbj;j nrQ;rl;il fhtyHfshy; (Red Guards) jfHf;fg;gl;ld.

“jpNgj;jpy; guj;jd;ik (tpgrhuk;) #jhl;lk;> kJghdf; filfs; Mfpatw;iw rPd muR Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; jpNgj; kf;fsJ r%f msTfs;> jhHkPf tpOkpaq;fs; rPuopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. RUq;fr; nrhd;dhy; rPdh jpNgj;jpy; gz;ghl;Lg; gLnfhiy xd;iw muq;Nfw;wp tUfpwJ. ,it ahTk; jpNgj;jpd; ehfupfj;ij mopg;gNjhL rPdhtpd; ,dthj kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mfe;ijia giwrhw;Wtjhf cs;sJ”  vdj;  jyha; yhkh rPdh kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;LfpwhH.

jyha; yhkh rPdhtpd; jiytH kh Nr Jq;if ,UKiw re;jpj;Jg; NgrpapUf;fpwhH. ,uz;lhtJ jlik jyha; yhkh khNthitr; re;jpj;j NghJ “kjk; kf;fsJ mgpd;” vd;w fhHy; khHf;rpd; nghd;nkhopia mtUf;F epidT+l;bdhH. mijf; Nfl;l jyha; yhkh kpfTk;  rq;flg;gl;Lg; NghdhH. 

jyha; yhkh ngUk;ghYk; ntspehLfspy; gazk; nra;J jpNgj;jpd; jd;dhl;rp cupikf;F MjuT jpul;b tUfpwhH. mtH fdlh ehl;bd; fTut Fbkfd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.   

fdlh te;J ,wq;fpa md;Nw jyha; yhkh xl;lhth nghJkf;fs; ikaj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;w $l;lj;jpy; NgrpdhH. mz;zsthf 8>000 kf;fs; ,e;j epfo;r;rpapy; fye;J nfhz;lhHfs;.

“ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; kfpo;r;rp> kfpo;r;rpfukhd tho;f;if> ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;ifia tpUk;GfpNwhk;” vdj; jyha; yhkh mwpTiu toq;fpdhH. vy;yh capupdq;fsplKk; fUiz fhl;Lq;fs; vd;w nra;jpiar; nrhd;dhH. Gj;jH nrhd;d NghjidAk; ,J.  

mnkupf;fhtpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifgw;wpAk; tpkHr;rpf;f jyha; yhkh  jtwtpy;iy. ,uhf; NghH gw;wp jdf;F “kdj;jlq;fy;” ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;dhH.

jyha; yhkh nuhwd;Nuh Nwh[H]; ikaj;jpy; ele;j $l;lj;jpy; Gjd;fpoik NgrpdhH. Njhuhakhf 10>000 kf;fs; fye;J nfhz;lhHfs;. vg;NghJk; rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; fhl;rp mspf;Fk; jyha; yhkh xU kzpj;jpahyk; NgrpdhH. fdba jpNgj;jpaH mtuplk; Mrp ngw Mapuf;fzf;fpy; tupirapy; epd;whHfs;.

fdba CTV njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; Njhd;wpa jyha; yhkh 2008 ,y; rPdhtpy; elf;Fk; xypg;gpf;]; Nghl;bapd; NghJ fdlh jpNgj; vjpHnfhs;Sk; rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wpg; Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.

rPdh xU Kf;fpa nghUshjhu ikakhf cUthfp tUfpwJ. rPdhTf;Fk; fdlhTf;Fk; ,ilapyhd thzpfk; Jupj fjpapy; tsHr;rp mile;J tUfpwJ. vdNt fdlh jyha; yhkhTf;F murpay; jsj;jpy; MjuT ey;fhky; ,uhrje;jpu kl;lj;jpy; MjuT toq;FtNjhL epWj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; vd murpay; Nehf;fHfs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. mjhtJ fsf;$j;jhb fapw;wpy; elg;gJ Nghy elf;f fdlh Kaw;rp nra;Ak;.   

fdhlh tUKd; mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH NahH[; G\; mtHfis jyha; yhkh nts;is khspifapy; re;jpj;Jg; NgrpdhH. mnkupf;fg; Nguit ( American Congress) mtUf;F tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gkpf;f Nguitj; jq;fg; gjf;fk; (Congressional Gold Medal) mspj;J Nkd;ikg; gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j khjpupahd jq;fg; gjf;fj;ijg; ngWk; 146 MtJ kdpjH  jyha; yhkh MthH. ,e;jj; jq;fg; gjf;fk; rPdhtpd; gyj;j vjpHg;igAk; kPwp toq;fg;gl;lJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. 

ahUk; vjpHghuhj tpjkhf Ml;rpj; jiytH G\; jyha; yhkhNthL jdpg;gl;l rpwg;G re;jpg;ig (xf;NjhgH 16) itj;Jf; nfhz;lhH vd;gJk; ftdj;Jf;FupaJ.

ma;k;gJ Mz;Lfshf njhlHe;J tUk; jpNgj; rpf;fiy Ngr;RthHj;ij %yk; RKfkhfj; jPHj;J itf;Fkhw Ml;rpj; jiytH G\; mtHfSk; mnkupf;f NguitAk; Kd;diutpl fhl;lkhf rPdhTf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Js;sJ.

Mdhy; rPdhNth jyha; yhkhtpd; eltbf;iffSf;F mnkupf;fh jpiukiwtpy; nfhLj;J tUk; MjuT jpNgj;ij rPdhtplk; ,Ue;J gpupf;Fk; #o;r;rp vdf; Fw;wk; rhl;LfpwJ.  jpNgj;jpaHfsJ jd;dhl;rp cupikia rPdh Kw;whf kWf;fpwJ. mJ mtHfSf;Fj; Njitapy;iy vdr; rPdh nrhy;fpwJ. jpNgj; kf;fs; rPd Ml;rpapd; fPo; “kfpo;r;rp” Mf tho;fpwhHfs; ehL etPdg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;W rPdh nrhy;fpwJ.

gTj;j Jwtpahd jyha; yhkh cyfk; Nghw;Wk; jiytuhf tyk; tUfpwhH. xU cz;ikahd gTj;j NjuH vd;w Kiwapy; jyha; yhkh kpfTk; vspikahd tho;f;if tho;fpwhH. mtuplk; xU Kiw xU kjNghjfH “kjrhHgpd;ikf; nfhs;if kjj;jpd; vjpup” vd;W nrhd;dhH. jyha; yhkh mjid Vw;f kWj;jhH. kjrhHgpd;ikf; nfhs;if vy;yh kjq;fisAk; kjpf;fpwJ. ve;jnthU kjKk; gpwpnjhU kjk;Nky; Nkyhz;ik nrYj;Jtij kjrhHgpd;ikf; nfhs;if Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy” vd;whH.

fdlh gazj;ij Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L mLj;J 16 MtJ ngdbf; ghg;ghz;ltiu (Pope Benedict  XV1)  vjpHtUk; bnrk;gH khjk; re;jpf;f ,Uf;fpwhH.

jyha; yhkh nry;Yk; ,lnky;yhk; rpwg;ghd tuNtw;Gf; nfhLf;fg;gLtJ cz;ikjhd;. mtH mfpk;irapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp kzpf;fzf;fpy; NgRtJ rupjhd;. Mdhy; ,e;j tuNtw;G cgrhuk; tha;g; Ngr;R vy;yhk; jpNgj;ij rPdhtpd; Nfhug; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;f cjTkh? mjhtJ Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; fwprikf;f cjTkh?

jyha; yhkhTf;F 72 mfit elf;fpwJ. mtUf;Fg; gpd; ahH mtuJ thupR vd;gJ mtUf;Nf njupahJ. rPd jpNgj;jpd;; ,dthup kf;fs; njhifia khw;wp mikg;gjpy; Kk;kukhf <Lgl;L tUfpwJ. jpNgj;jpy; ,d;W jpNgj;jpaHfistpl rPdHfNs mjpfkhf tho;fpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; jpNgj;jpauJ tho;f;if Kiw gyj;j khWjYf;F cs;shfp tUfpwJ. murpay; mjpfhuk; rPdHfsJ gpbf;Fs; Ngha; tpl;lJ. 

rPdh ty;yurpd; gpbf;Fs; rpf;fpj; jtpf;Fk; jpNgj;jpd; vjpHfhyk; vd;d? (cyfj;jkpoH - nehntk;gH 02>2007)

khfhz ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypy; ypguy; fl;rpg; gpujkH lhy;ud; kf;fpd;up rhjid

NjHjypy; ntd;why; nfhz;lhl;lk;. Njhw;why; jpz;lhl;lk;. mJjhd; nghJ tpjp.  xd;uhwpNah NjHjy; mjw;F tpjp tpyf;fy;y. ntd;wtHfs; kfpo;r;rpf; flypy; kpjf;fj; Njhw;wtHfs; Nrhff; flypy; %o;fpg; NghapUf;fpwhHfs;!  

NjHjy; fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gf;fs; njhlf;fj;jpy; ypguy; fl;rpf;Fk; Kw;Nghf;F gioikthjf; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilapy; MjuT tpOf;fhL kpf neUf;fkhf ,Uf;fpwJ vdj; njuptpj;jd. NjHjy; gug;Giu #Lgpbj;j NghJ ,e;j neUf;fk; Fiwe;J ,uz;L fl;rpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntsp mjpfupj;jJ.

fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gf;fs; njuptpj;jthNw ypguy; fl;rp 107 njhFjpfspy; Nghl;bapl;L 71 njhFjpfspy; ntw;wpaPl;bAs;sJ. thf;fhsg; ngUkf;fs; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij mLj;j ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytuplk; xg;gilj;Js;shHfs;. thf;fspg;G Kbe;j mLj;j xU kzpf;Fs; ntspte;j KbTfs; ypguy; fl;rp kPz;Lk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wg; NghfpwJ vd;gijf; fl;bak; $wpd. fle;j 70 Mz;Lfspy; ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytH xUtH njhlHe;J ,uz;L NjHjy;fspy; ntw;wpthif #bapUg;gJ ,JNt Kjy; jlit. ,jw;F Kd;dH Mitch Hepburn  vd;gtH 1937 Mk; Mz;L mLj;jLj;J ,UKiw ntd;W rhjid gilj;jhH. fl;rpfs; Nghl;bapl;l njhFjpfSk; ntw;wpngw;w ,Uf;iffSk; gpd;tUkhW.                  

   2007 Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; NjHjy; KbTfs;  

ypguy; fl;rpf;F tpOe;j thf;F tpOf;fhL 4.20 % Mff; Fiwe;jhYk; mjd; ,Uf;if vz;zpf;if ehd;fhy; $bAs;sJ. gioikthjf; fl;rpf;F tpOe;j thf;F tpOf;fhL 5.00 % Fiwe;jhYk; nrd;w Kiw fpilj;j mNj vz;zpf;if ,Uf;iffs; ,k;KiwAk; fpilj;Js;sJ. Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp mjd; thf;F tpOf;fhl;il 2.19 % mjpfupj;j NghJk; mjd; ,Uf;if vz;zpf;ifapy; khw;wk; Vw;gltpy;iy. gRikf; fl;rp jdJ thf;F tpOf;fhl;il Kk;klq;F mjpfupj;jpUe;j NghJk; mjw;F xU ,Uf;if $lf; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

,e;jf; FsWgbf;Ff; fhuzk; jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;s fk;gj;ij Kjypy; Xb Kbg;gtUf;Nf (First- Past –the-Post) ntw;wp vd;w NjHjy; KiwahFk;. 

jw;NghJ cs;s fk;gj;ij Kjypy; Xb Kbf;Fk; (First- Past –the-Post(FPTP) NjHjy; Kiwah? my;yJ xj;jsT fyg;G cWg;gpdH (Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) NjHjy; Kiwah? ,jpy; vjw;F cq;fsJ MjuT vd;gjw;F ele;j Neub thf;nfLg;gpy; khw;Wj; NjHjy; Kiwiag; Gwf;fzpj;J ,g;NghJs;s NjHjy; Kiw njhluNtz;Lk; vdg; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;fhsHfs; thf;fspj;Js;shHfs;. jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; NjHjy; Kiwia khw;wpaikf;f Neub thf;nfLg;gpy; 60 tpOf;fhL thf;fhsHfsJ MjuT Njitg;gl;lJ.  NkYk; nkhj;jj; njhFjpfspy; (107) 60 tpOf;fhL njhFjpfspd; MjuTk; Njitg;gl;lJ. Neubj; NjHjy; KbT gpd;tUkhW. 

gioikthjf; fl;rpj; jiytH Nghl;bapl;l njhFjpapy; Njhw;Wg; NghdhH. ,jw;F Kd;dH 1990 Mk; Mz;L ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytH Nltpl; gPl;urd; ,NjNghy; Njhw;Wg; NghdhH. vdNt fl;rpapd; jiytH xUtH NjHjypy; Njhw;Wg; NghdJ ,J ,uz;lhtJ jlit. Nahd; Nuhwp nlhd; typ Nkw;Fj; (Don Valley West) njhFjpapy; jw;NghJs;s ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH fj;yPd; itd;Nd (Kathleen Wynne) mtHfshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhH. ,tH ypguy; fl;rp Ml;rpapy; fy;tp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jtH.

Nuhwpapd; gioa njhFjp Dufferin-Peel-Wellington-Grey MFk;. nuhwd;Nuhit ikag;gLj;jp murpay; nra;aNt mtH nlhd; typ Nkw;Fj; njhFjpiaj; NjHe;njLj;jhH.

Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpj; jiytH `hthHl; `k;ud; jdJ nrhe;jj; njhFjpapy; (Kenora-Rainy River) kpf ,yFthf ntw;wpngw;whH. mtH ,e;jj; njhFjpapy; Kjd;Kiwahf 1987 ,y; ntw;wpngw;whH. ,tUk; fl;rpj; jiyikiaj; njhlug; Nghtjhf mwptpj;Js;shH. 

njhopyhsHfsJ Fiwe;j gl;r $yp 8.00 nlhyupy; ,Ue;J 10.00 nlhyhuhf mjpfupf;fg;gLk; ey;tho;Tj; jpl;l tup Fiwf;fg;gLk; vd;w Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp nfhLj;j NjHjy; thf;FWjpfs;  kf;fsplk; tpiy Nghftpy;iy. ,J kpfTk; tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. gj;J nlhyUf;Ff; Fiwa ahUk; $yp ngwtpy;iyah?

fle;j 1999 kw;Wk; 2003 Mz;Lfspy; ele;j NjHjypy; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp murKiw vjpHf;fl;rp gjtp gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ilj; NjHjypy; ntw;wp ngw;w gpd;dHjhd; vjpHf;fl;rp juhjuj;ijg; ngw Kbe;jJ. ,k;KiwAk; 10 ,Uf;iffNs fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; `hthl; `k;ud; vt;tsT fhyj;Jf;F fl;rpj; jiytuhf jhf;Fg; gpbg;ghH vd;gJ Nfs;tpf; FwpahFk;.

nrd;w NjHjypy; nfhLj;j thf;FWjpfis ypguy; fl;rp fhw;wpy; gwf;f tpl;bUe;jJ. mjid MAjkhfj; Jhf;fpa gioikthjf; fl;rpAk; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpAk; ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytiu tWj;J vLj;jd. Mdhy; mJ thf;fhsH kj;jpapy; vLgltpy;iy. ngUe;jd;ikNahL ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytiu kd;dpj;Jtpl;lhHfs;.

gioikthjf; fl;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;F Nahd; Nuhwp fj;Njhypf;f rkag; gs;spfSf;F nghJepjpapypUe;J gzk; xJf;FtJ Nghy Vida A+j> ,];yhk;> ,e;J kjg; gs;spfSf;Fk; nfhLf;fg;gLk; vd mwptpj;jJ Kjd;ikf; fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. rka mbg;gilapy; epjp toq;Fk; nfhs;iff;F fl;rpf;Fs;NsNa gyj;j vjpHg;Gf; fpsk;gpaJ. gy Ntl;ghsHfs;  vjpHg;ig ntspg;gilahf nra;jpj;jhs;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;j NeHfhzy; %yk; njuptpj;jpUe;jhHfs;. 

vjpHg;igr; rkhspf;f NjHjYf;F 9 ehs;fs; ,Uf;f ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fl;rp cWg;gpdHfs; Rje;jpukhf thf;fspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLtH vd Nahd; Nuhwp khw;wp thrpj;Jk; gyd; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

kjj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; fyf;fhjpUg;gNj vy;NyhUf;Fk; ey;yJ. fye;jhy; ,q;NfAk; jypghd;fs; cUthFthHfs; vd;gJ epr;rak;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; fj;Njhypf;fg; gs;spfSf;F epjp toq;FtJ epWj;jg;gl;L mtw;iwAk; nghJf; fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.

Nahd; Nuhwpapd; jhuhsj;Jf;F A+jHfsJ mOj;jk; fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. rkag; gs;spfSf;F muR gzk; xJf;fpdhy; A+j kjj;jtNu mjpfkhfg; gad; ngw;wpUg;gH.

gioikthjf; fl;rpj; jiytH NjHjypy; kz;izf; ft;tpdhYk; jhd; fl;rpj; jiytH gjtpapy; ePbf;fg; Nghtjhf #Siuj;Js;shH. ,J vt;tsT Jhuk; rhj;jpag;gLk; vd;W njupatpy;iy.

,e;jj; NjHjypy; ehd;F jkpoHfs; Nghl;bapl;lhHfs;. xUtH gioikthjf; fl;rpapYk; %tH Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpapYk; Nghl;bapl;lhHfs;. ];fhgNuh kj;jpapYk; ];fhgNuh fpy;Tl; njhFjpfspd; NjHjy; KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUe;jJ.

];fhgNuh fpy;Tl;

];fhgNuh kj;jp

NjHjy; KbTfs; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;fhsHfs; fl;rp mbg;gilapNyNa thf;fspj;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;L;fpwJ. NkYk; jkpo; thf;fhsHfsJ vz;zpf;if ,e;jj; njhFjpfspd; ntw;wp Njhy;tpia jPHkhdpf;fpw msT gyk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nuhwd;NuhTk; nuhwd;Nuh ngUefuKk; eLtz; ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypd; NghJ rup khfhz ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypd; NghJ rup ypguy; fl;rpapd; Nfhl;ilahfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;jj; NjHjypy; nuhwd;Nuh efuj;jpy; 19 ypguy;> 4 Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp> 1 gioikthjf; fl;rp cWg;gpdHfs; ntw;wpngw;Ws;shHfs;. nuhwd;Nuh ngUefug; gfjpapy; (GTA) 15 ypguy;> 5 gioikthjf; fl;rp cWg;gpdHfs; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shHfs;.

eLtz; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;Fj; NjHjy; ele;jhy; ,Nj ghzpapy; kf;fs; thf;fspg;ghHfs;  vd ek;gyhk;. vdNt ,e;jj; NjHjy; KbT gpujkH Stephen Harper f;F xU vr;rupf;ifahf mike;Js;sJ.

,e;jj; NjHjypy; nkhj;jk; cs;s 8.4 kpy;ypad; (84 ,yl;rk;) thf;fhsHfspy; 52.6 tpOf;fhl;bdNu thf;fspj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j tpOf;fhL 2003 ,y; ele;j NjHjypy; tpOe;j thf;F tpOf;fhl;il (56.9) tplf; FiwthdJ. Vd; 1923 Mk; Mz;L ele;j NjHjypy; tpOe;j thf;F (54.7) tpOf;fhl;iltplf; FiwthdJ. ,t;tstpw;Fk; ,k;Kiw ele;j NjHjypy; thf;fspg;ig Cf;Ftpf;F Kfkhfj; NjHjy; rl;lj;jpy;   gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.

    (1)    NjHjy; elf;Fk; ehs; Kd;$l;bNa mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

    (2)    Kd;thf;fspGf;F xJf;fg;gl;l fhyKk; NeuKk; ePbf;fg;gl;lJ. 

    (3)    thf;Fr; rhtbfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

    (4)    thf;fspg;G ehsd;W tof;fkhd Neuj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhf xU kzpj;jpahyk; ePbf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU tpjj;jpy; ghHj;jhy; NjHjypy; ntd;w ypguy; fl;rpf;F tpilj;j thf;F tpOf;fhl;il (42.20) tpl NjHjiyg; Gwf;fzpj;j thf;fhsHfsJ  tpOf;fhL mjpfkhdJ! ,J kf;fshl;rp Kiwapd; eyj;Jf;F cfe;jJ my;y.

xd;NuwpNah khfhzj;jpy; ypguy; fl;rpAk; gioikthjf; fl;rpANk khwp khwp Ml;rp nra;J te;Js;sd. 1990 ,y; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp nghg; Nw jiyikapy; ntWkNd 37.6 tpOf;fhL thf;Ffisg; ngw;W Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. mjd; gpd;dH ele;j xt;nthU NjHjypYk; mJ %d;whk; ,lj;ijNa epue;jukhfg; gpbj;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ. nghg; Nw jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; (1990 – 1995) Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpf;F nfl;l ngaH thq;fpf; nfhLj;jhH vd;gJ cz;ikNa. Mdhy; 17 Mz;Lfs; fope;Jk;  mij kdjpy; itj;J thf;fhsHfs; me;jf; fl;rpiag; gop thq;FfpwhHfs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ.

mLj;j NjHjYf;F Kd;dH Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpapd; jiyik> nfhs;if> Nfhl;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; eykhd khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;. gioikthjf; fl;rpAk; mJ xU gzf;fhuHfsJ fl;rp> Viofisg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhj fl;rp vd;w gbkj;ij khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iy vd;why; me;jf; fl;rp epue;jukhf  vjpHf;fl;rp tupirapNyNa ePbj;J ,Uf;f Ntz;b tUk;.  

eLtz; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F nkhj;jk; 308 cWg;gpdHfs; njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; 106 cWg;gpdHfs; xd;NuwpNah khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J NjHe;njLf;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. vdNt ve;jf; fl;rp Ml;rpf;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;gij xd;NuwpNah khfhzNk jPHkhdpf;fpwJ.  (cyfj;jkpoH - xf;NjhgH 13> 2007) 

khfhz mitj; NjHjypy; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpf;F thf;fspAq;fs;!

ef;fPud;

me;jf; fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfs; kf;fis Mz;lhHfs;. jkpoHfisg; nghWj;jstpy; vy;yhNk kd;dd;jhd;. “kd;dd; capHj;Nj kyHjiy cyfk;” vd;gJ mt;itahH thf;F. kd;dd; capH kf;fs; cly; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. gpd;dhy; te;j fk;gH; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il jiyfPohf khw;wpr; nrhd;dhH.

tapu thd; G+z; mzp klq;fy; nkha;k;gpdhd;

capnuyhk; jd; capu; xf;f Xk;gyhy;

nrapu; ,yh cyfpdpy; nrd;W epd;W tho;

capu; vyhk; ciwtJ Xu; clk;Gk; Mapdhd;.

"capu;fnsy;yhtw;iwAk; jd; capu;Nghy Xk;GtjdhNy> ,t;Tyfpy; thOk; capu;fs; vy;yhk; ciwfpd;w clk;G Mapdhd; jrujd;" vd;fpwhH.  

fpNuf;fH cNuhkH Nghyy;yhJ jkpoHfs; Kbahl;rpia xopj;Jtpl;Lf; Fbahl;rp epWt Ntz;Lk; vdr; rpe;jpf;fNt ,y;iy. jkpo; kd;dHfs; nrq;Nfhy; tisahJ – Fb joP,f;NfhNyhr;rpaJ – fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.

,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfs; ,y;iy. mtHfs; ,lj;jpy; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; murpay;thjpfs; kf;fis Ml;rp nra;fpwhHfs;. ,g;gb kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLNthH Ml;rp nra;Ak; Ml;rpKiw kf;fshl;rpKiw vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; gy Xl;il xbry;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mijtpl NtW rpwe;j Ml;rpKiwia ahUk; ,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;ftpy;iy. kf;fshl;rp Kiwf;F miw$tyhf vOe;j njhopyhsHfspd; rHthjpfhu Ml;rp (Dictatorship of the proletariat) Njhy;tp fz;Ltpl;lJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; 1990 ,y; rpjWz;L Nghdgpd; cyfpy; tl nfhupah kw;Wk; fpA+gh Mfpa ehLfNs nghJTlik ehLfs; vd miof;fg;gL;fpd;wd. rPdh murpaypy; xU fl;rp Ml;rpiaAk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jt KiwiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

xd;uhwpNah khfhz ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;fhd nghJj; NjHjy; vjpHtUk; xf;NjhgH 10 Mk; ehs; (Gjd;fpoik) eilngWfpwJ. ,e;jj; NjHjypy; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;w ehd;F fl;rpfs; Nghl;bapl;lhYk; cz;ikahd Nghl;b Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j ypguy; fl;rpf;Fk; Kw;Nghf;F gioikthjf; fl;rpf;Fk; ,ilNajhd; epyTfpwJ. fhyk; fhykhf ,e;j ,uz;L fl;rpfSNk khwp khwp Ml;rpf; fl;bypy; ,Ue;J te;Js;sd.

nrg;njk;gH 21 - 25 ,y; Environics FOkk; elj;jpa fUj;Jf;fzpg;G ypguy;> gioikthjf; fl;rp> Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp> gRikf;  fl;rp Mfpatw;Wf;F KiwNa 39> 34> 20> 7 tpOf;fhL MjuT ,Ug;gjhfj; njuptpf;fpwJ.

xd;uhwpNah khfhz ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;fhd 38 MtJ  nghJj; NjHjy; xf;NjhgH 2> 2003 ,y; eilngw;wJ. NjHjYf;fhd mwptpj;jy; Kd;ida Kjy;tH VHdp <t;]; (Ernie Eves) nrg;njk;gH 2 ,y; tpLf;fg;gl;lJ. tl mnkupf;fhtpy; rLjpahf Vw;gl;l kpd;rhu ntl;Lf;fhuzkhf xd;uhwpNah Kw;Nghf;Fg; goikthjf; fl;rpapd; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ. mij kdjpy; nfhz;Nl VHdp <t;]; NjHjiy mwptpj;jhH. Mdhy; mtuJ vjpHghHg;Gf;F khwhf lhy;ud; kf;fpd;up (Dalton McQuinty) jiyikapyhd ypguy; fl;rp Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gwpaJ.

fiyf;fg;gl;l xd;uhwpNah khfhz ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,Uf;ifspd; vz;zpf;if 103 MFk;. 1999> 2003 Mz;Lfspy; ele;j nghJj; NjHjy; KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW.

                1999 Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; NjHjy; KbTfs;

p

                      2003 Mk; Mz;Lg; nghJj; NjHjy; KbTfs;

,e;jj; NjHjypy; gpbj;j fl;rp Ntl;ghsUf;F thf;Fg; NghLtNjhL epy;yhky; jw;NghJ cs;s fk;gj;ij Kjypy; jhz;Lk; (First- Past –the-Post) NjHjy; Kiwah? my;yJ xj;jsT fyg;G cWg;gpdH (Mixed Member Proportional) NjHjy; Kiwah? ,jpy; vjw;F cq;fsJ MjuT vd;gjw;fhd Neub thf;nfLg;Gk; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. vdNt thf;fhsHfs; ,uz;L thf;Fr; rPl;Lf;fspy; Gs;sb Nghl Ntz;Lk;.

NjHjy; Kiw khw;wp mikf;fg;gLtjw;F Mjuthf 28 tpOf;fhLk; jw;Nghija NjHjy; Kiw njhlHtjw;F 37 tpOf;fhLk; MjuT fhzg;gLfpwJ.  35 tpOf;fhl;bdH ve;jf; fUj;Jk; njuptpf;ftpy;iy.

Kjypy; tUgtUf;F ntw;wp vd;w NjHjy; Kiw gpupj;jhdpa ehlhSkd;w kuig xl;baJ. ,e;j Kiw epA+rPye;J> n[Hkdp> njd; Mgpupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspy; xj;jsT thf;fspg;G Kiwf;F khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xd;uhwpNahit vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; ikf; `uprpd; fl;rp 45 tpOf;fhL thf;Ffis kl;Lk; ngw;W Ml;rp mikj;jJ. Mdhy; me;j ‘rpWghd;ik muR’ tup> r%fg; gzpf; nfhLg;gdT kw;Wk; khefu mit epUthfk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ghupa khw;wq;fis nfhz;L te;jJ. 1990 ,y; Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j nghg; Nw (Bob Rae) ,d; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpf;F 38 tpOf;fhL kf;fNs thf;fspj;jpUe;jhHfs;. 1937 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH gjtpf;F te;j Ml;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffs; fpilf;ftpy;iy.

                                         thf;F tpOf;fhLk; ngw;w ,Uf;iffSk;

Kjypy; tUgtUf;F ntw;wp vd;w NjHjy; Kiw rpW fl;rpfspd; fhy;fis thuptpL;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fle;j eLtz; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F ele;j NjHjypy; gRikf; fl;rp 4.49 tpOf;fhL thf;Ffis (665>000 thf;Ffs;) ngw;Wk; xU ,Uf;if $lf; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,J xU gFjp thf;fhsHfis thf;Fupik mw;wtHfshf Mf;FfpwJ.

2003 Mk; Mz;L ele;j NjHjypy; 103 Mf ,Ue;j njhFjpfspd; njhif eLtz; murpd; njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F xg;g 107 Mf mjpfupj;Js;sJ. Gjpa NjHjy; Kiwapd; fPo; 90 cWg;gpdHfs; fk;gj;ij Kjypy; jhz;Lk; Kiwapd; fPo; njupT nra;ag;gLtH. kpFjp 39 ,Uf;iffs; fl;rpfspd; Ntl;ghsH gl;baypy; ,Ue;J NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtH. ,e;jg; gl;bay; NjHjy; elf;F Kd;dNu ntspaplg;gLk;. %d;W tpOf;fhL thf;Ffs; ngw;w fl;rp nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; mf;fl;rp vLj;j thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;iffs; fpilf;fhjtplj;J Ntl;ghsH gl;baypy; ,Ue;J me;jf; fl;rpf;Ff; fpilf;f Ntz;ba Fiw ,Uf;iffs; xJf;fg;gLk;.

jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; NjHjy; Kiwia khw;wpaikf;f Neub thf;nfLg;gpy; 60 tpOf;fhL thf;fhsHfsJ MjuT Njit. NkYk; nkhj;jj; njhFjpfspy; (107) 60 tpOf;fhL njhFjpfspd; MjuTk; Njit.

Mdhy; jiytyp Ngha; jpUFtyp te;j fzf;fhf fk;gj;ij Kjypy; jhz;Lk; NjHjy; Kiwia xj;jsTf; fyg;G cWg;gpdH Kiwf;F khw;wpdhy; nkhj;j cWg;gpdH njhif 107 ,y; (2007 NjHjy;) ,Ue;J 129 Mf (Nkyjpfkhf 22); Mf caHe;JtpLk;. mtHfSf;Fk; mtHfsJ cjtpahsHfSf;Fk;  MFk; nryT thf;fhsH jiyapNyNa Vw;wg;gLk;! ,g;NghJs;s  107 njhFjpfis mg;gbNa itj;Jf;nfhz;L vQ;rpa 22 njhFjpfis xj;jsT fyg;G cWg;gpdH Kiwf;F khw;WtJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

xd;uhwpNah thf;fhsHfs; jq;fsJ thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;Ltjpy;iy. nrd;w NjHjypy; (2003) 56.9 (2000 – 61.3) tpOf;fhl;bdNu thf;fspj;jhHfs;. 1929 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fg; gpd;dH ,JNt Fiwe;j tpOf;fhlhFk;. 1980 – 2000 tiu mz;zsthf thf;fspf;fhjtHfs; tpOf;fhL 50.8 (1>962>867) MFk;.

thf;fhsHfsJ myl;rpaj;Jf;F ,uz;L fhuzq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;. xd;W> thf;fhsHfs; ftiyg;gLk; mstpw;F Ml;rp ve;jr; rpf;fYk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk;. ,uz;L> Nghl;bapLk; fl;rpfSf;fpilNa
nfhs;if - Nfhl;ghL gw;wpa ,ilntsp Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ.

murpay; rpj;jhe;j mbg;gilapy; gioikthjf; fl;rpia xg;gPl;lstpy; ‘tyJrhup’f; fl;rp vd tiuaiw nra;ayhk;. Gjpa kf;fshl;rp fl;rpia ‘,lJrhup’f; fl;rp vd tUzpf;fyhk;. ypguy; ,e;j ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd (centrist) fl;rp vdf; $wyhk;.

Ml;rpf;F te;jhy; njhopyhsHfsJ Fiwe;j gl;r $yp kzpj;jpahyk; 10.00 nlhyuhf mjpfupf;fg; gLk; vd Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp jdJ NjHjy; mwpf;ifapy; thf;FWjp mspj;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; njhopyhsHfs;> Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo;j; njhopyhsHfs; gad; milthHfs;. ypguy; fl;rp Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 75 rjk; vd 2010 Mk; Mz;L kzpj;jpahyk; 10.25 Mff; Fiwe;jgl;r $yp caHj;jg;gLk; vd mwptpj;Js;sJ. goikthjf; fl;rpj; jiytH Nahd; Nuhwp (John Tory) Fiwe;jgl;r $yp rupnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kl;Lk; xj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;shH. vg;gb> ve;j kl;L vd;gijj; njuptpf;ftpy;iy. jw;NghJ kzpj;jpahyk; Fiwe;jgl;r $yp 8.00 nlhyH MFk;.

Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; gpr;irf;fhud; rj;jpnaLj;jJ Nghy xU njhopyhspapd;  Fiwe;jgl;r kzpj;jpahyf; $ypia 75 rjk; Mf kl;Lk; caHj;Jk; ypguy; fl;rpj; jiytH lhy;ud; kf;fpd;up jdJ rk;gsj;ij ej;jhUf;F ehd;F ehs; ,Uf;f (bnrk;gH 21> 2006) 39>000 nlhyuhf mjpfupj;Js;shH! mjhtJ mtuJ rk;gsk; 159>620 ,y; ,Ue;J 198>620 Mf (25 tpOf;fhL) caHe;Js;sJ. mikr;rHfspd; rk;gsk; 126>633 ,y; ,Ue;J 157>633 (31>000) MfTk;  ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfsJ rk;gsk; 88>000 ,y; ,Ue;J 110>000 (22>000) MfTk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;jr; rk;gs caHit vjpHj;J thf;fspj;j xNu fl;rp kf;fshl;rp fl;rp kl;LNk. gioikthjf; fl;rp kw;Wk; ypguy; fl;rp ,uz;Lk; ifNfhHj;Jf; nfhz;L rk;gs caHit Mjupj;J thf;fspj;jd!

xU Mzpd; Mz;L tUkhdk; ruhrup 41>000 nlhyH kl;LNk. xU ngz;zpd; tUkhdk; 26>800 nlhyH MFk;. Mdhy; lhy;ud; kf;fpd;upapd; rk;gs caHT kl;Lk; 39>000 nlhyHfs;!  

vy;yhk; CuhH tPl;L nea;Na vd; ngz;lhl;b ifNa vd;W nrhd;dtd; fijjhd;. jq;fsJ rk;gsj;ijj; jhq;fNs jhuhskhf  caHj;Jtjpy; Kjyhk; cyf murpay;thjpfs; %d;whk; cyf murpay;thjpfSf;Ff; nfhQ;rKk; risj;jtHfs; my;yH vd;gij ,J fhl;LfpwJ!

tupia caHj;jkhl;Nlhk;> khztHfsJ gy;fiyf;fof – fy;Yhup fl;lzj;ij mjpfupf;f khl;Nlhk; Nghd;w NjHjy; thf;FWjpfs; lhy;ud; kf;fpd;up My; fhw;wpy; gwf;ftplg; gl;Ls;sd.

xd;uhwpNahtpy; tho;gtHfspy; 7 ,y; xUtH tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPNo tho;fpwhH. r%f Vzpapd; fPo;j;jl;by; cs;s 10 tpOf;fhL FLk;gj;jpd; ruhrup Mz;L tUkhdk; 15>000 nlhyH kl;LNk.  mNj Neuk; Nky;jl;by; cs;s 10 tpOf;fhL FLk;gj;jpd;  ruhrup Mz;L tUkhdk; 160>500 nlhyHfs; MFk;. mjhtJ 11 klq;F mjpfk;! ,jdhy; Vio NkYk; VioahfTk; gzf;fhuHfs; NkYk; gzf;fhuHfshfTk; khwp tUfpd;wdH.

ey;tho;T jpl;l Kiwapy; (Health Care System) gioikthjf; fl;rpAk; ypguy; fl;rpAk; ,ul;ilj; jl;L Kiwf;F (trjp gilj;jtH> trjpaw;wtH)  Mjuthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. nrhy;yhl;rpapy; kl;Lk; ypguy; fl;rp nfhQ;rk; NtWgLfpwJ. Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rp mjid Kw;whf vjpHf;fpwJ.

fj;Njhypf;f kjg; gs;spfs; Nghy Vida kjg; gs;spfSf;Fk; epjpAjtp mspf;Fk; jpl;lj;ij gioikthjf; fl;rpj; jiytH Nahd; Nuhwp mwptpj;jpUe;jhH. Mdhy; ,e;j Nahrid gyj;j vjpHg;Gf;F Mshfpajhy; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; fl;rp cWg;gpdHfs; Rje;jpukhf thf;fspf;f mDkjpf;fg;gLtH vd mtH ,g;NghJ khw;wp thrpf;fpwhH. kjj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; fyf;fhjpUg;gNj vy;NyhUf;Fk; ey;yJ. fye;jhy; ,q;NfAk; jypghd; KistpLk; vd;gJ epr;rak;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; fj;Njhypf;fg; gs;spfSf;F epjp toq;FtJ epWj;jg;gl;L mtw;iwAk; nghJ fy;tpj; jpl;lj;Jf;Fs; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jj; NjHjypy; ehd;F jkpoHfs; Nghl;bapLfpwhHfs;. ePjd; rz;Kfuhrh Gjpa kf;fshl;rp fl;rp rhHgpy; ];fhgNuh – fpy;Tl; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapLfpwhH. kw;wtH rhkp mg;ghj;Jiu Kw;Nghf;F gioikthjf; fl;rp rhHgpy; ];fhgNuh kj;jpapy; Nghl;bapLfpd;wdH.

,e;jj; NjHjypy; jkpoHfs; jq;fsJ thf;Fupikiaj; jtwhJ gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NjHjy; ehsd;Nwh my;yJ mjw;F Ke;jpNah thf;Fr; rhtbf;Fr; nrd;W thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

mLj;J fl;rp mbg;gilapy; NjHjy; elg;gjhy; Nghl;bapLk; fl;rpfspy; ve;jf; fl;rp FbtuthsHfs; eyd;> FbapUg;ghsHfs; eyd;> njhopyhsHfs; eyd;> mbj;jl;L kf;fspd; eyd; rhHe;jjhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij rPHJhf;fpg; ghHj;J thf;fspf;f  Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg; ghHf;Fk; NghJ jkpoHfs; Gjpa kf;fshl;rpf; fl;rpf;Nf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt gjpa kf;fshl;rp fl;rp rhHgpy; Nghl;bapLk; ePjd; rz;Kfuhrh> rjP];FkhH ghyRe;juk; (kpRrhfh – Uf;tpy;];) ghyh jtuh[#upad; (V[f;]; - gpf;fupq;)  MfpNahUf;F jkpoHfs; thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ntw;wp tha;g;G xspkakhf ,Uf;Fk; ePjd; rz;Kfuhrhit nty;y itg;gjd; %yk; khfhz murpaypy; jkpoHfs; fzf;ifj; jpwf;f KbAk;. mJ xU fy;ypy; ,uz;L khq;fhia tpOj;jpajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. (Kof;fk; - xf;NjhgH 5> 2007)

,e;jpa murpaiyf; fyf;Fk; mZrf;jp cld;ghLk; ,uhkH ghyKk;!

,e;jpa murpay; R+L gwf;fj; njhlq;fp tpl;lJ. jpy;yp murpay; Ma;thsu;fs; fzpg;Gg;gb ghu;j;jhy; ngg;utup khjj;jpy; ,Ue;J Vg;upy; khjj;Jf;Fs; Nyhf;rgh Nju;jy; elf;fyhk;!

,uz;L fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfspd; fOj;Jg; gpbf;Fs; jpzwpf; nfhz;bUe;j ma;f;fpa Kw;Nghf;Ff; $l;lzpf;F ,uhkH gw;wpa nrhw;NghUk; NrHe;J mjidj; jpf;F Kf;fhl itj;Js;sJ. 

fle;j %d;wiu Mz;Lfshf ma;f;fpa Kw;Nghf;F muR Ml;rp elj;j ntspapypUe;J MjuT nfhLj;J te;j ,uz;L fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfSk  mnkupf;fhTld; mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; nra;aNt $lhJ> nra;jhy; muRf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;  MjuT jpUk;gg; ngwg;gLk; vd; ,Wjp vr;rupf;if tpLj;Js;sd.

 “mnkupf;fhNthL nra;j mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; nra;jJ nra;jJjhd;. me;j  xg;ge;jj;ijf; iftpl KbahJ.  js;spg;NghlTk; KbahJ. fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfs;  jq;fsJ Mjuit tpyf;f tpUk;gpdhy; jhuhskhf tpyf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;” vd ,e;jpag; gpujkH kd;Nkhfd; rpq; jd; gq;Ff;Fr; #lhfg; gjpy; mspj;jpUf;fpwhH.

eLtz; muR  "mnkupf;fhTld; mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; nra;tjhy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sd. ,e;jpahtpd; kpd;rhu jl;Lg;ghL jPUk;' vd;W nrhy;fpwJ. ,e;j KbTf;F  fhq;fpu]; jiytp NrhdpahTk; gr;irf;nfhb fhl;btpl;lhu;.

,g;gb MSk; $l;lzpapy; fhurhu Nkhjy; ele;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> vjpu;f;fl;rpahd ghujpa .[djh fl;rpNah Xirg;glhky; Nyhf; rgh Nju;jy; gug;Giuapy; ,wq;fpAs;sJ.

"Nyhf;rghTf;F Nju;jy; tug;NghfpwJ  vy;NyhUk; jahuhf ,Uq;fs;' vd;W jd; fl;rp ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs;> rl;lrit cWg;gpdHfs;  khepy> khtl;lj; jiytu;fs; MfpNahiu fhq;fpu]; tpopg;NghL ,Uf;FkhW fl;lis gpwg;gpj;J tpl;lJ.

",d;Dk; rpy khjq;fspy; Nyhf;rghTf;Fj; Nju;jy; ele;jhy; kPz;Lk; Ml;rpiaj; jdpahfNt gpbj;Jtplyhk;;. Njitg; gl;lhy; gF[d; rkh[; cl;gl rpy fl;rpfis Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;' vd;W gh.[. fl;rpj; jiytHfs; fzf;Fg; NghLfpwhHfs;.

,jw;F khw;W kUe;jhfNt fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk; ,j;jid ehs; ,Oj;jbj;J te;j fl;rpapd; jiyikg; nghWg;Gg; nghJr; nrayu; ehw;fhypapy; uhFiy mtru mtrukhf mku;j;jp; tpl;lJ.

vjpHtUk; 15 Mk; Njjpf;Fg; gpd;du; gugug;G mjpfupf;Fk;. mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; njhlu;ghf midj;Jyf mZrf;jp $l;likg;Gf; $l;lk; tpad;dhtpy; elf;fpwJ. mjpy;> ,e;jpah gq;Nfw;ff;$lhJ vd;W ,lJrhupfs; tw;GWj;jp tUfpd;wd. Mdhy;> mij kPwp eLtz; muR gq;Nfw;f cs;sJ. mg;gbg; gq;Nfw;why; ,lJrhupfspd; Nfhgk; cr;rfl;lj;ij mile;JtpLk;. Ml;rpf;Ff; nfhLj;JtUk; Mjuitj; jpUk;gg; ngWfpNwhk; vd mwptpf;f Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gLk;. mg;gb mwptpj;jhy;> ehlhSkd;wf;  $l;lj;njhlupy; vjpHf;fl;rpfs;  ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk; nfhz;L tuyhk;.  

ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdj;ij ghujpa [djhNth NtW fl;rpNah nfhz;L tUkhdhy; mjd; %yk; muR ftpo;f;fg;gLk;. Nju;jiy tpUk;Gk; rkh[;thb> [djh jsk;  Nghd;w fl;rpfs; gh. [djh nfhz;L tUk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPHkhdj;ij  Mjupg;Nghk; vd;W $wptpl;ld.

,d;Dk; ,uz;nlhU khjq;fspy; ve;jf; fl;rpfs; ve;j mzpapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gJ njupa tUk;. ,g;NghJs;s $l;lzpfspy; cs;s fl;rpfs; epiy khwyhk;.  rpy fl;rpfs; mzpkhwpj; jhtyhk;. nehntk;gu; ,Wjpapy; NjHjy; fha;r;ry; gy fl;rpfisj; njhw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;. rdtupapy; ,Ue;J Nju;jy; gugug;G Muk;gpj;JtpLk;.

fhq;fpuirg; nghWj;jtiu rdtup> ngg;;utupf;Fs; Nju;jiy elj;jp tpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;GfpwJ. gQ;rhg;> mupahdh> Me;jpuhtpy; nry;thf;F rupe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gij fhq;fpu]; Nkyplk; xg;Gf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; rl;lrig Nju;jy; elf;Fk; epiyapy; mq;F fhq;fpuRf;Fr; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;J ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. 

,g;NghJs;s epiyapy;> gF[d; rkh[; fl;rpNah> rkh[;thbNah jdJ  $l;lzpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhq;fpu]; vjpu;ghu;f;fpwJ. rkh[;thbia nghWj;jtiu> fhq;fpuRld; Nru Kyhak; jahuha; ,y;iy. gF[d; rkh[; fl;rp jiytp khahtjp tpjpf;Fk; epge;jidfSld; $l;Lr; Nru fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;Ff; fllhak; Vw;glyhk; vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. ",g;Nghijf;F ve;j KbitAk; fhq;fpu]; vLf;fj; jahuha; ,y;iy epiyikia cd;dpg;ghf ftdpj;J gpd;du; jhd; KbT vLf;Fk;' vd;W njupfpwJ.

fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpfspd; neUf;Fthujj;Jf;F Kfk; nfhLj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; fhq;fpuRf;F ,uhkH ghyk; cUtpy; ,d;ndhU jiytyp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

“,uhkhazk; ele;j fij my;y ,uhku; - ,uhtzd; Nghd;wtu;fs; fw;gidg; ghj;jpuq;fNs jtpu cz;ikapy; tho;e;jtu;fs; my;yu;” vd ,uhkH ghyj;ij ,bf;ff; $lhJ vd cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy;  njhlug;gl;l tof;fpy;  njhy;nghUs; Ma;Tj;Jiw jpl;ltl;lkhd xU mwpf;ifiar; rkHg;gpj;jJ.

me;j mwpf;ifiag; ghHj;Jtpl;L ghujpa [djh fl;rpapdUk; - ,e;J kjthjpfSk; ntFz;L vOe;jhHfs;. “,uhkH fw;gidg; ghj;jpuk; my;y. ,uhkhazk; ele;j fijjhd.;; ,uhku; jpUkhypd; mtjhuk;. ,uhku; NrJrKj;jpuj;ijf; fle;J ,yq;iff;Fg; Nghfg; ghyk; fl;bdhu;. ,uhkH ghyk; fl;ltpy;iy vd;W nrhy;yp eLtz; muR ,e;Jf;fspd; kdijg; Gz;gLj;jp tpl;lJ” vdg; NghHf; Fuy; vOg;gpdhHfs;. gae;J Nghd fhq;fpu]; muR mwpf;ifapy; ,uhkH gw;wpa $w;Wf;fis jpUk;gg; ngw;Wtpl;lJ. mNjhL epd;Wtplhky; ,uhkH ghyj;ij ,bf;fhky; NtW ghij ntl;lyhkh? vdr; rpe;jpf;fpwJ vd;w  cWjpnkhopia cr;r ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fj; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

,jdhy; Mj;jpuk; mile;j jkpof Kjy;tH fUzhepjp  “,uhkH vd vd;[pdpauh? vg;NghJ mtH ghyk; fl;bdhH?” vdf; Nfl;L vupAk; nfhs;spf;F vz;nza; Cw;wpdhH.

NrJ rKj;jpuj;jpl;lj;ij fhy jhkjk; ,y;yhJ nray;gLj;jf; Nfhup jkpofj;jpy; KOf; filailg;ig Kjy;tH fUzhepjp mwptpj;jhH. filnaLg;Gf;F cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jil tpjpj;j NghJ ehL KOtJk; cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ ePjpkd;wj;ij mtkjpg;gJ Nghd;wJ vd;Wk; jkpof muirf; fiyf;f kj;jpa muRk; Ml;rpj;jiytUk; eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;  cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp mfHthy; Nfhgj;NjhL $wpAs;shH.

Kjy;tH fUzhepjp ,uhkhazk; ele;j fij my;y> ,uhkH fw;gidg; ghj;jpuk;> thy;kPfp ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,uhkd; Fbfhud; vdr; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;shd; vd;W nrhd;dJ nrhd;dJjhd; clNd  tp];t ,e;J gup\j; Kd;dzpj; jiytUk;> Kd;dhs; gh. [djhf; fl;rp ehlSkd;w cWg;gpdUkhd uhk; tpyh];  Ntjhe;jp vd;gtH yf;Ndhtpy; nra;jpahsHfsplk; NgRk;NghJ “Kjy;tu; fUzhepjp flTs; uhkiu "Fbfhud;' vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,J ,e;J kf;fspd; czu;Tfis mtkjpf;Fk; nray;. flTis epe;jpg;gtu;fspd; jiyiaj; Jz;bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gftj; fPijapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt fUzhepapd; jiyiaAk; ehf;ifAk; Jz;bj;Jf; nfhz;L tUgtHfSf;F vilf;F vil jq;fk; guprspf;fg;gLk;” vdf; $wpdhH.

Ntjhe;jp kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fs; nrhd;dij  mtH epuhfupj;Jtpl;lhH. khwhf “nehntk;gu; 20 Mk; Njjpf;Fs; ,r; rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;T Vw;glhtpby; ,e;J rhkpahu;fs; ehL KOtJk; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLtu;. rpWghd;ikapdupd; Xl;L tq;fpia ifg;gw;wNt ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;Jf;fSf;F vjpuhd rjpj; jpl;lj;jpy; fhq;fpuRk;> jp.K.fofKk; <Lgl;Ls;sd. uhku; ghyj;ijf; fhg;ghw;w vdJ capiuAk; nfhLg;Ngd;. fUzhepjpf;F vjpuhf ehd; "ghj;th' mwptpj;Njd;. flTs; uhku; Fwpj;J njuptpj;j fUj;Jf;F fUzhepjp epge;jidaw;w kd;dpg;Gf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. mtH Fwpj;J ehd; Vw;fdNt njuptpj;j fUj;jpy; ve;j khw;wKk; ,y;iy. flTs; uhku; Fwpj;J tpthjk; elj;j mtUf;F ehd; miog;G tpLf;fpNwd;' vdj; njuptpj;Js;shu;.

Ntjhe;jpf;F Mjuthf ,uhkH ghyj;ij ,bf;ff; $lhJ vdTk; fUzhepjp ,e;Jf;fspd; kdijg; Gz;gLj;jp tpl;lhH vdTk;  mjpKf nghJr; nrayhsH nry;tp n[ayypjh $WfpwhH. mtUf;F Mjuthf Rg;gpukzpad; Rthkp> Jf;sf; Nrh> jpdkzp MrpupaH Nghd;NwhH gf;fg;ghl;Lg; ghLfpwhHfs;. NrJ fhy;tha;j; jpl;lj;ij edthf;FNthk; vd;W  NjHjy; mwpf;ifapy; jpl;ltl;lkhf mwptpj;j n[ayypjh murpay; ,yhgj;jpw;fhf ,d;W mjd; Kjy; vjpupahf khwpAs;shu;.

“NeUtpd; Ngr;irj; J}f;fp vwpe;J tpl;L uhkd; ghyk; fl;bdhd; vd;gjh? mz;zhit ,uhkDf;F mbik Mf;Ftjh?” vd jkpof Kjy;tH n[ayypjhitg; ghHj;Jf; Nfl;bUf;fpwhH.

,uhrhrpAk; Nf.vk;. Kd;\pAk; gz;bj NeUTk; ePyfz;l rh];jpupAk; ,e;J kjj;ij cynfq;Fk; gug;gpl Kad;w Rthkp tpNtfhde;jH MfpNahH “,uhkhazk; ele;j fij my;y! thy;kPfpapd; fw;gid! fw;gid kl;LNk!” vd vOjpAs;shHfs; vd fUzhepjp thjk; nra;fpwhH.

,e;J mikg;Gf;fNsh “,uhkH ghyj;Jf;Ff; fhtyhf mDkhd; ,Uf;fpwhH.  gy Afq;fshfj; jD\;Nfhbf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;J nfhz;L ,uhkid Nehf;fpj; jtk; GupfpwhH.  nja;tf; Fw;wk; te;jjhy;jhd; kzy;thupg; nghwpfs; gOJgl;ld.  MfNt> NrJ fhy;tha; ntl;lf;$lhJ” vd;fpd;wd.

“NrJ rKj;jpuj; jpl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L tUNthk; vd;W kf;fsplk; thf;FWjp je;jtu;fs; cr;rePjp kd;wk; nrd;W me;jj; jpl;lj;ijNa jLf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwhu;fs;.  fk;gurk; vOjpa mz;zh itAk; ,uhkhaz Muha;r;rp vOjpa ngupahupd; ngaiu Ak; fsq;fg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. kf;fis jtwhd jj;Jthu;j;jq;fSf;F Mshfhky; ghJfhj;J mtu;fis tPuu;fshf mwptpay; cyfpy; cyttpl Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; kwe;Jtplf; $lhJ. ,uhku; ghyj;ijf; fhl;b  17 ¼ ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,uhkhaz fhyj;jpy; ,uhku; ghyk; fl;bdhu; me;jg; ghyj;ij ,bj;jhy; ehq;fs; Rk;kh tplkhl;Nlhk; vd;W gh.[.fl;rpatpdu;> Guhzpfu;fs; ,d;iwf;Fg; Nghu;f;nfhb J}f;fp ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.  $l;lk; NghLfpwhu;fs;>  Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;fpwhu;fs;>  mzp tFj;Jf; fpsk;Gfpwhu;fs;.  ehd; mtu;fisf; Nfl;fpNwd; -  17 ¼ ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,uhkhazk; ele;jjhfr; nrhy;fpwPu;fNs> mjpNy ,uhku; xU mtjhuNk my;y. ,uhku; vd;W xUtu; ,y;iy mJ xU fw;gidf; fjhghj;jpuk; vd;W kj;jpa muR rhu;gpNyNa; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpNy vOjpf; nfhLj;Jtpl;L> New;iwf;F vOjpf; nfhLj;J ,d;iwf;F mijj; jpUk;gg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;fs; vd;why; - Ml;rp fplf;fl;Lk;  ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l gFj;jwpT vd;d MtJ? ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Rakupahijf; nfhs;if vd;d MtJ? me;jj; jd;khd czu;r;rp vd;d MtJ? ” vd Nryj;jpy; ele;j jpKf khehl;by; Kjy;tH fUzhepjp fhl;lkhff; Nfl;Ls;shH.

cz;ik vd;dntd;why; NrJ fhy;tha;j; jpl;lk; murpay; kag;gLj;jg;gl;L tpl;lJ. mjd; jiytpjp Cryhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

NrJ rKj;jpuj; jpl;lk; epiwNtwpdhy; fg;gy;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J ,yq;ifiar; Rw;wp tuj; Njitapy;iy. ,g;NghJ ,yq;ifiar; Rw;wpf; nfhz;Ljhd; fg;gy;fs; Nghfd;wd.  500 iky; mjpfkhfg; gazk; nra;a Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. ,e;jg; ghij mike;J tpl;lhy; FWf;Nf Nghfyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jPitr; Rw;wpr; nry;y Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. gazr; nryTk; FiwAk; J}uKk; FiwAk; vd;W ty;Ydu;fs;> mwptpayhsHfs;> nghUshjhu epGzHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. ,g;NghJ flTs; ngaiur; nrhy;yp mjw;F Kl;Lf;fl;il Nghlg;gLfpwJ.

njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapdu; ,uhkhazk; ele;jjy;y fw;gid vd;W mwpf;if nfhLj;jjw;F vjpuhf “ ,uhkhazKk; kfhghujKk; ,jpfhrq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLgit. ,jpfhrk; vd;why; ele;jit vd;W nghUs;. ,uhkhazj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb ,uhku; tho;e;Js;shu; vd;gNj ,jw;Fg; nghUs;. Kdptu;fs; gyu; Guhzq;fSf;Fk; ,jpfhrq;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il ed;F tpsf;fpAs;sdu;. Guhzq;fs; vd;git fw;gidahdit. ,jpfhrq;fs; vd;git cz;ikapy; ele;jit” vd ,e;Jkjthjpfs; $WfpwhHfs;.

Guhzq;fs;  fw;gid ,jpfhrq;fs; ele;jit vd;gJ Gjpa fij. Guhzq;fs; fw;gid vd;why;; ,e;Jf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gfo;  ngw;wpUf;Fk; fe;j Guhzk;> ngupa Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Guhzk; Mfpa Guhzq;fs; vy;yhk; ngha;; - fw;gid vd;whfp tpLk;.  

,jpfhrq;fs; ele;jit vd;why; mjd; fhyk; vJ vd;W Nfl;lhy; Fj;J kjpg;ghf gjpNdoiu yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G - fpNujhAfj;jpy; ele;jJ vd;W nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

mg;gbnad;why; Nrhog; NguuR (fp.gp. 800 - fp.gp.1300) ghz;bag; NguuR (fp.gp. 1300 – 1400) tp[a efug; NguuR (fp.gp. 1400- fp.gp. 1550) vd;gJ Nghy;  Vd; ,uhkhazj;ij Mz;L Fwpg;gpl;L jrujd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; - ,uhku; Ml;rpf; fhyk; - ytFru;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; vd;W gl;bay; Nghl;Lf; fhl;l Kbatpy;iy? vd jpuhtpl ,af;fq;fs;  jpUg;gpf; Nfl;fpd;wd.

NrJ fhy;tha;j;  jpl;lk; Kd;ida jpl;lj;jpd;gb 2008 ,y; epiwT ngw Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,uhkH ghyk; gw;wpa nrhw;NghH – mjw;Fg; gae;J fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gpd; thq;fpapUg;gJ - me;jj; jpl;lj;ijNa Nfs;tpf; Fwpahf;fp ,Uf;fpwJ. (cyfj;jkpoH - xf;NjhgH 5>2007)

kpahd;khupy; 42 Mz;Lfs; ePbf;Fk; ,uhZt Ml;rp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gLkh?

kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; gy Xl;il cilry;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;. gy;ypd kf;fs; thOk; ehl;by; kf;fshl;rp Kiw ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jpd; rHthjpfhu Ml;rpf;F topNfhyyhk;. ,Ue;Jk; kf;fshl;rp Kiwf;F khw;whf NtW murpay; Kiw ,d;Dk; fz;Lgpbf;fg; gltpy;iy. fhuy; khHf;];> nydpd; Nghd;NwhuJ rpj;jhe;jq;fspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l nghJTlik ehLfSk; ,d;W Vwf;Fiwa cyfg; ge;jpy; ,Ue;J xt;nthd;whf kiwe;J tpl;ld.

,d;W kpahd;khH vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gHkh New;Wtiu ahH ftdj;ijAk; <Hf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; me;j ehL xU; ,Uk;Gj; jpiuf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,uhZt Ml;rpapy; rpf;fp ,Ue;jJjhd;.   

,Uk;Gj; jpiu ehLfspy; xd;whd gHkh  1989 Mk; Mz;L kpahd;khu; (Union of Myanmar) vd;W ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.  jiyefu; ,uq;$d; ahq;Nfhd (Yangon ); vdg; ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

12>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng kdpju;fs; ,q;F tho;e;jdu;. Mdhy; murhl;rp fpK Kjy; E}w;whz;by; jhd; njhlq;fpaJ vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. kpahd;khupy; Rkhu; 130 ,dq;fs; tho;fpd;wd. E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nkhopfSk; tl;lhu tof;FfSk; cs;sd.

Gtj;j ehlhd kpahd;khupy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Gj;j Nfhapy;fs; ehL KOtJk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,e;j ehL 'Land of Pagodas' vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.  ahq;Nfhdpy; cs;s jq;fj;jhy; Ntag;gl;l "\;Nt lNfhd; gTj;jNfhapy;”  (Shwedagon Pagoda) kpfTk; Gfo; ngw;wJ. khz;lNyapy; cs;s Fj;Njhlht; gNfhlhtpy; cyfpd; kpfg; ngupag; Gj;jfk; (729 gspq;Fg; gyiffshy; MdJ) cs;sJ.

kpahd;khH mbg;gilapy; xU Ntshz;ik ehL. ehl;bd; ;kf;fs; njhifapy; 67.4 tpOf;fhl;bdH fkj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. ma;uhtjp ejpg; gLifapy; cyfpd; tskhd ney; tpisAk; epyq;fs; cs;sd. ngUe; njhopy;fs; vy;yhk; murpd; ifapYk; rpWnjhopy;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wit jdpahu; trKk; cs;sd.  

1824 Kjy; 1885 tiu ele;j mq;Nyh - gu;kh Nghu;fspy; gu;khit Mz;l  kd;du; Njhw;wjd; fhuzkhf gpupl;b\hH mtiuf; ifJ nra;jdH. ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kd;dH  k`huh\;bu rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,jid mLj;J gpupl;b\hH gu;khit ,e;jpahtpd; xU khepykhfg; gpufldg; gLj;jpdhHfs;.

gu;khit mbikahf;fpa gpupl;b\; ty;yuir tpul;babf;f ,uq;$d; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gbj;J nfhz;bUe;j Mq; ]hd; Kd;te;jhH. gy;fiyf; fof khzt rq;f jiytuhf ,Ue;j Mq; ]hd; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fjpj;jhH.  ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; ele;J nfhz;bUe;j R+o;epiyapy; ag;ghd; ehl;Lld; $l;Lr; Nru;e;J gpupl;b\;rhiu tpul;babj;jhu;. Mdhy; ag;ghd; jd;id gpupl;b\;rhH ,Ue;j ,lj;jpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.  gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rpf;Fk; ag;ghdpa Ml;rpf;Fk; ve;j NtWghLk; ,y;iy vd;gij mg;NghJjhd; Mq; ]hd; Gupe;J nfhz;lhH. kPz;Lk; gu;kh kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Mq; ]hd; ,wq;fpdhH.  ,f;fhyj;jpy; gp.I.V ( gu;kh Rje;jpu ,uhZtk;) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fp nrQ;Nrid cjtpAld; gu;khtpypUe;J ag;ghid mtH tpul;babj;jhu;.

gpupj;jhSk; R+o;r;rpapy; ifte;j gpupl;b\hu; ,e;jpa NghH tPuHfspd; JizNahL; kPz;Lk; gu;khitj; jq;fs; gpbf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jdu;. mg;NghJ Mq; ]hd; gu;khtpd; tpLjiy – Rje;jpuk; Fwpj;J ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W md;iwa gpupl;b\; gpujkH fpsnkd;l; ml;ypAld; Ngrp cld;ghL xd;iw vOjpf;nfhz;lhu;. ,f;fhy fl;ljjpy;  gu;kh KOtJk; Mq; ]hdpd; Gfo; gutpaJ. gu;kh kf;fs; midtUk; md;NghL gu;khtpd; je;ij vd mtiu mioj;jdH.  ,ijg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;shj gpupl;b\; Ml;rpahsH mtiur; rjpnra;J nfhiy nra;a Kad;wJ.

rh vd;gtupd; cjtp-NahL Mq; ]hd; elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j nray; FOf; $l;lj;jpy; ,ae;jpuj; Jg;ghf;fpfNshL GFe;j xU FO Mq; ]hd;> mtuJ cld;gpwg;G  ghtpd; kw;Wk; mtuJ $l;lhspfs; midtiuAk; Rl;L nfhd;wJ.  ,f;nfhiyiaf; fz;bj;Jg; gu;kh KOtJk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;  Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdH. mur  epu;thfk; KOtJk; Klf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;R+oypy; 1948 rdtup 4 Mk; ehs; gu;kh Rje;jpu ehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gu;khtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhf CE} 1962 tiu gjtp tfpj;jhu;. Mdhy; Rje;jpu gu;khtpy; kf;fSf;fhd ve;jj; jpl;lKk; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy. khwhf MSk; fl;rpapd; cl;fl;rpg; Nghuhl;lk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk; mjpUg;jpia cUthf;fpaJ.

gu;khtpy; mikjpia epiyehl;LfpNwd; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L  ,uhZt  Jizj; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j eP tpd; 1962 khu;r; 2 Mk; ehs; kf;fshy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l rptpypad; Ml;rpiaf; ftpo;j;J tpl;L ,uhZt Ml;rpiag; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH.

,uhZtk;  Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpajw;F vjpuhf ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd khztu;fSk; njhopyhsu;fSk;; Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,uhZtk; mlf;FKiwfisf; fl;ltpo;J tpl;L Jg;ghfpfisg; Ngr itj;Jg; Nghuhl;lj;ij fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ. gy khztu;fs; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldH.

,uhZtj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;f Mq; ]hdpd; kfshd R+ fP Kd;te;jhH.  gu;kh KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;J ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fisj; jpul;b gu;khtpy; Kiwahd Nju;jy; elj;jp kf;fSf;fhd muR  mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nghuhb te;jhu;. R+ fP nry;Yk; ,lk; vy;yhk; ,uhZtj;jpd; jiliaAk; kpul;liyAk; kPwp ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; mtUf;F MjuT ey;fpdhHfs;.

Mq; ]hd; kiwe;j A+iy 19 md;W gu;kh KOtJk; jpahfpfspd; epidT ehshf  mDl;bf;f R+ fP apd; kf;fshl;rpf;fhd Njrpa fofk; (National League for Democracy (NLD) KbT nra;jJ. Mdhy; ,uhZt muR Ke;jpf;nfhz;L 1989 Mk; Mz;L A+iy khjk; 16 Mk; ehsd;W R+ fP ia ifJ nra;J tPl;Lf; fhtypy; itj;jJ. ,uz;lhapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldH.

1990 Mk; Mz;L kf;fshl;rp Kiwapy; Nju;jiy elj;j Nju;jy; Mizaj;Jf;F mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,j;Nju;jypy; kf;fshl;rpf;fhd Njrpa fofj;ij rhu;e;j jiytu;fs; 485 njhFjpfspy; Nghl;bapl;L 392 njhFjpfspy; ntw;wp ngw;wdH. nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; 80 tpOf;fhL thf;Ffis me;jf; fl;rp ngw;wJ. ,uhZtj; jsgjp eP tpd; jiyikapy; ,aq;fpa fl;rp; midj;Jj; njhFjpfspYk; Nghl;bapl;lJ.  

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kpahd;khH Gs;sp tpguq;fs;

kpahd;khu;         - mjpfhuG+u;t ngau;  gu;kh A+dpad; (Union of Burma )

,Uf;Fkplk;      - njd;fpof;F Mrpah> me;jkhd; flypd; vy;iy> tq;fhs tpupFlh> gq;fshNj\;> jha;yhe;J 

G+Nfhs FwpaPL     -  22 00 tlf;F> 98 00 fpof;F 

nkhj;j epyg;gug;G   - 657>740 rJu fpkP 

flw;fiu          -  20>760 rJu fpkP 

ehzak;           -   f;ahl; (MMK) 

mz;il ehLfs; (vy;iy) -  gq;fshNj\; 193 fpkP> rPdh 2>185 fpkP> ,e;jpah 1>463 fpkP> yh]; 235 fpkP> jha;yhe;J 1>800 fpkP 

jiyefu; -   ,uq;$d; (Yangon)

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Mdhy; ntw;wp ngw;w kf;fshl;rpf;fhd Njrpa fofk; Ml;rp mikf;f ,uhZtk; mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. xU ,lj;jpy; $l ntw;wpngwhj eP tPd; kPz;Lk; ,uhZt Ml;rpia eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhH.

ma;ad;dhtpd; jPu;khdj;-jpd; mbg;gilapy; 2002 Nk 6 md;W R+ fP tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; 2003 Mk; Mz;L gu;kh KOtJk; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;a Kaw;rp nra;j R+ fP ia  mNj khjk; kPz;Lk; ,uq;$d; rpiwapy; milj;jdu;.

,d;Wtiu # fP ia rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;f ve;j ehLk; cUg;gbahd eltbf;if vLf;f Kd;tutpy;iy.

R+ fP ia ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milj;J tpl;lhy; Nghuhl;lk; Kbe;J tpLk; vd;W fdT fz;l ,uhZt murpw;F mjpHr;rp itj;jpak; nra;a kf;fs; fpsHe;J vOe;Js;sdH. kf;fspd; Nghuhl;lk; ngUk; Gayha; tPrpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

,uhZt muRf;F vjpuhd MHg;ghl;l CHtyq;fSf;F gTj;j NjuHfs; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jp tUfpwhHfs;. mtHfSld; khztHfSk; kf;fshl;rpf;fhd Njupa fofKk; NrHe;Js;sJ. ,J tiu ele;j Mu;ghl;lq;fspNyNa kpfg; ngupa Mu;g;ghl;lnkhd;wpy; Rkhu; 20 Mapuk; Ngu; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. Nghuhl;lj;ij Kwpabf;f ,uhZtk; mlf;FKiwia fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;Ls;sJ. ,uhZtj; Jg;ghf;fp Ngrpajpy; gTj;j gpf;Ffs; cl;gl 9 NgH nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdH.  31 ,uhZtj;jpdH fhag;gl;Ls;sdH. gy;yhapuk; NgH ifJ nra;ag;gl;Lr; rpiwfspy; milf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.

ePz;l fhykhf ,uhZt Ml;rp eilngWk; kpahd;khupy; fl;Lg;ghlhd epUthfk; kl;Lky;y ifJg;guthd epUthfk; ,aq;Fk; vdg; gyH epidf;fyhk;. Mdhy; epiyik mg;gbay;y.

Transparency International vd;w midj;Jyf mikg;G Coypy; cyfpy; cs;s 180 ehLfspy; kpahd;khH 179 MtJ ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sjhfj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. kpahd;khH Njhw;fbj;j xNu ehL; Nrhkhypah!

gTj;j NjuHfspd; ,e;jf; fpsHr;rpf;F vupnghUs; cl;gl kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpakhd nghUl;fspd; tpiyia ,uz;L klq;F caHj;jpaJ  fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;yg; gl;lhYk; cz;ikahd fhuzk; kf;fshl;rpf;Fk; kdpjTupikf;Fk; Md mth vd;Nw vz;zg;gLfpwJ.

,uhZt Ml;rp xU Gjpa ahg;ig vOj vLj;j Kaw;rp 15 Mz;Lfs; fope;Jk; Kw;Wg; ngwtpy;iy.

,uhZt Ml;rpf;F vjpuhff; fLikahd nghUshjhuj; jilfisg; Nghl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntz;LNfhs; midj;Jyf r%fj;jpy; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ma;ad;dh kd;wj;jpd; ghJfhg;G mit ,uhZt muR jd;idf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Ls;sJ. mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH NahH[; G\; ma;ad;dh nghJr; rigapy; NgRk; NghJ ,uhZt Ml;rpiaf; fz;bj;Js;shH. mtuJ JiztpahH ,d;Dk; xUgb NkNy Ngha; gilapdH jq;fs; MAjq;fisf; fPNo Nghl Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Ls;shH.

nkhj;jk; 42 Mz;Lfs; kpahd;khH njhlHe;J ,uhZt Ml;rpapd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy; mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH rHthjpfhu Ml;rpapd; gpbapy; mfg;gl;Ls;s ,uhf;fpa kf;fis tpLtpj;J kf;fshl;rp Kiwia epiyepWj;j ,uhf; kPJ gilnaLj;jJ Nghy kpahd;khH kPJ xU gilnaLg;ig elj;Jk; Nehf;fk; vJTk; mtUf;F ,y;iy.

1988 Mk; Mz;L ,uhZt jsgjpfs; gu;khit ,uhZt Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jjpypUe;J kpahd;khiuj;  jPtpukhf Mjupj;J tUk; ehL  rPdh kl;LNk. mg;NghjpypUe;J ,uq;$Dk; gPa;[pq;Fk; neUq;fpa murpay;> ,uhZt> ,uhrje;jpu cwTfis itj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

nrd;w gj;jhz;Lfspy; kpahd;khUk; rPdhTk; csT NtiyfspYk; neUq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. kpahd;khupd; midj;J ,uhZtj; jsghlq;fSk; rPdhtpypUe;Nj tUfpd;wd. jhq;fpfs;> NghHg; glFfs;> Nghu; tpkhdq;fs; midj;Jk; rPdhtplkpUe;Nj kpahd;khH thq;FfpwJ. ,uhZtj;Jf;Fg; gapw;rpAk; Nghu;tpkhdk; Xl;Lk; gapw;rpAk;$l rPdhNt mspf;fpwJ. rkPgj;jpy; me;jkhd; jPTfSf;F mUfpy; gu;khtpd; ,lkhd nku;Fap vd;w ,lj;jpy; Mo;fly; JiwKfk; fl;l gu;khTf;F rPdh cjtp mspj;jJ.

mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; kpahd;khUk; ,e;jpahTk; ,uhZt kl;lj;jpy; neUq;fp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. kpahd;khH mz;ikapy; cUrpahtplkpUe;J Nghu; tpkhdq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jpUe;jJ.',e;jpag; ngUq;fly; gFjpapy; ,e;jpahit csT ghu;f;f rPdhit gu;kh mDkjpj;jpUf;fpwJ vd;gjpy; ve;j tpj ma;aKk; ,y;iy ' vd;W ,e;jpah epidf;fpwJ.

,k;KiwahtJ kpahdkhupy; 42 Mz;Lfs; ePbf;Fk; ,uhZt xLf;FKiw Ml;rp KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L mq;F kf;fshl;rp kyUkh? vd;gijg; nghWj;jpUe;Jjhd; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;. (cyfj;jkpoH - nrg;njk;gH 28> 2007)

mnkup;f;fh jhf;fpdhy; ,uhd; gjpy; jhf;Fjy; elj;Jk;

Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;F ,uhd; njhz;ilf;Fs; rpf;fpa xU Ks;shf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf mnkupf;fhTf;F ,uhd; jPuhj jiytypahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH NahH[; G\; ,uhid “jPtpidapd; mr;R” (Axis of Evil_ vd;W tUzpj;jpUf;fpwhH. mtH Fwpg;gpl;l vQ;rpa ehLfs; rpupah kw;Wk; tlnfhupah MFk;. ,jpy; tlnfhupah mnkupf;fhNthL elj;jpa Ngr;RthHj;ijfis mLj;Jj; jdJ mZ Muha;r;rpia epWj;jp ciyfis %btpl;lJ.

,uhd; Nguopit Vw;gLj;Jk; mZ MAjq;fis jahupf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhfTk; mZ Muha;r;rp jpl;lj;ij ,J iftpl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mnkupf;fh Nfl;L tUfpwJ.

Xf];l; 31 Mk; jpfjpf;Fs; ,uhd; jdJ ANudpak; nrwpT+l;ly; jpl;lj;ij epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd ma;ad;dh fhyf;nfL tpjpj;jpUe;jJ. NkYk; ,j;jpl;lk; njhlu;ghf xf;Njhgu; khjj;jpw;Fs; ,uhDld; cld;ghL fhz ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijahsu; NrhNyhdhit mnkupf;fh cs;spl;l 6 ehLfSk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ld. ,uhd; me;jf; fhyf; nfLTf;F mire;J nfhLf;ftpy;iy. vdNtjhd; ,uhd; kPJ ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gLk; vd;w Ngr;R vOe;Js;sJ.

“mZ Mw;wy; njhopy; El;gj;ij itj;jpUg;gJ vkJ cupikahFk;. ehq;fs; vjw;Fk; jahuhf ,Uf;fpNwhk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; gaKWj;jYf;F ehk; mQ;rg; Nghtjpy;iy. vq;fsJ mZrf;jp Muha;r;rp Fz;Lfs; nra;tjw;fy;y> mjid mikjp Nehf;Ff;fhfg; gad;gLj;jNt Muha;r;rp nra;fpNwhk;. mg;gbr; nra;a ,uhd; ehl;Lf;F cupik cz;L. ; ve;j epiyapYk; mZ Muha;r;rpia epWj;jkhl;Nlhk;” vd ,uhdpd; Ml;;rpj; jiytH k/`;%j; mfnkjpe[hj;  (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ) njuptpj;Js;shH. ,J njhlu;ghfg; Ngr;R thu;j;ij elj;jTk; ,uhd; kWj;J tUfpwJ.

,e;j epiyapy; ,uhdpd; mZ ciyfs; kPJ mnkupf;fh jhf;Fjy; elj;Jkh vd;w Nfs;tp vOe;Js;sJ. Vw;fdNt ,uhidr; Rw;wpAs;s ehLfspy;  mnkupf;fh jdJ  gilfisf; Ftpj;J itj;Js;sJ.  ,uhDk; jdJ gq;Ff;F gil gyj;ij mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,uhdpd; Ml;rpj;jiytH k/%J m/kjpnd[;[hj;Jk;  jdJ ehL kPJ mnkupf;fh jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhy; gjpy; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gLk; vdr; nrhy;fpwhH.

Mdhy; ,uhd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;j mnkupf;fh jaf;fk; fhl;b tUfpwJ. ,uhf; NghHjhd; mjw;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;. 

,uhf; kPJ mnkupf;fh gilnaLj;j NghJ (2003) $baJ ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;J mq;fpUe;J ntspNawptplyhk; vd G\; fzf;Fg; Nghl;lhH. Mdhy; me;jf; fzf;Fg; gpioj;J tpl;lJ. NghH njhlq;fp ehY Mz;LfSf;F NkyhfpAk; mnkupf;fh ,uhf;fpy; ,Uf;fTk;  KbahJ tpl;L  ntspNawTk;  KbahJ rpf;Fz;Ls;sJ. mnkupf;fh jdJ gil gyj;ij 160>000 Mf mjpfupj;Jk; ,uhf; jPtputhjpfspd; gjpy; jhf;Fjy;fs; Xa;e;jghlhapy;iy. xt;nthU ehSk; mq;F jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy;fs; ele;j tz;zk; cs;sd.

mnkupf;fhitg; nghWj;jstpy; ,uhf; xU nghwpf;fplq;F Nghy; Mfptpl;lJ.

,uhd; mnkupf;fhTf;F miw$ty; tpLtNjhL epy;yhky; MAjf; nfhs;tditAk; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; mjpfupj;J  tUfpwJ. 

,d;W (tpahof;fpoik) ,uhd; jdJ cs;SH jahupg;ghd n[l; tpkhdk; xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,uhd; njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; ,uz;L  Saegheh (Thunder) fighter planes) xspg;glq;fisf; fhl;baJ. ,J mnkupf;f jahupg;ghd F-18 Fz;L tPr;R tpkhdj;Jf;F epfuhdJ. “,b Nghd;w vkJ tpkhdq;fs; vq;fs; vjpupapd; fz;fisf; FUlhf;Fk; vjpup gil Kfhk;fisr; Rl;nlupf;Fk;” vdg; ghJfhg;G mikr;rH K];jhgh nkhfkJ e[;[hH (Mostafa Mohammad Naffar) $wpdhH.

NkYk; 2000 fpkP J}uk; gwe;J nrd;W jhf;Fk; VTfizfisg; gad; gLj;jp mnkupf;f gil Kfhk;fisj; jfu;f;f ,uhd; jahuhfp tUfpwJ. ,Jgw;wp ,uhdpd; gilj; jsgjp KfkJ `hrd; -

“,uhdplk; \fhg;-3 VTfizfs; cs;sd. ,e;j VTfizfs; ,];Nuy; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f gil Kfhk;fis 2000 fpkP J}uk; gwe;J nrd;W jhf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. ,uhdpy; 2000 ,yf;Ffs; kPJ mnkupf;fh Fwp itj;Js;sJ. mNj Nghy mnkupf;fhtpd; 2000 ,yf;Ffis ehq;fs; fz;L gpbj;J itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;. mtw;iwj; jhf;fp mopg;Nghk;. gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk; vq;fs; gil Kfhk;fisf; fz;L gpbj;J mtw;iwg;  gyg;gLj;jp tUfpNwhk;” vdf; $wpAs;shu;.

mnkupf;f - ,uhd; tha;r; rz;ilapy; gpuhd;]; ehLk; ,g;NghJ %f;if Eioj;Js;sJ. ,uhdpd; mZ MAj jpl;lj;Jf;F jw;NghJ gpuhd;Rk; fLk; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

“,uhd; mZFz;L jahupg;gijj; jLf;f me;ehL kPJ Nghu; njhLf;f Maj;jkhfpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;”; vd gpuhd;]; mwptpj;Js;sJ.

,J Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;j gpuhd;]; ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ru; ngu;dhu;L fTr;du; ",uhd; mZFz;L jahupg;gij jLf;f> me;ehL kPJ ty;yuR ehLfs; NkYk; gy jilfis tpjpf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;ehL kPJ Nghu; njhLf;f ehq;fs; jahuhfpf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. ,Jgw;wp cldb KbTk; vJTk; vLf;ftpy;iy" vdj; njuptpj;Js;shH.

gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; tyJrhup Ml;rpj;jiytu; epNfhy]; ru;Nfhrp ",uhd; mZ Fz;L jahupg;gij cyf ehLfs; jLf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ,uhd; kPJ Fz;L tPr Ntz;Lk;" vd Vw;fdNt $wpAs;shu.

jd;Dila mZj; jpl;lj;jpypUe;J gpd;thq;fg; Nghtjpy;iynad;W ,uhd; njspthf ma;ad;dhTf;Fj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. ,uhdpaj; jiyefu; nj/`;uhdpy; Ngrpa ,uhdpa Ml;rpj;jiyttu; k/`;%j; mfnkjpe[hj; mtu;fs; “,uhdpd; mZj; jpl;lk; jLg;G (brake) my;yJ gpd; nry;Yk; fpaNuh (reverse gear)  ,y;yhj njhlHtz;b Nghd;wJ vd;whu;. mtuJ Jiz ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ru;fspy; xUtu;> Nghu; cl;gl vijr; re;jpf;fTk; jhq;fs; jahuhfpAs;sjhfj; njuptpj;jpUf;fpwhu;.

ANudpak;  nrwpT+l;ly; Ntiyia epWj;j ma;ad;dh toq;fpapUe;j fhyf; nfLit ,uhd; Vw;fdNt Gwf;fzpj;J tpl;lJ. ,jid mLj;J mnkupf;fhTk; mjd; Njhoik ehLfshd gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; n[Hkdp NtW jilfisf; nfhz;Ltu Kaw;rp nra;J tUfpd;wd.

Mdhy; cUrpah ,uhd; kPJ ma;ad;dh Nkyjpf jilfs; tpjpj;jhy; mjid vjpHf;fg; Nghtjhfj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. ,J ,uhDf;F MWjy; jUk; nra;jp. ma;ad;dhtpd; ghJfhg;G mitapy; cUrpahTf;F tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; ,Uf;fpwJ.

fle;j Mz;L ,Nj khjk; (nrg;njk;gH 22> 2006) ma;ad;dh mitapy; gq;Nfw;fr; nrd;w  ,uhdpd; Ml;rpj;jiytH k/%J m/kjpnd[;[hj;Jk;  ntdpRNtyh mjpgu; rhNtRk; mnkupf;fhit kpff; fLikahfr; rhbg; gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhHfs;.  

mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH Nahu;[; G\;i\ rhj;jhd; vd;W rhNt]; tUzpj;jhu;.  ma;ad;dh mit ,g;NghJ mnkupf;fhtpd; KOf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gjhy; me;j mikg;ghy; ve;jg; gaDk; ,y;iynad;Wk; mJ  xU ntl;bahd mikg;G vd;Wk; mtH jhf;fpdhu;.

mNj Nghy ,uhd; mjpgu; k/%J m/kjpnd[;[hj;Jk;  mnkupf;fhitr; nrhy; mk;Gshy;  rhlj; jtwtpy;iy.  

ma;ad;dh jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; nra;jpahsu;fSf;F nrt;tp nfhLf;f  Kd;G jpUf;FuhdpypUe;J rpy thrfq;fis thrpj;jhH.  

“ANudpak; nrwpT+l;ly; jpl;lj;ij epWj;jp itf;f ma;ad;dh mit Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Js;sJ. ehq;fs; ,e;j ANudpaj;ij mZ MAjq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ag;  gad;gLj;jg; Nghtjpy;iy. kpd; Mw;wy; jpl;lj;jpw;fhfNt ,e;jg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;Nshk;. ,J njhlu;ghf Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fj; jahuhfNt ,Uf;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; vg;NghJ Ngr;Rthu;j;ij vd;gjw;F fhyf; nfL tpjpf;f KbahJ. epahakhd Kiwapy; ty;yuR ehLfs; vq;fSf;F cWjpnkhopfs; je;jhy; kl;LNk Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F tUNthk;. ANudpaj; jpl;lj;ijAk; epWj;jp itg;Nghk;.

vq;fSf;F kl;Lk; mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; mnkupf;fh vq;fsJ mz;il ehLfshd ghfp];jhd;> ,e;jpah> ,];Nuy; Mfpa ehLfspd; mZ MAj cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis fz;Lnfhs;shky; ,Ug;gJ Vd;? ,itAk; mZ MAj ehLfs;jhNd?

ma;ad;dh ghJfhg;G mitapy; cs;s vy;yh ehLfSk; mZ MAjq;fisf; Ftpj;J itj;Js;s epiyapy; me;j ehLfs; ,uhidg; ghu;j;J ANudpaj;ijj; jahupf;fhNj vd;W nrhy;tJ Vd;? mnkupf;fh jd;dplk; cs;s mZ MAjq;fis mopj;Jtpl;ljh? ANudpak; jahupg;ig epWj;jptpl;ljh?

,uhd; ANudpak; nrwpA+l;liy epWj;jpdhy; ehq;fs; ANudpak; jUfpNwhk; vd;W mnkupf;fhTk; n[u;kdpAk; gpuhd;Rk; nrhy;fpd;wd. ,tu;fis ek;gp 50 Mz;Lfshf ehq;fs; gy tifapYk; Nkhrk; Ngha;tpl;Nlhk;.

,uhDf;Ff; nfhLj;j thf;FWjpfs; vijAk; ,tu;fs; Kiwahf epiwNtw;wpajpy;iy. ,e; epiyapy; ,tu;fis vg;gb kPz;Lk; ,uhd; ek;g KbAk;?

vq;fsJ mZ rf;jpj; jpl;lk; mikjpahdJ. mikjpf;fhfNt ,e;j;j jpl;lk;. mZ MAjk; jahupf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; vq;fSf;F ,y;iy. vq;fSf;F mJ NjitAk; ,y;iy. vq;fsJ jpl;lj;jpy; ve;jtpj xspTkiwTk; ,y;iy.

midj;Jyf mZ Mw;wy; fofj;jpw;F ehq;fs; KO xj;Jiog;G mspj;J tUfpNwhk;. vq;fsJ mZ Mw;wy; epiyaq;fis Ma;T nra;a mDkjpj;Js;Nshk;. ,ijj; jtpu cq;fSf;F NtW vd;d Ntz;Lk;?.

Ntz;Lkhdhy; mnkupf;fh jdJ ANudpak; nrwpT+l;Lk; jpl;lj;ijf; iftpll;Lk;. ,d;Dk; 5 Mz;Lfspy; ehq;fs; mnkupf;fhTf;F ANudpak; tpw;fj; jahu;. mJTk; 50 tpOf;fhL tpiy js;SgbAld;”  vd;whu; k/%J m/kjpnd[;[hj;  rpupj;jgb.

mj;NjhL mtH epWj;jtpy;iy. mnkupf;fh kPjhd mtuJ jhf;Fjy; njhlHe;jJ. ifjpfs; Fwpj;j Nfs;tpf;F gjpyspj;j mtu; “mnkupf;f kf;fs; njhif 21.9 Nfhb. ,uhd; kf;fs; njhif 6.8 Nfhb. mnkupf;f rpiwfspy; cs;s ifjpfspd; vz;zpf;if 30 ,yl;rk;. ,uhd; rpiwfspy; 1.3 yl;rk; Ngu; kl;LNk cs;sdu;. vJ mjpfk; vd;gij ePq;fNs Gupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;” vd;whu; Gd;difAld;.

“fle;j 27 Mz;Lfshf ,uhd; kPJ fLikahf ele;J nfhs;fpwJ mnkupf;fh. ,J Njitapy;yhjJ. Nkyhz;ik kdg;ghd;ikapd; ntspg;ghLjhd; ,J. gy jiyKiwfshf mZ MAjq;fisj; jahupj;Jf; Ftpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehL mnkupf;fh. ,g;NghJk; $l mtu;fs; VjhtJ xU GJ MAjj;ijj; jahupj;Jf; nfhz;Ljhd; cs;sdu;.

Mdhy; ehq;fs; eRf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpNwhk;. vq;fs; kPJ mOj;jj;ijf; fl;lhakhfj; jpzpf;f Kad;why; mij ehq;fs; mDkjpf;f khl;Nlhk;. mnjy;yhk; ,dp elf;fNt elf;fhJ.

cyfpy; cs;s xt;nthU ,dj;ijAk;> r%fj;ijAk; ehq;fs; kjpf;fpNwhk;> md;G nrYj;JfpNwhk;. mJ A+ju;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; rup> fpwp];jtu;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; rup> K];yPk;fshf ,Ue;jhYk rup> midtiuAk; ehq;fs; kjpf;fpNwhk;. A+ju;fSk; kdpju;fs;jhd;. mtu;fis ehq;fs; ntWf;ftpy;iy.

ma;ad;dh ghJfhg;G mitia mnkupf;fhTk; mjd; Njhoik ehlhdhd gpupl;lDk; ,ize;J nfhz;L jtwhf gad;gLj;jpg; gpw ehLfis Mf;fpukpg;gij Ntiyahff; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,ijj; jLj;J epWj;JNthk;” vd;whu;.

cyfpd; ;xNu ty;yuR vd tUzpf;fg;gLk; mnkupf;fhtpw;F gy;iy eUk;Gtijtpl NtW topapUg;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

“mnkupf;fhTk; mjd; Njhoik ehlhd ,];NuYk; ,uhd; kPJ ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;L mjidj; jz;bf;Fk; jpl;lj;ijf; iftpltpy;iy” vd mnkupf;fhtpd; ghJfhg;Gr; nrayhsH nwhNgl; Nfw;]; (Robert Gates) #Siuj;Js;shH. iftrk; ,uz;L NghH Kidfs; (,uhf; kw;Wk; Mg;fdp];jhd;) ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,d;ndhd;iwAk;  NahH[; G\; jpwg;ghH vd;gJ ma;aNk!

ghfp];jhd;> ,e;jpah> ,];Nuy; ,e;j ehLfsplk; mZf;Fz;Lfs; jahupg;gijj; jLj;J epWj;jhj mnkupf;fh ,uhNdhL ky;Yf;F epw;gJ vjw;fhf?

,];yhkpa ehlhd ghfp];jhdplk; Vw;fdNt mZf;Fz;Lfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,uhd; ,d;ndhU ,];yhkpa ehL. mjdplk; mZf;Fz;Lfs; ,Ue;jhy; kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSf;F Mgj;J vd mnkupf;fh mQ;RfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf ,];Nuypd; ghJfhg;Gf;F kl;Lky;y mjd; ,Ug;Gf;Nf  Mgj;J vd mnkupf;fh vz;ZfpwJ.

rupNah gpioNah ,d;W cyfpy; mnkupf;fh jhf;fpdhy; gjpy; jhf;Fjy; elj;JNthk; vd;W $Wk; xU ehL ,uhd;jhd;! (cyfj;jkpoH - nrg;njk;gH 21>2007)

,];yhkpa kjrhHGf; fl;rpapd; gpbf;Fs; JUf;fp;

JUf;fp ehl;bd; Ml;rpj;jiytH gjtpf;F Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; ePjp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf; fl;rp (Justice and Development Party (AKP) rhHgpy;  Ntl;ghsuhf epWj;jg;gl;l  Kd;dhs; ntspAwT mikr;rH mg;Jy;yh Fy; (Abdulla Gul) vd;gtH njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;shH. thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ %d;whtJ Rw;wpy; nkhj;jk; cs;s 550 ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfspy; 339 NgHfsJ Mjuitg; ngw;W ntw;wpngw;whH. mtUf;F 276 cWg;gpdHfsJ thf;Ffs; fpilj;jpUe;jhNy NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. Kjy; ,uz;L Rw;wpYk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F thf;Ffisg; (367) ngw;W ntw;wp <l;lj; jtwpapUe;jhH. %d;whtJ Rw;W thf;nfLg;gpy; ntWk; ngUk;ghd;ikNa (simple majority) NghJkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.  

jilnra;ag;gl;l jPtputhj ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpiar; rhHe;j Fy; ,g;NghJ kjrhHgw;w murpay; ahg;Gf;F MjuT njuptpj;Js;shH. ,Ue;Jk; Fy;Yk; mtuJ fl;rpAk; ,d;dKk; jPtpu ,];yhkpa epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ij iftpltpy;iy vd vjpHf;fl;rpfSk; ,uhZtKk; Fw;wk; rhl;Lfpd;wd.

JUf;fp tl ml;yhe;jpf; cld;gbf;if mikg;gpYk;  (North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpYk; (European Union)  KO cWg;gpduhfr; Nru tpz;zg;gpj;Js;sJ.

JUf;fp ,uhZtk; ePkNk fl;rp Fy;iy fle;j Vg;upy; 27 ,y; jdJ fl;rp Ntl;ghsuhf mwptpj;j clNdNa mjidf; fLikahf vjpHj;jJ. Fy; ntWk; thHj;ijfs; %yk; my;yhJ nraypy; kjrhHgw;w epiyg;ghL Ngzg;gLk; vd  vz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,uhZtk; jdJ ,iza jsj;jpy; Nfl;bUe;jJ.  

fle;j A+iy khjk; 22 Mk; ehs; ele;j ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjypy; ePjp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf; fl;rp (ePkNk fl;rp) kjrhHgw;w vjpHf;fl;rp kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpd; gyj;j vjpHg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; mNkhf ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. jdJ thf;Fg; gyj;ij 34 tpOf;fhl;by; ,Ue;J 47 tpOf;fhl;lhff; $l;baJ.

nkhj;jk; 24 mikr;rHfisf; nfhz;l Gjpa mikr;ruti Xf];l; 16 Mk; ehs; gjtpNaw;wJ. mjd; Kjy; mkHT Xf];l; 18 ,y; ,lk;ngw;wJ.

gpujkH vHnlhfd; 1954 Mk; Mz;L ,];jhd;Gs; efuj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. khHkuh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; nghUshjuk; gbj;J gl;lk; ngw;wtH. ,];jhd;Gs; kheuhl;rpapd; Nkauhf ,Ue;jNghJ 6 khjk; rpiw nrd;wtH. ,tHjhd; ePkNk fl;rpapd; epWtduhtH.

JUf;fpapd; 11 MtJ Ml;rpj; jiytuhf Fy; gjtp Vw;w rlq;fpd; NghJ ,uhZtj; jsgjpfs; mjpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. gpd;dH mtiu mYtyfj;jpy; re;jpj;j ,uhZt jsgjp (Chief of Staff General Yasar Buyukanit )  mtUf;F tzf;fk; (salute) nrYj;j kWj;J tpl;lhH. Ml;rpj; njhlf;fNk ,uhZtKk; Ml;rpj; jiytUk; xj;Jg; Nghfkhl;lhHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;btpl;lJ. jd;NdhL xj;Jiof;FkhW Fy; tpLj;j Ntz;LNfhis ,uhZtk; Gwf;fzpj;Jtpl;lJ.  ,jpy; Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; Fy;jhd; - ngaustpy; MtJ - ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;lisj; jsgjp (Commander-in- Chief of the Army) MthH!

“,uhZtj;jpdhy; ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjy; KbT rup my;yJ Ml;rpj;jiytH NjHjy; KbT rup khw;w Kbatpy;iy. Mdhy; ,uhZtk; Fy; kw;Wk; MSk;fl;rpapd; Nghf;if cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpf;Fk; vd;gjpy; ma;akpy;iy. Fy; my;yJ MSk; ePkNk fl;rp ,];yhkpa epfo;r;rp epuy; xd;Wf;Fr; rhAk; gl;rj;jpy; ,uhZt jiyaPL ,Uf;Fk;” vd xU JUf;fp Fbkfd; nrhy;fpwhH.

1950 Mk; Mz;L njhlq;fp JUf;fp ,uhZtk; Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j ehd;F muRfisf; ftpo;j;Js;sJ. Ml;rpj; jiytH NjHjypd; NghJ Fy;ypd; ngaiuNah mtuJ fl;rpapd; ngaiuNah Fwpg;gplhJ kjrhHG  eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf  mwpf;if tpl;lJ.

JUf;fpapd; murpay; ahg;G JUf;fp ehl;Lf;F vjpuhd cs;ehl;L my;yJ ntspehl;L mr;RWj;jypy; ,Ue;J ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;ig ,uhZtj;Jf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. Mdhy; ehlhSkd;wj;ijAk; Ml;rpj; jiyikiaAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUf;Fk; ePkNk fl;rp  xU Gjpa “Fbkf;fs;” murpay; ahg;igf; nfhz;Ltuj; jpl;lkplyhk;.

57 mfit cila Fy; xU nghUspay; gl;ljhup. rTjp mNugpahtpy; cs;s ,];yhkpa fhg;gfj;jpy; nfhQ;rf; fhyk; gzp Gupe;jtH.  JUf;fpg; gpujkUk; ePkNk fl;rpapd; jiytUkhd vHnlhfNdhL (Recep Iayyip Erdogan) xg;gpLk; NghJ Fy; nkd;ikahd Nghf;F cilatH. kw;wtHfNshL Fiothfg; NgRgtH. gpujkH vHnlhfd; Kw;wpYk; vjpHkhwhd Fzhjpraqfisf; nfhz;ltH. thjhLtjpy; mjpfsT ehl;lk; nfhz;ltH.

Mq;fpyj;jpYk; JUf;fpapYk; Gyik gilj;j Fy; 1991 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;J te;jtH. ,g;NghJ tof;fw;Wg; Nghd ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J 2001 ,y; tpyfp ePkNk fl;rpapy; NrHe;jhH.

Fy; jdJ 30 MtJ mfitapy; 15 mfit ngz; xUtiu (Hayrunnisa ) kzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. ,dp Ml;rpj;jiytuJ khspifapy; eilngWk; epfo;r;rpfspd; NghJ K];ypk; ngz;fs; mzpAk; Kf;fhl;il Kjy;ngz;kzp mzpthuh my;yth vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. mg;gb mzpAk; gl;rj;jpy; vjpHf;fl;rpAk; ,uhZtKk; Ml;rpj; jiytH khspifapy; eilngWk; itgtq;fisg; Gwf;fzpf;ff; $Lk;. Kf;fhL mzptJ  gy;fiyf; fofq;fspYk; mur jpizf;fsfq;fspYk; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ePz;lfhykhf JUf;fpf;Fj; jiyapbahf ,Ue;J tUk; rpf;fy; xd;wpUf;fpwJ. mJ mjd; rpWghd;ik ,df;FOthd FHjp\; kf;fsJ jd;dhl;rpg; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpaJ.

FHjp\; kf;fs; jdpehL Nfl;Lg; Nghuhb tUfpwhHfs;. me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F FHjp\;jhd; njhopyhsH fl;rp (Kurdistan Workers Party) 1984 Mk; njhlq;fp jiyik jhq;fp elj;jp tUfpwJ.

mjd; jiytH mg;Jy;yh xfhyd; (Abdulla Ocalan) ieNuhgpapy; 1999 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 16 ,y; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH. ,tH 15 Mz;Lfshf JUf;fpapd; “kpfTk; Ntz;lg;gl;ltH” gl;baypy; ,Ue;jtH. ,tH 35>000 NguJ rhTf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhH  vd;W Fw;wk;rhl;bj; njhlug;gl;l tof;fpy; 1999 Mk; Mz;L A+d; 29 ,y; kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. jdf;Ff; fUiz fhl;lg;gl;lhy; NghuhspfSf;Fk; JUf;fp muRf;Fk; ,ilapy; mikjpf;Fg; ghLgLNtd; vd;W $wpdhH. me;j Ntz;LNfhs; kWf;fg;gl;lhy; ehl;by; FUjp MW XLk; vd;Wk; mtH vr;rupf;if nja;jhH. FHjp\; kf;fs; xfhyd; kPJ ngupa ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jpUe;jhHfs;. Mdhy; mtH jdf;F vjpuhd tprhuizapd; NghJ MAjqfisf; fPNo Nghl;L ruz; milAkhW nfupy;yhg; Nghuhspfisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ FHjp\; kf;fSf;F mjpHr;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. mtH rhtjw;Fg; gag;gLfpwhH mjw;fhf vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpwhH vd kf;fs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. ,jdhy; mtH xU fjhehafd; vd;w gbkk; mbthq;fpAs;sJ.   

xfhyd; ,we;jhy; gy Ehw;whz;L fhykhf xU Rje;jpu FHjp\; muir cUthf;f elf;Fk; Nghuhl;lk; gytPdk; milAk; vd ngUk;ghd;ik FHjp\; kf;fs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. mz;ikf;fhykhf nfupy;yhg; gilfs; re;jpj;j  ,uhZtj; Njhy;tpfs; kw;Wk; MAjq;fisf; fPNo itj;jhy; kd;dpg;G toq;fg;gLk; vd;w JUf;fp murpd; mwptpg;Gk; mikg;ig Fog;gj;jpy; Mo;j;jpAs;sJ.  

Many Kurds feel Ocalan's death would deal a critical blow to their centuries-long struggle to gain a land they can call their own. Recent military defeats, as well as the Turkish government's offers of leniency towards guerrillas who lay down their arms, have already thrown the movement into disarray.

xfhydJ kuz jz;lidia vjpHj;J FHjp\; nfupyhf;fs; JUf;fp ,uhZtj;Jf;F vjpuhf gy nfupy;yhj; jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;.

2000 rdtup 12 Mk; ehs; xfhyDf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l kuzjz;lid ma;Nuhg;gpa ePjpkd;wk; kPsha;T nra;Akl;Lk; xj;jpg;Nghlg; gl;Ls;sjhf JUf;fp muR mwptp j;jJ. xfhyd; Jhf;fpy; ,lg;gl;lhy; JUf;fp ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpy; NrUk; tha;g;igg; ghjpf;Fk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

cyfpy; FHjp\; kf;fspd; nkhj;jj; njhif 20 - 25 kpy;ypad; vdf; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. ,tHfspy; 12 kpy;ypad; NgH JUf;fpapy; kl;Lk; tho;fpwhHfs;. JUf;fpapd; kf;fs; njhifapy; FHjp\; 20 tpOf;fhL MFk;. ,uhf;fpy; 15 - 20 tpOf;fhl;bdH FHjp\; ,dj;jtH. rpupahtpy; 10 tpOf;fhLk; <uhdpy; 7 tpOf;fhLk; FHjp\; ,dj;jtH MtH. ngUk;ghd;ik FHjp\; kf;fs; Rd;dp gpupitr; NrHe;jtHfs;. xU mfz;l Rje;jpu FHjp\;jhd; ehl;il cUthf;FtNj FHjp\; kf;fsJ fdthFk;. 

fle;j fhyq;fspy; RkhH 3>000 FHjp\; FbapUg;Gf;fis JUf;fp ,uhZtk; jhf;fp mopj;jNghJ 2 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,lg;ngaHTf;F MshdhHfs;. FHjp\; kf;fis JUf;fp nkhopiaf; fl;lhakhfg; gbf;fTk; mtHfsJ gz;ghl;ilr; rpijf;fTk; JUf;fp KidfpwJ.

rj;jpag; gpukhzk; nra;j gpd;dH ciuahw;wpa Fy; jdJ njupT JUf;fpapd; kf;fshl;rpiag; “gyg;gLj;jp” ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhH. jhd; gf;fk; rhuhJ vy;NyhiuAk; mizj;Jg; Nghf ,Ug;gjhfTk; JUf;fp xU “ rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia kjpf;Fk; kjrhHgw;w kf;fshl;rp muR” vdTk;  tUzpj;jhH. Mdhy; kjrhHgw;w rf;jpfs; mtiu vspjpy; ek;gj; jahupy;iy Nghy; njupfpwJ.

ehd;FKiw Ml;rpiaf; ftpo;j;j JUf;fp ,uhZtk; ma;e;jhtJ jlitAk; xU Ml;rpf; ftpo;g;ig Nkw;nfhs;Skh? vd;gNj ,d;iwa Nfs;tpahFk;.

,uhZtk; tpUk;gpdhYk; tpUk;ghtpl;lhYk; JUf;fp thf;fhsHfs; JUf;fpapd; kjrhHgw;w Nfhl;ghl;ilf; iftpl;L ,];yhkpa kjrhHG Nfhl;ghl;ilf; iff;nfhs;Sk; muirNa tpUk;GfpwhHfs; vd;gij ehlhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; Ml;rpj; jiytH ,uz;Lf;Fk; ele;j NjHjy; vz;gpf;fpwJ. 

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JUf;fp xNu ghHitapy;

ngaH            - JUf;fp FbauR

kf;fs; njhif    – 71.1 kpy;ypad; (ma;ad;dh – 2006)

jiyefH         - mq;fhw

ngupa gl;bdk;     - ,];uhd;Gy;

gug;gsT          - 779>452 rJu fpkP ( 300>948 rJu iky;

Kf;fpa nkhop     - JUf;fp

Kf;fpa rkak;     - ,];yhk;

mfit vjpHghHg;G – 68 (Mz;) 73 (ngz;)

ehzak;          - Gjpa JUf;fp ypuh

Kf;fpa Vw;Wkjp  – Glit> Jzpkzp> goq;fs; kw;Wk; kuf;fwp> ,Uk;G kw;Wk; cUf;F

,uhf; - mnkupf;f NghiuAk; Mg;fdp];jhd; - mnkupf;f NghiuAk; ,];yhkpa ehfupfj;Jf;F  vjpuhd Nkw;Fyf fpwpj;jt ehLfsJ NghH vdg; ngUk;ghd;ik K];ypk;fs; epidf;fpwhHfs;. ,];yhkpa ehlhd JUf;fpia ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpy; xU cWg;G ehlhfr; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; me;jg; gbkj;ijj; Jilf;f mnkupf;f jiyikapy; cs;s Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wd. mjw;fhfNtDk; JUf;fp ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpy; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glyhk;. (cyfj;;;;;;;;;jkpoH - Xf];l; 31>2007)

Rlhd; ehl;bd; vjpHfhyk; epue;ju mikjp epyTkh epythjh vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ  

,e;jf; fpoik ma;ad;dh ghJfhg;G mit Rlhdpd; lhHG+H gFjpf;F Nkyjpf JUg;Gf;fis mDg;gp itf;f jPHkhdpj;Js;sJ. vl;L khj fhyk; ePbj;j Ngr;R thHj;ijiaj; njhlHe;Nj ghJfhg;G mit xU kdjhf me;jj; jPHkhdj;ij epiwNtw;wpAs;sJ. ,e;jj; jPHkhdj;jpd; fPo; ,g;NghJs;s 7>000 Mgpupf;f xd;wpaj; JUg;Gf;fSf;F gf;fgykhf 12>000 ma;ad;dh ehLfspd; JUg;Gf;fs; ,e;j Mz;bd; ,Wjpapy; mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpwJ.  

,e;j ma;ad;dh – Mgpupf;f xd;wpaj;jpd; $l;Lg; gil fle;j ehd;F Mz;Lfshf fpsHr;rpf;fhuHfSf;Fk; Rlhd; ehl;L murpd; MjuT MAjf;FOTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;J tUk; rz;ilia epWj;j eltbf;if vLf;Fk;. ,e;j cs;ehl;Lg; Nghupy;  ,Jtiu 200>000 nghJkf;fs; ,we;Js;shhfs;. ,UgJ ,yl;rk; kf;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;Js;shHfs;.

Uthz;lhtpw;Fg; gpwF gy klq;F nfh^ukhd ,dg;gLnfhiyfs; Rlhd; ehl;bd; lhHG+H gFjpapy;jhd;  ele;J tUfpwJ. Rlhd; murpd; MjuNthL [Q;rhtPj; MAjf; FO (Janjaweed militia) fUg;gpd kf;fs; kPJ td;Kiwia fl;lTtpo;j;J tpl;bUf;fpwJ. khdplk; ntl;fpj; jiy FdpAk; mstpw;Fg; ngz;fs; ghypay; td;nfhLikf;Fk; Mz;fs; rpWtu;fs; gLnfhiyf;Fk; MshfpAs;shu;fs;. ,d mopg;gpw;F ghypay; td;nfhLik xU Kf;fpakhd MAjkhfg; gad; gLj;jg; gLtjhf kdpjTupik mikg;Gf;fs; Rlhd; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jpAs;sd.

ma;ad;dh ghJfhg;G mitapd; jPHkhdj;ij khjf;fzf;fhd ,Ogwpf;Fg; gpd;dH Rlhd; MjuT ey;fpAs;sJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk; ,lk;ngw;W te;j nfhiyfs;> ghypay; td;nfhLik> ,lg;ngaHT Mfpatw;Wf;F  Rlhd; muR Jiz NghAs;sJ. epthuzg; gzpapy; <Lgl;Ls;s kdpjNea mikg;Gf;fSf;F cupa xj;Jiog;ig Rlhd; muR  ey;ftpy;iy.

lhHG+upy; ele;j – ele;JtUk; ,dg; gLnfhiy jw;nrayhd epfo;Tfs; my;y. ,J Rlhd; murpd; Ml;rpf; fl;bypy; mkHe;Js;s Ml;rpj;jiytH g\PH (Bashir)  Jizj; jiytH jh`h (Taha) kw;Wk;  ghJfhg;G mjpfhup Nfh\; (Gosh) MfpNahuJ jpl;lkpl;l ,dg; gLnfhiyahFk;. ,e;j %tUk; ,dg;gLnfhiy ,ioj;j Fw;wj;Jf;fhf ifJ nra;J tpyq;F khl;b midj;Jyf Fw;wtpay; eLtHkd;wj;jpy; (International Criminal Court)  ep;Wj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntz;LNfhis kdpjTupik mikg;Gf;fs; tpLj;Js;sd. mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; Rlhd; kPJ fhl;lg;gLk; nkj;jdg; Nghf;iff; iftpl;L ,dg; gLnfhiyf;F xU KbT fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfl;Ls;sd. “ePjp epiyehl;lg; glNtz;Lk; ePjpnahd;Nw mikjpiaf; nfhz;LtUk;” vd;gJ ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; epiyg;ghlhFk;.  

nuhwd;Nuh ];uhH ehNsl;by; ntspte;j nra;jpapd; gb (Mf];l; 02) fdba muR kdpjNea cjtpg; gzpf;F Nkyjpfkhf 48 kpy;ypad; nlhyiu toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jidAk; NrHj;J fle;j 3 Mz;Lfspy; fdba muR toq;fpa cjtp ejp 441 kpy;ypad; nlhyuhf caHe;Js;sJ. fdba midj;Jyf Nkk;ghl;L Kfhik (Canadian International Development Agency) %yk; ,e;j cjtpepjp czT nfhs;td nra;aTk; kdpjNeag; gzpf;Fk; gad;gL;j;jg;gLk;.

ma;ad;dh – Mgpupf;f xd;wpa ehLfspd; mikjpg; gilf;F JUg;Gf;fis nfhLj;J cjTkhW fdba muir ma;ad;dh ,Jtiu Nfl;ftpy;iy. fdba ntspAwT mikr;rH gPl;lH kf;NfAk; ghJfhg;G mikr;rH X Nfhd;dUk; Mrpa – Mgpupf;f ehLfs;  gilfisf; nfhLj;J cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fpwhHfs;. jypghDf;F vjpuhd NghUf;Fg; ngUe;njhifg; gilapdiu <LgLj;jpAs;s fdba muR Nkw;nfhz;L gilapdiu mDg;gp itg;gjpy; jaf;fk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,J njhlHghd Nfs;tpfSf;F Neubahd gjpiyr; nrhy;yhky; ,uz;L mikr;rHfSk; kOg;gp tpl;lhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;Njhdprpah> gpuhd;];> nld;khHf; Nghd;w ehLfs; JUg;Gf;fisf; nfhLj;Jjt Kd;te;Js;sd.

lhHG+H mikjp cld;ghL (Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA)  xd;W Nk 05> 2006 ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ. mjpy; Rlhdpa muRk; %d;W fyff; FOtpy; xU fyff; FOTk; ifr;rhj;jpl;ld. Mdhy; mjd;gpd; Nkhjy; mjpfupj;jNjnahopa Fiwatpy;iy. MAjf; FOf;fspd; jhf;Fjy;fs; NkYk; mg;gFjpapd;; mikjpiaf; Fiyj;Js;sJ. 2007 ngg;utup eLg;gFjpapy; njd; lhHG+H gFjpapy; ,df;FOf;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. 2006 ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l mikjp cld;ghl;by; ifnaOj;jplhj fyff; FOf;fs; xd;wpize;J Njrpa kPl;G Kd;dzp (National Redemption Front (NRF) vd;w mikg;ig A+d; 2006 ,y; cUthf;fp Rlhdpa mur gilfs; kPJ jhf;Fjy;ffis Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,e;j mikg;Gf;F mz;il ehLfshd vupj;jpah (Eritrea) kw;Wk; rhl; (Chad) ehLfs; MjuT ey;fpd;wd.

Rlhdpa gilfs; Njhy;tpfshy;> fl;Lg;ghL> kdTWjp Mfpatw;iw ,oe;Jtpl;lJ vdf; Fw;wk;rhl;ba ma;ahdhtpd; rpwg;Gj; JhtH Jan Pronk Rlhd; ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhH.

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Rlhd; xNu ghHitapy;

,e;j ,lj;jpy; Rlhdpd; tuyhw;Wg; gf;fq;fisf; nfhQ;rk; jpUg;gpg; ghHg;gJ ey;ynjd;W epidf;fpNwd;.

Mgpupf;fhtpd; kpfg; ngupa ehL Rlhd;. mJ xU ehlhf tpsq;Ftjw;F nfhydpj;Jt gilnaLg;Ng fhuzk;. Rlhd; kl;Lky;y. Vida Mgpupf;f ehLfSk; nraw;ifahf Nkw;Fyf nfhydpj;Jt ehLfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;litjhd;. ,df; FOf;fshf jdpj;Jtkhd nkhop> gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fk; Mfpatw;NwhL tho;e;j kf;fs; xNu ehnld;w $l;Lf;Fs; milf;fg;gl;lhHfs;. Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; eilngWk; ,df;FO Nkhjy;fSf;F ,JNt mbgilf; fhuzkhFk;.

ierPupa ehl;il vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mq;F epiyj;jpUe;j jdpj;jdp `Trh> <Ngh> nahWhgh muRfs; xNu Filapd; fPo; ,izf;fg;gl;ld. tl ierPupahtpy; thOk; `Trh ,djjtH kjj;jhy; ,];yhkpaH. njw;fpYk; njd;fpof;fpYk; thOk; <Ngh kw;Wk; nahWhgh kf;fs; kjj;jhy; fpwpj;jtHfs;. ,jdhy; mq;F ,e;j ,uz;L kjj;jtHfSf;F ,ilapy; KWfy; epiy epytp tUfpwJ. mJ mt;tg;NghJ ,df; fytukhfTk; ntbf;fpd;wd. 1960 Mk; Mz;L xf;NjhgH 1 Mk; ehs; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w ierPupahtpy; epiyahd Ml;rp mikatpy;iy. mq;F mbf;fb ,uhZtg; Gul;rp muq;NfWfpd;wd.

1880 fspy; xl;Nlhkd; - vfpg;J Ml;rp tPo;r;rp fz;lJ. 1898 ,y; mq;Nyh – vfpg;jpa gilfs; fhHl;&ikf; (Khartoum) ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,UehLfsJk; xUq;fpize;j Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpah tlf;ifAk; njw;ifAk; gpupj;J itj;jpUe;jJ. Mdhy; 1956 ,y; RlhDf;F Rje;jpuk; toq;F Kd;dH gpupj;jhdpah tlf;ifAk; - njw;ifAk; 1947 ,y; ,izj;J tpl;lJ. Ml;rp mjpfhuk; tlf;fpy; tho;e;j Nkl;Lf; FbapduJ gpbf;Fs; NghdJ. ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; tho;e;j tlf;fpd; Nkyhz;ikia ntWj;j njw;F Rlhdpa ,uhZt jsgjpfs; 1955 ,y; fyfk; nra;jhHfs;. mtHfs; md;ah – epah (Anya – Nya) vd;w nfupy;yh ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;.

1958 ,y; jsgJ mG+j; (General Abboud) ,uhZg; Gul;rp %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhH. mtH ,];yhkpa kag;gLj;jy; nfhs;ifiaj; jPtpukhf eilKiwg; gLj;jpdhH. 1964 ,y; jsgjp mG+j; mtHfSf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; fpsHe;njOe;j NghJ mtH gjtp Jwe;jhH. mjidj; njhlHe;j muG ,dj;jtHfisg; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; nfhz;l Ml;rpfs; khwp khwpg; gjtpf;F te;jd.

1969 ,y; jsgjp epNkup (General Nimieri) Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpdhH. 1971 ,y; fk;A+dp];Lfs; Nkw;nfhz;l rjpg; Gul;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. murpaypy; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l epNkup mz;il ehLfshd vj;jpNahg;gpah kw;Wk; njd;gFjpf; fyff;fhuH MfpaNuhL mikjp cld;ghLfs; vOjpf; nfhz;lhH.

md;ah-epah nfupy;yh mikg;NghL 1972 khHr;R khjj;jpy; xU mikjp cld;ghL ; vOjg;gl;lJ. mjw;F mb]; mghgh (Adis Ababa)  cld;ghL vd;W ngaH. ,e;j cld;ghL njd;gFjpf;F jd;dhl;rp cupikia toq;fpaJ. nfupyh tPuHfs;  Njrpa ,uhZtj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;lhHfs;.

Mdhy; mb]; mghgh cld;ghL ,U gf;fj;jhYk;  kPwg;gl;L te;jJ. ehl;il ,];yhkpag; gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp KLf;fptplg;gl;lJ. ,tw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf njd; Rlhdpy; vz;nza; tsk; ,Ug;gJ fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jj; jpUg;gj;jhy; cs;ehl;Lg; NghH kPz;Lk; %z;lJ. 1977 ,y; ehl;bd; ahg;G murpay; tpjpKiwia kPwp jpUj;jg;gl;lJ. tl Rlhdpa  ,uhZtk; vz;nza;tsk; gilj;j njd; Rlhdpd; ngd;jpA (Bentiu)  efUf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ. njw;fpd; vz;nza; tsk; mjw;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Ug;gjw;Fg; gjpy; ghjfkhf mike;Jtpl;lJ.

1983 Mk; Mz;L njd;Rlhdpa gilfs; tl Rlhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhff; fyfk; nra;jhHfs;.

epNkup mb]; mghgh cld;ghl;il 1983 ,y; fpopj;njwpe;jhH. njd; RlhDf;F murpay; ahg;gpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. muG nkhop ehl;bd; cj;jpNahf nkhopahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,];yhkpa rhupah rl;lk; ehl;bd; ePjpj;Jiwapd; xNu rl;lk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

njd; Rlhdpd; kdf;FiwghLfs;  Rlhdpa kf;fs; tpLjiy ,uhZt ,af;fk; (Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA)  Mf Nahd; fwhq; (John Garang) vd;gtuJ jiyikapy; cUg;ngw;wJ.  

epNkup 1985 ,y; ntbj;j kf;fs; vOr;rp %yk; ftpo;f;fg;gl;lhH.  1986 ,y; ele;j NjHjypy; rhjpf; my; - khjp jiyikapy; cs;s ck;kh fl;rp NjHjypy; ntw;wpngw;Wg; gjtpf;F te;jJ.

1989 ,y; Njrpa ,];yhkp Kd;dzp (National Islami Front(NIF) ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. rhupah rl;lj;ij ciwa itf;Fk; tiuT ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl ,Ue;j Kjy; ehs; ,e;j ,uhZtg; Gul;rp ele;NjwpaJ. ,uhZtg; Gul;rpapd; #j;jpujhupahd jsgJ xkhH my; -g\PH ehl;bd; ahg;ig Klf;fpdhH. vjpHf;fl;rpfis jil nra;jhH. ePjpj;Jiwapy; ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fisg; GFj;jpdhH. ,tw;NwhL epWj;jpf; nfhs;shky; ,];yhk; my;yhj njw;NfhL [pfhj; Nghiug; gpufldg;gLj;jpdhH.

Rlhdpd; ,d;dy;fs; Kbe;j ghlhapy;iy. mit njhlHe;jd. 1991 ,y; vj;jpNahg;gpahtpy; nkq;fp];J (Mengitsu)  Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ ,J v];gpvy;V (SPLA) ia gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jdhy; v];gpvy;V  vupj;jpahitj; jskhff; nfhz;L ,aq;fpaJ. vupj;jpah ,];yhkpa [pfhj; jPtputhjpfis fhHl;Uk; (Khartoum) Mjupg;gjhf Fw;wk; rhl;baJ. 1955 ,y; vfpg;gjpa Ml;rpj;jiytH K`hug;igf; nfhiy nra;a Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F vj;jpNahg;gpah Rlhidf; Fw;wk; rhl;baJ.

fhHl;Uk; ,];yhkpa [pfhj; NghuhspfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; gpd; NylDf;Fk;  milf;fyk; nfhLg;gjhf mnkupf;fh Fw;wk;rhl;baJ. 1988 ,y; ieNuhgp kw;Wk; lhH –v]; - ryhk; efuq;fspy; ,aq;fpa mnkupf;f JhJtuhyaq;fs; jhf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J mnkupf;fh Rlhd;  kPJ VTfizfis VtpaJ.

2002 A+iy ,y; njd; RlhDf;F jd;dhl;rp cupik toq;Ftjw;F xU nghJ thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gLk; vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. 2005 rdtup 9 ,y; xU mikjp cld;ghL ifnaOj;jhdJ. ,jd; %yk; 20 Mz;Lfs; njhlHr;rpahf ele;J te;j cs;ehl;Lg; NghUf;F KbT fl;lg;gl;lJ.

2005 xf;Njhgupy; Gjpa ahg;Gk; Gjpa muRk;  eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,jd; %yk; tlf;Ff;F 52 tpOf;fhL epiwNtw;Wg; gjtpfSk; njw;fpw;F 28 tpOf;fhL epiwNtw;Wg; gjtpfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld. njd; Rlhdpy; jd;dhl;rp rl;lrigAk; muR epUthfKk; ; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy;jhd; MAjk; jupj;j ma;ad;dh – Mgpupf;f mikjpg; gilfs; Rlhdpy; epiynfhs;s Rlhdpa muR rk;kjk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

vz;nza; tsk; gilj;j Rlhd; ehl;bd; vjpHfhyk; epue;ju mikjp epyTkh epythjh vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ. (cyfj;jkpoH Xf];l; 03> 2007)   

jd;dpr;irahfr; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;a ,Uf;Fk; nfhNrhNth!

ma;ad;dhtpd; fjTfisj; jl;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ xU ehL. ma;adhtpd; fjTfs; jpwf;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; nfhNrhNth  mjd; 193 MtJ cWg;G ehlhfj; jpfOk;.

mnkupf;fhTk; ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfSk; cUrpahtpd; vjpHg;Gf; fhuzkhf nfhNrhNthtpd; Rje;jpuk; njhlHghd ma;ad;dh jPHkhdj;ijf; iftpl;lij (A+iy 13) mLj;J nfhNrhNth etk;gu; 28 Mk; jpfjp jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldk; (Unilateral Declaration of Independence) xd;iwr; nra;ag; Nghtjhf mwptpj;Js;sJ. mJ njhlHghf nfhNrhNth gpujku; m[pk; nrF (Agim Ceku)  nfhNrhNth ehlhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;l ,Uf;fpwhH.

nfhNrhNt jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;ijr; nra;Jtpl;L ma;aadhit nfhNrhNthit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW Nfl;ff; $Lk;. Nfl;Ltpl;L ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfis tutiof;fyhk;. me;jf; fl;lj;jpy; nfhNrhNttpd; Rje;jpuj;ij vj;jid ehLfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ.

mnkupf;fh xU Rje;jpu nfhNrhNthit Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd mwptpj;Js;sJ.  gpupj;jhdpah> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> n[Hkdp kw;Wk; gpuhd;];  Nghd;w ehLfSk; mt;thW nra;af;$Lk;. rPdh> ,e;Njhdprpah kw;Wk; njd; Mgpupf;fh ma;ak; vOg;gpAs;sd. 

nfhNrhNth jiytHfs; ma;ad;dh xUkpj;j fUj;ij vl;lhJ vd;gij vjpHghHj;Nj te;jdH. ma;ad;dhtpd; mDkjpNahL Rje;jpuk; mila tpUk;gpdhYk; mjw;fhf Mz;Lf;fzf;fpy; fhj;jpUf;f mtHfs; jahuhapy;iy.

ehLfspd; khfhzq;fis Jz;lhLtJ Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhfg; NghuhLk; gpuptpidthjpfsJ iffisg; gyg;gLj;Jk; vdf; $wp cUrpahtpd; ma;ad;dhTf;fhd JhJtH Vitaly Vhurkin vjpHGj; njuptpj;jhH. cUrpahtpw;F KJfpy; Gz;. cUrpahtpy; nrr;rPdpa kf;fs; Rje;jpuk; Nfl;Lg; NghuhLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

nehntk;gH 28 mz;ilehlhd my;Ngdpahtpd; Rje;jpu ehs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. me;j Rje;jpu ehisf; nfhNrhNthtpy; thOk; 90 tpOf;fhL my;NgdpaHfSk; nfhz;lhLfpwhHfs;.

jd;dpr;irahd Rje;jpug; gpufldj;Jf;F nehntk;gH 28 ia nfhNrhNth NjHe;njLj;jpUg;gJ ‘mfz;l my;Ngdpah’ it cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rp vd NrHgpah tUzpj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; me;jf; Fw;wr;rhl;il nfhNrhNthTk; my;NgdpahTk; kWj;Js;sd. 

nfhNrhNth NrHgpa ehl;L ehfupfj;jpd; njhl;by; vd;gJ NrHgpahtpd; thjkhFk;.
NrHgpaiug; nghWj;jstpy; nfhNrhNth mtHfsJ Md;kPf “n[&rykhFk;” MFk;!

nfhNrhNth xNu ghHitapy;

kf;fs;njhif       – 2 kpy;ypad; ( jkpoPok; 3.6 kpy;ypad;)

epyg;gug;G           – 10>887 rfpkP (jkpoPok; 19>509 rfpkP)

jiyefH           – gpwp];uPdh (Pristina – kf;fs; njhif 400>000)

Gyk;ngaHe;j my;NgdpaH – 400>000 – 700>000 (jkpoPok; 800>000)

Gyk;ngaHe;j my;NgdpaH mDg;gp itf;Fk; ntspehl;Lg; gzk; - Mz;nlhd;Wf;F  500 kpy;ypad; nlhyH

ehzak;                      - A+Nwh

nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp (GDP) – 1>895 kpy;ypad; (kjpg;gPL)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

nfhNrhNth my;NgdpaH jdpehL Nfl;Lg; Nghuhba NghJ mtHfsJ Nghuhl;lj;ij Kwpabf;f md;iwa NrHgpa ehl;L Ml;rpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;J ];Nyhgld; kpNyhnrtpf; (Slobodan Milosevic) ,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;L mlf;f Kw;gl;lhH. mjid epWj;j Nel;Nlh ehLfs; NrHgpah kPJ Fz;L tPrpj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpaJ.

me;jr; rz;ilapy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,we;J gl;lhHfs;. ,yf;ff;fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,lk; ngaHe;jhHfs;. rz;il Kbe;j NghJk; NrHgpaHfSk; my;NgdpaHfSk; xw;Wikahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gif czHNthL gpupe;Nj tho;e;jhHfs;. 

Nel;Nlh ehLfs; NrHgpah kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpa NghJ md;iwa A+Nfhrp;yhtpah ehl;bd; Ml;rpj; jiytH ];Nyhnghld; kpNyhnrhtpf; rz;ilia epWj;Jtjw;F mtkhdkhd epge;jidfis Vw;f Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ. mNj rkak; nfhNrhNth tpLjiy ,uhZtk; Rje;jpu nfhnrhNth gw;wpa jPHkhdk; js;spg;gl;Lg; Nghdjpdhy; ftiy mile;jJ. mjw;F Nkyhf nfhNrhNth tpLjiy ,uhZtk; MAjq;fisf; fPno itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidiaAk; mJ tpUk;gtpy;iy. 

nfhNrhNth  ma;ad;dhtpd; fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lhYk; Nel;Nlh ehLfsJ gilfNs mq;F epiynfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. nfhNrhNth ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ljd; Nehf;fk; mq;Nf fhyg; Nghf;fpy; kf;fshl;rpf;F Ntz;ba epiyahd mikg;Gf;fisf; (institutions)  fl;b vOg;GtNj MFk;.

1914 A+d; 14 ,y; mT];jpupa kd;dH Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand ngh];dpa NrHgpaH xUtuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. me;jf; nfhiy KjyhtJ cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd nfhbNaw;wk; Mf mike;jJ.

Aj;j Kbtpy; ntw;wp ngw;w el;G ehLfs; Nghy;f;fd; gpuNjrj;ij $WNghl Kide;jd. mjw;fhf mT];Nwh - `q;Nfup NguuR ( Austro-Hungarian empire) Jz;lhlg;gl;lJ. 1918 ,y; NrHgpaH> FNuhrpaH> gy;N;fupaH>  my;NgdpaH> krpNlhdpaH  xd;whf ,ize;J NrHgpaHfspd; ,uhr;rpak; (Kingdom of Serbs) xd;iw cUthf;fpdhHfs;. gpd;dH 1929 Mk; Mz;L mJ A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;W ngaH khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. A+Nfhrpyhtpah vd;why; njd; ];yht; muR (South Slav state) vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

1934 Mk; Mz;L A+Nfhrpyhtpah kd;dH mnyf;rhe;jH krpNlhdpah Gul;rpthjpfshy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhH. ,ijj; njhlHe;J Nghy;f;fd; ehLfspy; Gul;rp ,af;fq;fs;> Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; jiyJhf;fpd.

,uz;lhtJ cyf Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ ehrp n[Hkdp ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; kPJ gilnaLj;J mtw;iw Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ A+Nfhrpyhtpah ,df; FOf;fsplk; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. ghjpg; NgH n[Hkdpaiu “tpLtpg;ghsH” (Liberators) vdf; $wp tho;j;jp tuNtw;wdH. kPjpg; NgH ehrp n[Hkdpia vjpHj;jdH.

n[Hkdpapd; Mf;fpukpg;ig vjpHj;J ,uz;L nfupy;yh ,af;fq;fs; Nghupl;ld. mjpy; xd;W khH\y; Nahrpg; Gw]; upl;Nuh (Josip Broz Tito ) jiyikapy; Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; MjuNthL Nghupl;lJ.

1943 Mk; Mz;L kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;L upl;Nuh jiyikapy; NrHgpah> FNuhrpah> ];Nyhtpdh> ngh];dpah – n`H];nfhtpdh> krpNlhdpah> nkhd;nuePf;Nwh FbauRfs; mlq;fpa rkTlik A+Nfhrpyhtpa ,izg;Gf; FbauR (Yugolovia Federal Socialist Republic ) gpufldg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpj;jitH upl;Nuh fyg;G ,dj;jtH. ,e;jf; Fbaurpy; NrHgpaHfNs ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtuhf tpsq;fpdhHfs;.

1974 Mk; Mz;by; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Gjpa murpay; ahg;G FNuhrpaH> ];NyhtpdpaH> K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk; my;NgdpaHfsJ Njrpa czHitAk; gpuptpid czHitAk; mjpfupf;f topNfhypaJ. 

1980 ,y; mjpgH upl;Nuh fhykhdhH. mtuJ kiwNthL ,Uk;Gg; gpbf;Fs; mtH itj;jpUe;j A+Nfhrpyhtpah FbauR Fiyaj; njhlq;fpaJ.

NrHgpahtpy; tho;e;j my;Ngdpa rpWghd;ikapdH jq;fSf;F A+Nfhrpyhtpa Fbaurpd; fPo; jd;dhl;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpg; NghuhbdhHfs;.

,tw;why; A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpd; murpay; xUikg;ghL <lhbg; NghdJ. A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbaurpy; cWg;Gupik tfpj;j FNuhrpahTk; ];NyhNtdpahTk; A+d; 25> 1991 ,y; Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;Jtpl;Lj; jdp ehLfshfg; gpupe;jd. ,e;j ,uz;L ehLfisAk; ma;f;fpa .ehLfs; mit 1992 rdtupapy; Gjpa ehLfshf mq;fPfupj;jJ.

1991 Mk; Mz;L nehntk;gH khjk; krpNlhdpah Rje;jpug; gpufldk; nra;jJ. rz;il ,y;yhky; mikjp top A+Nfhrpyhtpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;j xNu ehL krpNlhdpahjhd;.

,jidj; njhlHe;J ngh];dpah 1992 ngg;utup khjj;jpy; jd;idr; Rje;jpuehlhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ. mNj Mz;L Vg;upy; khjj;jpy; mjw;F ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mitapd; mq;fPfuhuk; fpilj;jJ. mNj rkak; A+Nfhrpyhtpah (vQ;rpa) ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mitapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ.

,d;W  NrHgpah - nkhd;nuePf;Nwh ,uz;Lk; kl;LNk gioa A+Nfhrpyhtpah Fbaurpy; vQ;rp ,Uf;Fk; ehLfs; MFk;. mz;;ikapy; nkhd;nuePf;Nwh jdpehlhfg; gpupe;J Nghf KbT nra;Js;sJ.

nfhNrhNth gw;wpa NrHgpaupd; ‘jtdk;’ vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk; epiyik eilKiw cyfpy; Kw;whf khwptpl;lJ. nfhNrhNth NrHgpahtpd; xU gFjpahf ,d;W ,y;iy. NrHgpa gil 1999 Mk; Mz;Nl tYf;fl;lhakhf Nel;Nlh gilahy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L tpl;lJ. mg;NghJ ele;j rz;ilapy; 10>000 my;NgdpaHfs; ,we;jhHfs;. vl;L ,yf;fk; kf;fs; jq;fs; tPL thry;fis iftpl;L XbdhHfs;. nfhnrhNthtpy; thOk; my;NgdpaHfs; kPz;Lk; NrHgpahtpd; nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rpapd; fPo; thoKbahJ vd;w Kbtpy; xUkdj;juhf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. xU jhuhs jd;dhl;rp murpay; mikg;gpd; fPOk; NrHgpaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhNrhNth kf;fs; thor; rk;kjpg;ghHfsh vd;gij  fw;gidapy; $l  epidj;Jg; ghHf;f KbahJ ,Uf;fpwJ. (It is impossible to imagine them accepting a return to Serbian control even under the most generous form of autonomy)

nfhNrhNthtpw;fhd ma;f;fpa ehLfspd; rpwg;Gg; gpujpepjp khu;l;b m`;uprhup (Martti Ahtisaari ) me;j ehl;bw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;FtJ njhlu;ghf rku;g;gpj;j jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nahridfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy; jPu;khdnkhd;iw nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd Kaw;rpia Nkw;FehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jd. NrHgpahtpd; Kf;fpa Nerehlhd cUrpah  tPl;Nlh mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jg; Nghtjhf vr;rupj;jpUe;jJ.

mjidj; njhlu;e;J nfhNrhNthtpw;F Rje;jpuk; toq;Fk; Nahridia mnkupf;fhTk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpa ehLfSk; ghJfhg;Gr; rig jPu;khdk; njhlu;ghd jkJ Kaw;rpia iftplj; jPu;khdpj;jJld nfhNrhNth njhlu;ghd MW ehLfsplk; mjid ifaspf;fj; jPu;khdpj;Js;sd. mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> ngy;[pak;> ,j;jhyp> n[Hkdp kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfNs me;j MW ehLfshFk;. ,e;j ehLfNs ghJfhg;G mitapy; nfhNrhNth njhlHghd Rje;jpuj;Jf;F Mjuthfj; jPHkhdk; nfhz;L te;j ehLfshFk;. ,e;j MW ehLfspy; xd;Wf;fhtJ tPl;Nlh mjpfhuk; fpilahJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ma;ad;dhtpd; tiuTj; jPHkhdk; ma;ad;dhtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s nfhNrhNth epUthfj;ij ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jplk; ifaspf;f topNfhyp ,Uf;Fk;. mg;gbf; ifaspg;gij cUrpahtpd; tPl;Nlh jLj;Jtpl KbahJ. NkYk; nfhNrhNth kPjhd cUrpahtpd; nry;thf;F mfw;wg;gl;LtpLk;.

mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfspd; Kbit cUrpah tuNtw;Ws;sJ. tpad;dhtpy; eilngwTs;s nfhNrhNth njhlu;ghd ehLfspd; khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;sg; Nghtjhf cUrpah njuptpj;Js;sJ. ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy; jPu;khdnkhd;iw nfhz;L tUk; Kaw;rp iftplg;gl;lij Nru;gpahTk; tuNtw;Ws;sJ.

Nru;gpahtpd; ,iwikiaAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; ghJfhj;jjd; %yk; cUrpahTk; Nru;gpahTk; $l;Lf; nfhs;ifnahd;wpy; Kf;fpa ntw;wpiag; ngw;Ws;sd vd Nru;gpag; gpujku; njuptpj;Js;shu;. Nru;gpahtpd; ngUksT epyg;gug;ig ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpf;F vjpuhff; fpilj;j ntw;wp ,JntdTk; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

vdpDk; nfhNrhNth gpujku; m[pk; nrF (Agim Ceku) ghJfhg;G rigapd; KbT Fwpj;J ftiy ntspapl;Ls;shu;. nfhNrhNth Ml;rpj;jiytH ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy; tPl;Nlh mjpfhuKs;s ehnlhd;W jdJ ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ij jLj;J tpl;ljhff; Fw;wk;rhl;bAs;shu;.

ghJfhg;Gr; rigapy; nfhz;L tug;gltpUe;j jPu;khdk; nfhNrhNth njhlu;ghf nghJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bw;F tu KbAkh vdf; fz;lwptjw;fhf 120 ehs;fSf;Fs; ngy;fpNul;Lk; nfhNrhNth my;Ngdpau;fSk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpj;jpUe;jJ.

nfhNrhNth khfhzj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; (2>000>000) my;NgdpaHfs; 90 tpOf;fhl;bdH. vl;L tpOf;fhl;bdH (160>000) NrgpaH. 

1999 Mk; Mz;L Nel;Nlh gilfs; NrHgpad; gilfis nfhNrhNthtpy; ,Ue;J fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wpaijj; njhlHe;J ma;ad;dhtpd; epUthfj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Nel;Nlh mikg;gpd; 16>000 gilapdH jw;NghJ nfhNrhNthtpy; epiynfhz;Ls;shHfs;.

nfhNrhNth nfupyhf;fSf;F vjpuhf NrHgpah ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf elj;jpa rz;ilapy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd nfhNrhNth kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lhHfs;.

vyp tis vd;whYk; jdp tis ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tuyhw;iwg; Gul;bg; ghHj;jhy; rpwpa ehLfis mtw;wpd; tpUg;gj;Jf;F khwhf ngupa ehl;NlhL ,izg;gJ Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;Js;sJ.

,d;W cyfshtpa mstpy; rpWghd;ik Njrpa ,dq;fisr; rhHe;j 80 Nfhb kf;fs; jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fk; tpLjiyf;Fk; NghuhbtUfpwhHfs;.

Gyk;> tuyhW> nkhop> gz;ghL ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa ,dq;fshff; fzpf;fg;gLk; xt;nthU ,dj;Jf;Fk; jd;dhl;rp cupik toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mg;gbr; nra;tjd; %yNk epue;ju cyf rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fyhk;.

ma;f;fpa ehLfs; mit Njhw;wk; ngw;wNghJ mjpy; cWg;Gupik tfpj;j ehLfspd; vz;zpf;if ntWkNd 51 kl;LNk. ,d;W mjd; vz;zpf;if 192 MFk;.  fle;j 12 Mz;Lfspy; (1990-2002) ma;ad;dh  mitapd; cWg;gpdH njhif 159 ,y; ,Ue;J 192 Mf caHe;Js;sJ.

ehLfspd; vy;iyfs; mopj;njOj;j Kbahj nja;tPfk; tha;e;jit my;y. ehLfspd; njhif $bajhy; thdk; ,be;J tpOe;Jtpl tpy;iy. my;yJ G+kp gpse;J tpltpy;iy. khwhf ehLfspd; mjpfupg;G cyf mikjpf;F topNfhypAs;sJ. (cyfj;jkpoH - A+iy 27-07-2007)  

gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; cUrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; ntbj;Js;s  ,uhrje;jpur; rz;il!

cUrpahTf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU ,uhrje;jpur; rz;il %z;Ls;sJ. fle;j A+iy 16 Mk; ehs; gpupj;jhdpa Jiz ntspAwT mikr;rH Nltpl; kpypghd;l; (David Miliband) 4 cUrpa ,uhrje;jpupfis ehl;il tpl;L NtspNaWkhW fl;lis ,l;ljhf gpupj;jhdpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mwptpj;jhH. 

cUrpah gjpybahf tpl;NlNdh ghH vd;W 4 gpupj;jhdpa ,uhrje;jpupfis ehl;il tpl;L 10 ehs;fspy; ntspNaWkhW Nfl;Ls;sJ. mj;NjhL epd;Wtplhky; “gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Mj;jpuk; Cl;Lk; nray;fs; gaq;futhjj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffspy; Nkw;nfhz;L ve;j xj;Jiog;Gk; cUrpah toq;fhJ” vd cUrpa ntspAwTg; Ngr;rhsH njuptpj;Js;shH. NkYk; NgRifapy “gpupj;jhdpah cUrpa ,uhrje;jpupfSf;F vjpuhf vLj;j eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf ,g;gbahd eltbf;ifia ehk; vLf;f gpupj;jhdpah vk;ikj; js;spAs;sJ” vd;whH.

“2002 Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J cUrpah gpupj;jhdpahtplk; tprhuizf;Fj; Njitg;gLk;  21 Ngiu vq;fsplk; xg;gilf;FkhW tpLf;fg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs;fis  epuhfupj;J tpl;lJ” vd cUrpa Jiz ntspAwT mikr;rH mnyf;];rhd;lH FW\;Nfh (Alexander Grushko) Fw;wk; rhl;bAs;shH. 

cUrpahTk; gpupj;jhdpahTk; Vd; ,g;gb mbf;F mb vd ele;J nfhs;fpd;wd?

cUrpa ghJfhg;G mjpfhupahfg; gzpahw;wpa mnyf;rhd;lH ypl;tpndd;Nfh (Aleander Litvinenko) rhTf;Ff; fhuzk; vd vz;zg;gLk; cUrpa tzpfH me;jpNua; YNfhntha;  (Andrei Lugovoi) vd;gtiuj;  jk;kplk; xg;gilf;FkhW cUrpahtplk; gpupj;jhdpah Nfl;lJ. cUrpah kWj;Jtpl;lJ. ,Jjhd; ,UehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; elf;Fk; FLkpr; rz;ilf;Ff; fhuzk;.

gdpg;NghH KbTw;w gpd;dH cUrpahTf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; vOe;Js;s Nkhrkhd neUf;fb ,JthFk;.

,yz;ldpy; tho;e;j mnyf;rhd;lH ypl;tpndd;Nfh kHkkhd Kiwapy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.  me;jpNua; YNfhntha; Fbf;Fk; NjePNuhL fye;J nfhLj;j fjpHeQ;R %yk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH vd;fpwJ gpupj;jhdpa fhty;Jiw (Scotland Yard). mJ Nkw;nfhz;l tprhuizapy; mJ njupate;Js;sJ. mg;gb eQ;#l;b YNfhnthiaf; nfhd;wtH  ypl;tpndd;Nfh vd;w tzpfH vd;gJ fhty;Jiwapd; fz;Lgpbg;G.     

cUrpah - gpupj;jhdpah ,uhrje;jpug; NghH ,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dH fle;j ehd;F rfhg;jq;fshf midj;Jyf murpay; jsj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l xOq;iff; Fiyj;J kPz;Lk; ,UJUt murpYf;F cyif vLj;Jr; nry;yg;Nghfpwjh vd;w Nfs;tpia vOg;gpAs;sJ.

Kd;ida fhyj;jpy; cyfj;ij ,uz;L Nfhl;ghLfs; gpupj;jJ. xd;W jhuhskhd Nkw;F ehLfspd; Rje;jpu re;ijf; Nfhl;ghL.  ,jw;F mnkupf;fh jiyik jhq;fp top elj;jpaJ. kw;wJ NrhryPr fpof;F ehLfspd; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l re;ijf; Nfhl;ghL. ,jw;F Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; jiyik jhq;fp top elj;jpaJ.

mnkupf;fh jdJ ,uhZt gyj;ij mjpfupf;f Nel;Nlh (North  Atlantic Treaty Organisation)  SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation) ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand and America) Nghd;w ghJfhg;G cld;ghLfis vOjpf; nfhz;lJ.

Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaKk; mjd; Ner ehLfshd fpof;F ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfSk; NthHNrh cld;ghl;il (Warsaw Pact)  vOjpf; nfhz;ld.

1990 ,y; fk;A+dprk; tPo;r;rp fz;lJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; Fiye;J Nghapw;W. gdpg; NghH KbTf;F te;jJ. cUrpah xU eLj;ju murhfj; Njhw;wk; nfhz;lJ. Nrhtpaj; xd;wpa fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mZ Mw;wy; epiyaq;fis cUrpah nfhz;bUe;jhYk; nghUshjhu jsj;jpy; jdJ fhypy; epw;f KbahJ jtpj;jJ. 

cUrpahtpd; Kjy; Ml;rpj;jiytH nghwp]; nay;rpd; (Boris Yeltsin) mtHfl;F cUrpah ,oe;j ty;yuR jFjpiag; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f Neuk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. nrr;nrd;ah (Chechnya) gpuptpidg; NghH> Njrpa murpay; thjpfs; elj;jpa ,uhZtg; Gul;rp> nghUshjhu neUf;fb Nghd;wtw;Wf;F Kfk; nfhLf;fNt mtUf;F Neuk; rupahf ,Ue;jJ. Nghjhf;Fiwf;F mtuJ cly; eyk; nrhy;Yk;gbahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. gyj;j Fbfhuuhd mtH mbf;fb cly;eyj;ijAk; ,oe;jhH. Mdhy; mtuJ Xa;it mLj;J gjtpf;F te;j tpybkpH Gl;bd; (Vladimir Putin) cUrpahit kPz;Lk; mjd; fhypy; epw;f itj;jhH.

cyfj;jpy; mjpfsT kjF vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL cUrpah. ,e;j cz;ik gyUf;Fj; njupahJ. fle;j 10 Mz;Lfshf mjpfupj;J tUk; vupnghUl;fspd; tpiy %d;W my;yJ ehd;F klq;F mjpfupj;jJ cUrpahtpd; nghUshjhuj;ij Jhf;fp epWj;jpAs;sJ. ,d;W gy Mapuk; Nfhb ngWkjpahd Neub KjyPLfis cUrpah ngw;Ws;sJ.

mZ Mw;wy;> tYthd nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; tYthd gilazpfs; cUrpahit kPz;Lk; xU ty;yurhf caHj;jpAs;sJ. cUrpahit kPz;Lk; xU Gfo;tha;e;j ty;yurhf caHj;jg; Nghtjhf Gl;bd; #Siuj;Js;shH.

mnkupf;f – cUrpa cwT gdpg;NghH fhyj;ijg; Nghd;Nw ek;gpf;ifaw;w epiyapy; cs;sJ. 1991 Mk; Mz;L NthHNrh cld;ghL KbTf;F te;jJ. Mdhy; mnkupf;fh Nel;Nlh mikg;igf; fiyf;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ. mj;NjhL epy;yhky; Nel;Nlh mikg;ig mnkupf;f tpupthf;fp tUfpwJ. Kd;dH fk;A+dpr ehLfshf ,Ue;j my;Ngdpah> gy;Nfupah> nrr;Nfhrpyhtf;fpNah> fpof;F n[Hkdp> fq;Nfup> Nghye;J> cNuhNkdpah ehLfs; ,d;W Nel;Nlh mikg;gpy; NrHe;Jtpl;ld. ,jid cUrpah ,urpf;ftpy;iy vd;gijr; nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy.

cUrpah mnkupf;fhtpd; mirTffis kl;Lg;gLj;j 1991 Mk; Mz;L 8 Mk; ehs; Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ. ,jpy; gy Kd;dhs; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpa ehLfs; cWg;Gupik tfpj;jd. Mdhy; ,e;j mikg;G epd;W gpbf;ftpy;iy. fy fyf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. gy cWg;G ehLfs; mnkupf;fh gf;fk; rhaj; njhlq;fpd. yj;jPtpah kw;Wk; ypj;Jahdpah Nel;Nlh mikg;gpy; NrHe;J tpl;ld. cf;ngdp];jhd;> cf;fpNud;> NahH[pah (rHthjpfhup ];lhypd; gpwe;j ehL) Nghd;w ehLfs; ,d;W mnkupf;fhtpd; Ner ehLfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

cUrpah ,e;j ehLfSf;F Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;gid nra;Ak; vupnghUs;fspd; tpiyia mjpfupj;jJ. vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thAf; Foha;fisf; $l Kbg; ghHj;jJ. xd;Wk; ngupjhfg; gypf;ftpy;iy. 

cUrpahit tpl mnkupf;fh gf;fk; rha;e;J epd;why; ed;ik mjpfk; vd;W ,e;j ehLfs; epidf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; jdJ gpd; nfhy;iyf;Fs; te;j thiy Ml;Lk; mnkupf;fhit cUrpah ntWg;NghLk; ma;aj;NjhLk; ghHf;fpwJ.

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cUrpah gw;wpa Gs;sp tpguk;

kf;fs; njhif – 143.8 kpy;ypad; (2006 ma;ad;dh kjpg;gPL)

jiyefH; - nkh];fT

gug;gsT – 17 kpy;ypad; rJu fpkP (6.6 kpy;ypad; rJu fy;) gj;J Neu tyaq;fs;

Kf;fpa nkhop   - cUrpad;

Kf;fpa kjk; - fpwpj;jtk;> ,];yhk;

Kf;fpa Vw;Wkjp – vz;nza; kw;Wk; ,aw;if thA. kug;gyiffs;> Ntjpg;nghUs;fs;> ,uhZt jsghlq;fs; kw;Wk; MAjq;fs;.

jdp Ms; tUkhdk; - 4>460 mnkupf;f nlhyHfs;. 

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mnkupf;fh vd;djhd; nrhd;dhYk; cUrpahitj; jiyJhf;f tplhky; jdpikg;gLj;jNt cs;Su tpUk;GfpwJ. mz;ikapy; mnkupf;fh Nghye;J kw;Wk; nrf; FbauR ehLfspy; VTfiz vjpHg;G ftrq;fisAk; ulhH fUtpfisAk; epWtg;Nghtjhf mwptpj;jJ. ntspapy; ,e;j ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL ,uhd; kw;Wk; tl nfhupah Nghd;w FOkhl;L ehLfSf;F vjpuhdJ vd;W nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; cUrpah VTk; VTfizfisj; jLg;gjw;Nf ,e;j Vw;ghL vd;gJ nrhy;yhkNy tpsq;Fk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; fpLf;Fj; jhf;FjYf;Fg; gjpybahf cUrpah ma;Nuhg;gpa kuGtop gil mzpfSf;fhd cld;ghl;by; (Treaty for Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) ,Ue;J tpyFtjhf fle;j fpoik mwptpj;Js;sJ.

cUrpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpj;jhdpa JhJtUf;F vjpuhd MHg;gl;q;fs; ele;Js;sd.

,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy;jhd; mnkupf;fhtpd; el;G ehlhd gpupj;jhdpah ehd;F cUrpa ,uhrje;jpupfis ntspNaw;wpaJ.

cUrpa – gpupj;jhdpa ,uhrje;jpur; rz;ilapy; mnkupf;fh vjpHghHj;jJ NghyNt jdJ Mjuit gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fj; njuptpj;Js;sJ. mnkupf;f ntspAwT nrayhsH nfhd;lyPrh iw]; cUrpah gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F nrtp rha;j;J mnyf;rhd;lH ypl;tpndd;Nfhit gpupj;jhdpahtplk; xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; Nfl;Ls;shH. Mdy; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpa ehLfs; ,e;j ,Ogwpapy; jw;Nghijf;fhtJ xU gf;fKk; rhuhJ epw;fpd;wd.

gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; cUrpahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; Njlg;gLgtHfis xg;gilf;Fk; cld;ghL ,y;iy. mJ kl;Lky;y cUrpahtpd; ahg;G jdJ Fbkfd; xUtiu ,d;ndhU ehl;blk; xg;gilg;gijj; jilnra;fpwJ.

mg;gbnad;why; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Mj;jpu%l;Lk; eltbf;iff;F cz;ikahd fhuzk; vd;d?

fle;j ma;e;J Mz;Lfshf cUrpahtpw;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;shd cwT el;Gk; ,y;iy gifAk; ,y;iy vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; Gl;bdpd; vjpupfSf;F gpupj;jhdpah murpay; milf;fyk; nfhLj;J tUfpwJ. nrr;rPdpahtpd; gpuptpid NfhUk; jiytHfspy; Kf;fpakhd mfkJ rf;fnat; (Akhmed Xakayev) Gl;bdpd; guk vjpup. mt;thNw Kd;dhs; Nf[pgp (KGB) csT epWtdj;jpd; csthspahd me;jpNua; YNfhntha;  Gl;bDf;F Ntz;lg;glhjtH.

,tHfs; vy;NyhUk; gpupj;jhdpazhtpy; murpay; milf;fyk; GFe;jJ kl;Lky;y Gl;bDf;F vjpuhd murpay; eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; jhuskhf mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. Vwf;Fiwa mtHfs; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; tpUe;jhspfshfNt elj;jg;gLfpwhHfs;.

mNj Neuk; gpupj;jhdpahTk; cUrpahthy; Njlg;gLk; Gl;bdpd; murpay; vjpupahd nghup]; ngnu];fpia xg;gilf;FkhW tpLj;j Nfhupf;ifia gpupj;jhdpah epuhfupj;J tpl;lJ.  Gz;zpy; cg;igf; fiug;gJ Nghy  gpupj;jhdpah ngnu];fpf;F murpay; milf;fyk; nfhLj;Js;sJ.

cUrpah – gpupj;jhdpa ,uhrje;jpur; rz;il vJtiu NghFk;? my;yJ vq;F Ngha; epw;Fk;? fhye;jhd; ,jw;F gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,g;Nghijf;F cUrpahNth gpupj;jhdpahNth gbapwq;fp tUtjw;fhd mwpFwp vJTk; fz;Zf;Fj; njd;gltpy;iy. (cyfj;jkpoH - A+iy 20>2007) 

gpsT gl;Lg;Nghd ghy];jPdpa mjpfhu mit

ef;fPud;

Ch ,uz;Lgl;lhy; $j;jhbf;Ff; nfhz;lhl;lk; vd;W Cupy; nrhy;thHfs;. ,g;NghJ ghyh];jPdk; ,uz;L Jz;Lfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ.

fh]h gFjp `hkh]; ,af;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. Nkw;Ff;fiu ghy];jPdpa tpLjiy mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Ls; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.

,g;gb ghy];jPdpaHfs; jq;fSf;Fs; Kl;b Nkhjpf; nfhz;L gpsTgl;L epw;gjpy; ,];NuYf;F nkj;j kfpo;r;rp. ,];NuYf;F kl;Lky;y mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpa ehLfSf;Fk; mstplhj kfpo;r;rpjhd;. 

ghy];jPd mjpfhu mitf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; epjpAjtpia epWj;jp itj;jpUe;j mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ,g;NghJ Ml;;rpj;jiytH kt;%l; mgh]; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s Nkw;Ff; fiuf;F kPsf; nfhLf;f Kd;te;Js;sJ. ,];NuYk;  ghy];jPdpa kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J jpul;ba Rq;ftup Nghd;wtw;iw jpUk;gpf;nfhLf;f KbT nra;Js;sJ.

kPz;Lk; ghy];jPdpa mjpfhu mitf;F epjpAjtpiaf; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; ghy];jPdpa kf;fis mnkupf;fh> ,];Nuy; kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak; gpupf;f Kay;tjhf Kd;dhs; mnkupf;f Ml;rpj;jiytH [pkp fhl;lH Fw;wk; rhl;bAs;shH. 2006 Mk; ele;j NjHjypy; ntw;wp ngw;w `hkhir G\; epUthfk; Vw;f kWj;jJ ‘fpwpkpdy;’ Fw;wk; vdr; rhbAs;shH. maHyhe;J ehl;by; ele;j kdpjTupik khehl;bNyNa (Forum on Human Rights) 83 mfitiaj; jhz;ba fhl;lH jdJ fhl;lkhd fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhH.

A+d; khj eLg;gFjpapy;  kt;%l; mg;ghrpd; gl;lh ,af;fj;Jf;Fk; `hkh]; MAjjhupfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j rz;ilapy; gl;lh ,af;fj;ij `hkh]; Gwq;fz;lJ. `hkh]; KO fh]h gFjpiaAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Lte;jJ. mNj Neuk; gl;lh ,af;fk;  Nkw;Ff;fiug; gFjp kPJ itj;jpUf;Fk; jdJ gpbia NkYk; ,Wf;fpaJ. ehlhSkd;wk; cl;gl nghJf; fl;blq;fisf;  gl;lh ,af;fk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

A+d; 17 Mk; ehs; Ml;rpj;jiytH mg;gh]; `hkh]; jiyikapyhd ma;f;fpa muirf; fiyj;Jtpl;L Gjpa muir epWtpdhH. Nkw;Ff;fiug; gFjpapy; 2. 6 kpy;ypad; ghy];jPdpaHfSk; fh]h gFjpapy; 1. 3 kpy;ypad; ghy];jPdpaHfSk; tho;fpwhHfs;. ,];Nuy; fh]h gFjpf;Fs; mbg;gil czT kw;Wk; mj;jpahtrpa nghUs;fis vLj;Jr; nry;y mDkjpj;Js;sJ.  

gjtp gwp;f;fg;gl;l gpujkH ,];kapy; `hdpah fh]h gFjpapy; Nghl;b muir epWtkhl;Nlhk; vd mwptpj;Js;shH.

mnkupf;fh jdf;F Mkhk; rhkp NghLk; jiytHfisj;jhd; Ml;rpapy; mkHj;jp moF ghHf;fpwJ. Mg;fdp];jhdpy; Ml;rpj;jiytH Mf  `hkpl; f`hup. ,uhf;fpy; Ehup my; kypf;fp ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.  nygndd; kw;Wk; NrhkhypahtpYk; mnkupf;f MjuthsHfNs gjtpapy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.  ,g;NghJ ghy];jPd mjpfhu mitapYk; mnkupf;f MjuT kt;%l; mg;gh]; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;fpwhH. mtiug; ghy];jPdpaHfs;> Fwpg;ghf `kh]; MjuthsHfs;>  mnkupf;f murpd; ifahshfNt ghHf;fpwhHfs;. mJ kl;Lky;y ghy];jPdpa kf;fs; mnkupf;fh> ,];Nuy; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f Mjuthd muG muRfs; Mfpatw;iwj; jq;fsJ vjpupfshfNt ghHf;fpwhHfs;.

,];NuYf;F vjpuhd ghy];jPdpa kf;fsJ fpsHr;rpia mlf;f mnkupf;fh 4>000 Mapuk; Nfhb nlhyHfis ,uhZt cjtpahf toq;fpaJ. ,e;j epjpAjtpiaf; nfhz;L ,];Nuy; mNj mnkupf;ftplk; ,Ue;J F-16 NghH tpkhdq;fs;> gPuq;fpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l cyq;FthDhHjpfs>; Jg;ghf;fpfs;> Njhl;lhf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw thq;fpf; Ftpj;jJ. 

gug;gsT

Nkw;Ff;fiu          -   5>970 rfpkP (2>305 riky;)
fh]h               -    365 rfpkP  (141 riky;)
,];Nuy;             -  22>072 rfpkP (8>522 riky;)

kf;fs; njhif

Nkw;Ff;fiu          -   2. 6 (2006)
fh]h               -   1. 3 (2006)
,];Nuy;             -   6. 9 kpy;ypad; (2006) 

nkhop          -  muhG> `Pg;G& (`Pg;GU nkhopia ghy];jPdpaUk; NgRfpd;wdH). Mq;fpyk; nghJnkhop.

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cyfnkq;Fk; miyf;fopf;fg;gl;L ehNlhbfshfr; Rw;wpj; jpupe;j A+ju;fs; Njhuhakhf 2000 Mz;Lfs; tiu fpwp];jtupd; nfhLikfSf;F Mshfp te;Js;sdu;. n[u;kdpapy; 1933 - 1945 fhyg; gFjpapy; `pl;yupd; nfhLikfSf;F Mshd A+ju;fSs; mz;zsthf 50 yl;rk; Ngu; rpj;jputij nra;ag;gl;L ,we;Js;sdu;.  cyfpy; rpjwp tho;e;j mtu;fSf;F Mgpupf;fhtpy; xU ehl;il cUthf;f mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; gpupj;jhdpah Kd;te;jd. Mdhy; mjid A+jHfs; epuhfupj;J tpl;lhHfs;. .

fpgp 1896 ,y; jpNahlu; n`u;];y; (Theodor Herzl ( 1860-1904)  A+j kf;fSf;F xU jhafk; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;fp Der Judenstaat (A+j ehL) vd;w ngaupy;  xU E}iy vOjpdhu;. fp.gp.1897 ,y; Kjypy; 6 A+j nry;te;jHfs; ,tuJ E}ypd; fUj;Jf;fis Muha;e;jdu;. gpd;du; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; 29-31/8/1897 ,y; $ba A+j mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; nry;te;ju;fs; 204 Ngu; jq;fSf;F gy];jPdpy; xU jhafk;  Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbntLj;jdu;.

cyf A+j fhq;fpu]; (The World Jewish Congress) vd mioj;Jf; nfhz;l mtu;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;ij ma;e;;J Mz;Lfspy; epiwNtw;w KbntLj;jdu;.

,ijj; njhlu;e;J ,j;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j gzk; Njitg;gl;ljhy; A+ju;fspd; Njrpa epjp (Jewish National Fund) vd;w ngaupy; epjpak; xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdH.

epyk; thq;fntd epy tq;fp (Land Bank) xd;iwj; njhlq;fpdhH. mNjhL jkf;nfd `Pg;W nkhopapy; ehl;Lg; gz;izAk;  cUthf;fpdhHfs;.  jkpopy; ek;gpf;if vd;w fUj;ij jUk; mjd; `Pg;U ngau; Hatikvah vd;gjhFk;. ,itaidj;ijAk; mT];jpupa ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jpNahlu; `u;];y; vd;gtNu Vw;ghL nra;jhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,ijj; njhlhe;J cyf ehLfspypUe;J ghy];jPd; Nehf;fp A+ju;fs; tuyhapdu;. mjd; tpisthf 1917 ,y;; ghy];jPdpd; kf;fs;;njhif K];ypk;fs; 567>000 - A+ju;fs; 70>000 kw;Wk; fpwp];jtu;fs; 63>000 vd ,Ue;jJ. 1917 ,y; ghy];jPd; gpupl;ldpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s ehlhf khwpaJld; mtu;fsJ gilAk; mq;F Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. 

mg;NghJ gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ntspehl;L mYty;fSf;Fr; nrayhsuhf ,Ue;j Mju; ngy;/gu; vd;gtu; xU mwptpj;jiy ntspapl;lhu;. mJ 1917 etk;gu; 2 Mk; ehs;  ntspaplg;gl;lJ. me;j mwptpj;jiy ntspapl gpupj;jhdpa muRf;Fj; njhlu;e;J MjuT  toq;fpatu; nrapk; nta;];Nkd; (1874-1952) vd;w cUrpa A+juhthu;. ,tu; A+j–rpadp] mikg;gpd; (1948-1952) jiytuhthu;. gpd;dH n[&]yk; `Pg;U gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; flikahw;wpdhu;.

,ijj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpahtpd; vy;yh tifahd cjtp xj;jhirfSlDk;  mtu;fsJ gilgyj;JlDk; A+ju;fs; gy ehLfspypUe;J te;J FbNawyhapdu;. ntF tpiutpy; ghy];jPdpaHfis mtHfsJ ,Ug;gplq;fspy; ,Ue;J Juj;jj; njhlq;fpdhHfs;.  

1948 ,y; ghy];jPdpaHfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd 400 Fk; mjpfkhd CHfs; A+j rpNahdp]thjpfs; trkhapd. mtw;wpy; tho;e;j K];ypk;fs; rpyH nfhy;yg;gl;ldH. vQ;rpatHfs; mfjpfshapdu;.  

fp.gp.1922 ,y; mnkupf;fh mjd; ,U rigfspYk; A+ju;fSf;fhd xU ehL gy];jPd; kz;zpy; miktjw;F Mjuthd $l;Lj; jPu;khdq;fis epiwNtw;wpaJ. 1939-5-17 ,y; gpupl;ldpd; fhydpj;Jt ehLfs; njhlu;ghd mYty;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rH nky;fk; nkf;nlhdhy;l; vd;gtu; rku;g;gpj;j nts;isawpf;if xd;wpy; ,d;Dk; 10 Mz;LfSs A+ju;fisAk; gy];jPd muG kf;fisAk; nfhz;l Rje;jpu gy];jPd; ehnlhd;iw  jkJ ehL mikf;Fk; Mty; nfhz;Ls;sJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

cz;ikapy; ,J ghy];jPidf; $W NghLk; jpl;lkhFk;. KOf;f KOf;f ghy];jPd kf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gy];jPid A+ju;fSf;Fg; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk; epiy ,jd; %yk; cUthfpaJ. ,t;twpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l NghJ ghy];jPdpy; FbNawpapUe;j ntspehl;L A+ju;fs; vz;zpf;if 445>000 Mf caHe;Jtpl;lJ. .

cz;ikapy; gy];jPd; Jz;lhlg;gLtjpy; njhlf;f  Kjy; ,Wjptiu KO %r;rhf A+ju;fs; rhu;ghf ele;J nfhz;l ehL gpupj;jhdpah MFk;.  ,yq;if cl;gl cyfpd; gy ehLfspy; rpf;fy;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJk; gpupj;jhdpahNt!  

If;fpa ehLfs; rig mjd; nghJr; rigapy; epiwNtw;wpa vz; 181(II) jPu;khdj;jpw;F xg;g 1947 etk;gu; 29 Mk; ehs; gy];jPd G+kp mjd; G+u;tPff; Fbfshd gy];jPdUf;Fk; (45.53%)  A+ju;fSf;Fk; (56.47%;) ,ilapy; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLtij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.  mj;Jld; n[&]yk; gd;dhl;L epyg;gug;ghf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mj;jPu;khdk; $wpw;W.

gpupj;jhdpah 1948-5-14 ,y; ghy];jPdj;ij tpl;L tpyFtjw;F Maj;jkhdJ. md;wpuT 10 kzpastpy; A+j Njrpa rig ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J ,];Nuy; vd;nwhU ehl;ilg; gpufldg;gLj;jpd. mjd; Ml;rpj;jiytuhf  ]hapk; nta;];Nkd;Dk; gpujkuhf Nltpl; ngd; FupaDk; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

,];Nuy; ehl;il ma;ad;dhtpy; cWg;Gupik tfpj;j 56 ehLfspy; 33 ehLfs; MjuthfTk; 13 ehLfs; vjpu;j;J thf;fspj;jd. 10 ehLfs; thf;fspg;gpy; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy.

,];Nuy; cUthfp rpy kzpfspy; mnkupf;fh mjid mq;fPfupj;jJ.  mLj;J Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; mq;fPfupj;jJ.

,d;W ,];Nuy; cyfpd; gyk; tha;e;j ehnlhd;whf cUthfpAs;sJ. ,e;j epiyf;F mijf; nfhz;L tUtjpy; mnkupf;f muR mjpf mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; mnkupf;fhtpy; thOk; 10 kpy;ypad; A+jHfsJ gz gyKk; murpay; nry;thf;Fk; MFk;.

ehby;yhJ ehNlhbfshf miye;j A+jHfSf;F xU ehl;il cUthf;f vLj;j Kaw;rp ghy];jPdpaHfs; jq;fsJ ehl;il ,of;f itj;Jtpl;lJ. ghy];jPdpa ehl;bd; 80 tpOf;fhL ,d;W A+jHfs; ifapy; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

Nkw;Ff;fiu kw;Wk; fh]h vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;l ghy];jPdpaj;jpd; vjpHfhyk; ,d;iwa cyf xOq;fpy; mnkupf;fhtpd; iffspNyNa ,Uf;fpwJ.   (cyfj;jkpoH - A+d; 24> 2007)

ghfp];jhdpy; NghHf;nfhb Jhf;fpAs;s ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs;

ghfp];jhdpy; mbg;gil ,];yhkpa jPtputhjpfSf;Fk; Ml;rpahsHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa gyj;j Nkhjy; epiy cUthfpAs;sJ.

ghfp];jhd; jiyefH ,];yhkhghj;jpy; cs;s yhy; kR+jpia ,uhZtk; Rw;wp tisj;Js;sJ. yhy; kR+jpg; gFjpy; jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; ,y;yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfSf;Fk; ,uhZtj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; %d;W ehs;fshf ele;j Nkhjypy; Fiwe;jJ 19 NgH ,we;jhHfs;. 150 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;ltHfs; gyj;j fhaj;Jf;F cs;shdhHfs;.  ,tu;fspy; 30 Ngu; Jg;ghf;fpf; Fz;LfshYk; vidNahu; fz;zPu; GifahYk; ghjpg;gile;Js;sdu;.

Nkhjypy; gypahdtu;fspy; 4 khztu;fSk; giltPuu; xUtUk; cs;slq;FtH. njhiyf;fhl;rp glg;gpbg;ghsu; xUtUk; nghJkf;fSk; ,k;NkhjYf;Fs; mfg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

murhq;f mYtyfk; xd;wpw;F mUfpYs;s fhty; epiyankhd;wpy; khztu;fs; jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dNu Nkhjy;fs; cUthfpaJ.  

,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs; MAjq;fis xg;gilj;Jtpl;L ruz; milAkhW ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdH fl;lis gpwg;gpj;Js;;sdH. k#jpia tpl;L ntspNawpatHfis fhty;Jiw ifJ nra;Js;sJ.

MAjq;fis xg;gilj;Jtpl;L khztu;fs; ruzile;jhy; khztu;fSf;F vjpuhf ve;jnthU eltbf;ifAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ vdj; njuptpj;Js;s cs;ehl;L gjpy; mikr;ru; \thu; Nthiur;. mtu;fs; NkhjYf;F Kaw;rpj;jhy; Rlg;gLthu;fs; vdj; njuptpj;Js;sJld; xU Jg;ghf;fp uitf;F ,d;DnkhU Jg;ghf;fp uit gjpyhf ,Uf;Fk; vdj; njuptpj;Js;shu;.

k#jpiar; Rw;wpYk; Kl;fk;gp Ntyp Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpd; toq;fy; Jz;bf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.  Rw;wpAs;s gFjpapy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 24 kzpNeu Culq;fr; rl;lk; mwpptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g; gFjpapYs;s Clftpayhsu;fSk; ntspNaw;wg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

muRf;Fk; ,k; khzt mikg;gpd; jiytu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; ,khk;fs; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wNghJk; ,jw;F rhjfkhd mwpFwp vJTk; njd;gltpy;iy vdj; njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ngr;Rf;fs; eilngWtjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fs; ,q;fpy;iy vd kR+jpfspd; cl;gf;fj;jpypUe;J njhiyNgrp %yk; uha;l;lUf;Fj; njuptpj;Js;s khztu; mikg;gpd; gjpy; jiytu; mg;Jy; uh]pl; `h]p Kjypy; muR  jdJ eltbf;ifapid epWj;jpdhy; kl;LNk Ngr;Rf;fs; njhlu;ghf rpe;jpf;fyhk; vdj; njuptpj;Js;shu;.

yhy; k#jpapd; jiyik  ,khk; kTyhdh mg;Jy; mrP]; vd;gtuhtH. ,tH gHjh cilazpe;J k#jpapy; ,Ue;J NtspNawpa NghJ (Gjd;fpoik) fhty;Jiwahy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhH. jPtputhj khztHfs; xd;wpy; ruz; mila Ntz;Lk; my;yJ jg;gp XlNtz;Lk; vd;w Ntz;LNfhis tpLj;Js;shH.

“vdf;fhf ePq;fs; cq;fs; capiu <if nra;af; $lhJ” vd mtH Nfl;Ls;shH.

yhy; k#jp elj;Jk; gs;spfspNyNa ghfp];jhdpd; murpay;thjpfs;> gpujkHfs;> mikr;rHfs;> gilj;jsgjpfs; jq;fs; gps;isfisg; gbf;f itj;jhHfs;.

mz;ikf;fhykhf ,e;j k#jpNa K\;uhit nfhiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; vdw $g;ghLf;F ,Ug;gplkhf tpsq;fp te;jJ. 

Kd;dH ghfp];jhdpa gilfs; k#jp tshfj;ij CLUtp cs;Ns Eioa Kw;gl;lhy; jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gLk; vd mbg;gilthjpfshy; vr;rupf;if tplg;gl;lJ. khztHfs; “rhfj; jahuhf” ,Ug;gjhf ntspapy; te;jtHfs; njuptpj;jhHfs;.

,e;j mbg;gilthjpfSf;F kf;fspilNa MjuT ,y;iy vd;gJ MWjy; jUk; nra;jpahFk;. ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; kf;fs; muR vLj;j eltbf;ifia ,l;L kfpo;r;rp mile;Js;sjhfj; njupfpwJ. Mdhy; mbg;gilthjpfsJ Nfhl;ilahff; fUjg;gLk; tl-Nkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy; thOk; kf;fs; khztHfis Mjupf;fpwhHfs;. khztHfspy; ngUkghNyhH me;j khfhzj;ijr; NrHe;jtHfs;.

k#jpapy; RkhH 1>000 NgH mstpy;  milgl;Lf; fplf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; rpyH MAjk; itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. cs;Ns milg;gl;Lf; fplg;gtHfspy; ngUk;ghNyhH ngz;fs; kw;Wk; khztpfs; MtH.

,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs; ghfp];jhd; muR rhupah rl;lj;ij ,];yhkhghj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;JkhW Nfhupf;if itj;Js;shHfs;. rpwpJ fhykhfNt ,e;j khztHfs; rl;lj;ijj; jq;fs; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L rpfg;G tpsf;Fg; gFjpfspy; ghypay; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s ngz;fis ifJ nra;J jypghd; ghzpapy; jz;lid toq;fp te;jhHfs;.

,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs; if fhy;fis tUbg; gpbj;JtpLk; rPd mofpfis flj;jpaNghJjhd; epiyik fl;L kPwpg; Nghtjhf muR epidj;jJ. jd; gq;Ff;F rPdh jdJ ehl;L Fbkf;fs; mbg;gilthjpfshy; flj;jg;gl;ljw;F fLikahd vjpHg;Gj; njuptpj;jJ. 

rhupah vd;gJ ,];yhkpa kjr; rl;lkhFk;. ,e;j muG nkhopr; nrhy;ypd;   nghUs; top my;yJ ghij vd;gjhFk;. rhupah FuhidAk; (,];yhkpd; Gdpj Ehy;) `jpj;ijAk; (KfkJ egpfspd; nghd;nkhopfs;) ,uz;ilAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L njhFf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; MFk;. 

,e;jr; rl;lk; K];ypk;fsJ ehshe;j jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJ tho;f;ifia KOikahf xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. murpay;> nghUspay;> fhg;gfk;> tzpfk;> cld;gbf;if> FLk;gk;> ghypay;. Jg;guT kw;Wk; rKjhak; njhlHghd rfytw;iwAk; rhupah rl;lk; xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.

,];yhkpa kjk; Vida kjq;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;whf NtWgLfpwJ. njhOiff;Fupa k#jpfNs murpay; gw;wpg; NgrTk; thjpf;fTk; Njhjhd ,lkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. nts;spf;fpoikj; njhOiff;Fg; gpd;dNu K];ypk;fs; MHg;ghl;lq;fspy; <LgLtij tof;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;shHfs;.

fpwpj;Jt rkak;> rkaj;ijAk; murpaiyAk; fyg;gjpy;iy. fpwpj;Jt ehLfspy; rkaKk; muRk; gpupj;Nj itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,uhZtKk; Jiz ,uhZtKk; k#jp tshfj;ijAk; mjd; mUfpYs;s gs;spf;$lj;ijAk; Rw;wp tisj;Js;shHfs;. %d;W  ,lq;fspy; kjpiy cilj;J cs;GFe;Js;sdH.

,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs; kPJ fLk; eltbf;if vLf;fj; jtwptpl;ljhf Ml;rpj; jiytH jsgjp Ngu]; K\hut; kPJ fz;ldk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fle;j ,uz;L fpoikahf mtH jdJ gjtpiaf; fhg;ghw;w fLk; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;shH. vjpHf;fl;rpapdupd; NghH KuR nfhl;bf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

ehl;bd; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F vjpuhd Ngu]; K\;uhtpd; rz;il mtuJ gbkj;ij kOq;fbj;Js;sJ.

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfSf;F vjpuhf K\;uht; fLk; eltbf;if vLf;fj; jtwptpl;ljhy; mtuJ Nkw;Fyf el;G ehLfs; nghWik ,oe;J te;jd.

f\;kPupy; ,e;jpag; gilfSf;F vjpuhd jhf;Fjy;fis Kw;W KOjhf ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfNs elhj;jp tUfpwhHfs;. ,tHfs; ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtj;NjhL neUq;fpa cwT itj;Js;shHfs;. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhJ ghfp];jhdpd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;iff;F VJthf ,e;j mbg;gilthjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwhHfs;.

yhy; k#jpr; rpf;fy; K\;uhitj; jhf;f Jhq;fpf; fple;j vjpHf;fl;rpfSf;F ngupa jbiaf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.

,e;j Mz;bd; Kjy; MW khjj;jpy; Mg;fdp];jhdpy; jypghd;fs; jq;fs; jhf;Fjy;fisj; jPtpug;gLj;jpaJ  Nkw;F ehl;L jiyefuq;fspy; ftiyia mjpfupj;jJ.

Mdhy; ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfs; kPJ fLk; eltbf;if vLf;FkhW ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F fle;j %d;W ehs;fshf K\;uht; fhl;b tUk; gr;irf;nfhb  mtuJ gbkj;ij kPz;Lk; Jhf;fp epWj;jpAs;sJ. gjtpapy; vl;L Mz;Lfs; ePbj;Jtpl;l K\;uht; NkYk; njhlHe;J me;jg; gjtpapy; njhlUk; tha;g;ig mjpfupj;Js;sJ. 

 ,uz;lhtJ cyfg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;dH ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjk; jiyJhf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. kw;iwa kjq;fspYk; xU kWrpe;jid Vw;gl;lhYk; mJ ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjj;ij xj;jjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

,d;iwa xw;iwj; JUt  ty;yuR fhyj;jpy; mjw;F vjpuhf ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjNk Nkhjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

kj;jpa fpof;F> Mgpupf;fh> ,e;Njhdprpah> kNyrpah> ghfp];jhd;> Mg;fdp];jhd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjk; ngupa murpay; rf;jpahf vOe;J epw;fpwJ.

1917 Mk; Mz;L cUrpahtpy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rp jPtpu ,];yhkpa ,af;fq;fSf;F Gj;Japy; nfhLj;jJ.

,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;dH ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjk; vjpHg; Gul;rp rf;jpfSf;F MjuT nfhLj;jd.

,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjpfSf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rp nfhLj;J> MAjk; toq;fp mtHfis Mg;fdp];jhdpy; cUrpahTf;F vjppuhf mnkupf;fh Vtptpl;lJ. ,jw;fhf rpma;V Nfhbf;fzf;fhd nlhyHfisr; nryopj;jJ.

1996 ,y; fhGy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ljw;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; mnkupf;fhTf;Fk; jypghDf;Fk; ,ilapy; nra;Jnfhz;l ,ufrpa cld;gbf;ifahFk;.

,Ue;Jk; ,d;W ,uhd; ePq;fyhf ,];yhkpa jPtputhjk; ,];yhkpa ehLfspy; gue;Jgl;l rKjha mbj;jsj;ij cUthf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ.

ghfp];jhdpy; ,];yhkpa mbg;gilthjf; fl;rpfs; 5 tpOf;fhl;L thf;FfSf;F  Nky; ngwKbatpy;iy.

yhy; k#jpapy; NghHf;nfhb Jhf;fpAs;s ,];yhkpa jPtputhjpfis ghfp];jhdpa gilfs; mg;Gwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mJ ghfpe;jhDf;F cs;Sk; cyfshtpa kl;lj;jpYk; ,];yhkpa jPtputhjj;Jf;F  ngupa gpd;dilthf ,Uf;Fk;.   (cyfj;jkpoH - A+iy> 2007)

,oe;j tho;Tupikia kPz;Lk; ngWk; bNfh fhHrpah kf;fs;

%Hj;jp rpwpnjd;whYk; fPHj;jp ngupnjd;W gf;jHfs; nrhy;thHfs;.  

jPT rpwpnjd;whYk; mjd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngupJ.

bNfh fhHrpah. rhjhuz MSf;F kl;Lky;y Gtpapay; gbj;jtuJ thapy; $l  ,Nyrpy; Eioa Kbahj nrhy;. ,J xU Mspd; ngauy;y. cyfg; ge;jpd; xU %iyapy; ahH ghHitapYk; glhj xU jPtpd; ngaH.

Mdhy; mnkupf;fhitg; nghWj;jstpy; ,e;Jg; ngUq;flypy; cs;s 66 rJu fpkP ;  gug;Gila bNfh fhHrpah jPT cyfpy; kpfTk; tpiykjpf;f Kbahj njhj;jhFk;.

bNfh fhHrpah cl;gl rhNfh]; (Chagos) jPTfspy; tho;e;j goq;Fb kf;fs; 60 fspYk; 70 fspYk; mq;fpUe;J gpupj;jhdpah murhy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;.

ntspNaw;wg;gl;ljw;Ff; fhuzk; gpupj;jhdpa me;jj; jPit mnkupf;fhtpw;F ePz;l fhy thuj;Jf;F (Fj;jiff;F) 1966 ,y; nfhLj;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;jf; Fj;jif 2016 kl;Lk; ePbf;Fk;.  ,d;W bNfh fhHrpah njw;fhrpahtpy; cs;s mnkupf;fhtpd; kpfg; ngupa gilj; jskhFk;.

rhNfh]; jPTfs; gw;wpa Kf;fpa juTfs; gpd;tUkhW.

KOg;ngaH – gpupj;jhdpa ,e;jpa ngUq;fly; Ml;Gyk; (British Indian Ocean Territory)  rhNfh]; jPTfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s 66 jPTfspy; Kf;fpa jPT bNfh fhHrpah.

,Ug;G - epiuNfhL 72.25 ghif fpof;F. FWf;Ff;NfhL 7.20 ghif njw;F. ,e;jj; jPTfs; njd; ,e;jpahTf;F 1>000 fy; njw;fpYk; Mgpupf;fhTf;Fk; ,e;NjhdprpahTf;Fk; ,ilapYk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

gug;gusT – 54>400 rJu fpkP (ngUk;ghYk; ngUq;fly;). epymsT 66 rJu fpkP kl;LNk. flNyhu ePsk; 698 fpkP. fly; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J 2 kPl;lUf;F Nky; caukhd epyk; ,y;iy. Fjpiu ,yhlk; tbtpy; mike;Js;s ,e;jj; jPT xU ,aw;ifj; JiwKfk; MFk;. mnkupf;fhtpd; KOf;flw;gilf; fg;gy;fSk; mq;F jq;fp epw;f KbAk;. ePz;l tpkhd XLghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

tsk; - njd;id ngUkstpy; gapuplg;gLfpwJ. jPitr; Rw;wpa flypy; 700 f;Fk; mjpfkhd kPdpdq;fs; tho;fpd;wd.

kf;fs;njhif – 1965 ,y; mq;F tho;e;j RkhH 1>500 NgH mnkupf;fh gilj;jsk; mikf;f trjpahf nkhuprpa]; kw;Wk; rPnry;]; jPTfspy; gyte;jkhff; FbNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;. ,g;NghJ ,e;jj; jPTfspy; RkhH 1>700 mnkupf;f gilapdUk; 1>500 cld;gbf;ifahsHfSk; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. 

tuyhW – 16 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l ,e;jj; jPTfs; Kjypy; gpuQ;R ehl;bd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. gpd; xy;yhe;jH> gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa fk;gdp vdf; ifkhwpaJ. nkhNurpa]; jPNthL ,iz;f;fg;gl;bUe;j rhNkh]; jPit 1965 ,y; 3 kpy;ypad; gTZf;F gpupj;hdpah tpiyf;F thq;fpaJ.

mWgJfspYk; vOgJfspYk; ,e;Jg; ngUq;flypy; ,Ue;j 66 gtog;ghiwj; jPTfspy; tho;e;j RkhH 1>500 NgH mq;fpUe;J fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;. 1776 ,y; klf];f;fH> nkhrhk;gpf; kw;Wk; nrdfy; ehLfspy; ,Ue;j mbikfis gpuQ;Rf;fhuHfs; ,e;jj; jPTfspy; FbakHj;jpdhHfs;. 

bNfh fhHrpahit gpupj;jhdpah mnkupf;fhtpw;F 1966 Mk; Mz;L Fj;jiff;F vOjpf; nfhLj;jJ.

gj;njhd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpf;F cs;gl;l ,e;j kf;fs; nrhe;jkhf tPL thry;fs; fl;b tho;e;jhHfs;. xUtpj fyg;G nkhop (Careole) Ngrpa ,e;j kf;fs; jhq;fs; tho;e;j jPTfis  nrhHf;fk; vd rpj;jpupj;jhHfs;!

Mdhy; ,e;jj; jPTfspy; Kf;fpa jPthd bNfh fhHrpahtpy; ghupa   mnkupf;f gilj;jsk; mikg;gjw;fhf rhf;Nfhrpah jPTfspy;  tho;e;j ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fs; nkhuPrpa]; kw;Wk; rPnry;]; ehLfSf;F fl;lhakhf mDg;gg;gl;lhHfs;.

bNfh fhHrpah gpupj;jhdpahtplk; ,Ue;J mnkupf;fhtpw;Ff; ifkhwpaJk; mnkupf;f flw;gilapd; fl;Lkhdg; gzpahsHfs; bNfh Nfhrpahtpy; (1971 - 01 -23); te;J ,wq;fpdhHfs;. 1971 - 03- 09 ,y; mnkupf;f flw;gilf; fg;gy; Nornon Country bNfh fhHrpah te;J eq;$uk; ,l;lJ. mjpy; ,Ue;J flw;gilj;jsk; fl;Ltjw;fhd fl;Lkhdj; jsghlq;fs; ,wf;fg;gl;ld. 1971 -07 -28 ,y; ,e;j fl;Lkhdg; gzp KbTw;wJ.

1975 - 1976 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jj; jsj;ij NkYk; tYg;gLj;j mnkupf;f fhq;fpu]; 28.6 kpy;ypad; nlhyHfis xJf;fpaJ.

rhNfh]; jPTfspy; ,Ue;J fl;lhakhf gpupj;jhdpahthy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; Rk;kh ,Ue;Jtpltpy;iy. gpupj;jhdpa ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhLj;jhHfs;. New;W ( Nk 23) me;j kf;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; jPHg;G toq;fp cs;sJ. jPHg;igf; Nfl;f  jpushd rhNfhrpaHfs; $bapUe;jhHfs;. mtHfs; jq;fs; jhaf kz;Zf;Fj; jpUk;gpg; Nghfyhk; vd;w ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;igf;Nfl;L Mbg;ghbdH.

ehw;gJ Mz;Lfs; ehbd;wp>  tPLthrypd;wp> njhopypd;wp tWikapy; thba RkhH 5>000 kf;fs; (ntspNaw;wg;gl;l gpd;dH gpwe;jtHfisAk; NrHj;J) jq;fis kPsf;FbakHj;JkhW gpupj;jhdpa muRf;F Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;Js;shHfs;. 

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; bNfh fhHrpa jPTkf;fs; mtHfsJ nrhe;j kz;Zf;Fj; jpUk;gf; $lhJ vd 2004 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa muR gpwg;gpj;j fl;lisia jiyfPohff; ftpo;j;Jj; jPHg;gspj;jJ. mur fl;lis nry;YgbahfhJ vd;W $wpaJkl;Lky;y muR jdJ mjpfhuq;fisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ (abuse of powers) vdTk; jPHg;gspj;Js;sJ.

rhNfhrpaHfspd; jiytHfspy; xUtuhd xyptH gd;$y;w; (Oliver Bancoult)  NgRk;NghJ “ehd; kpfTk; kfpo;r;rp milfpNwd;. vdf;F kl;Lky;y vq;fsJ jhafj;ijtpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; mt;thNw kfpo;r;rp milfpwhHfs;. ePjpf;F ,d;W rpwg;ghd ehs;. ehq;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; kpfr; rpyuhf ,Ue;j NghJk; vq;fSf;Fk; cupikfs; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ngupa vz;zpf;ifAs;s kf;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;Nshk;.”

VO Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,e;jj; jPTkf;fs; njhLj;j tof;fpy; gpupj;jhdpa caH ePjpkd;wk; mtHfsJ ntspNaw;wk; rl;l KuzhdJ vdj; jPHg;gspj;jJ. Mdhy; 2004 Mk; Mz;L gpupj;jhdpa muR ,e;j kf;fs; kPz;Lk; jq;fs; jhafj;Jf;Fr; nry;tij mit fl;lis mwptpj;jy; (Order in Council)  %yk; jilnra;J Miz gpwg;gp;j;jJ.

ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; gpwg;gpj;j ,e;jf; fl;lisiaj;jhd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; ,g;NghJ ftpo;j;Js;sJ. kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F NfL tpiotpj;j gpupj;jhdpa murpd; fl;lisia ePjpkd;wk; ftpo;j;jjpd; %yk; ePjp epiyehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

vdpDk; ,e;j kf;fSf;F gpupj;jhdpa muR ,og;gPL nfhLj;J mtHfis mtHfsJ nrhe;j ,lq;fspy; kPs;FbakHj;j eltbf;if vLj;jhy; kl;LNk mtHfs; jq;fs; jhafj;Jf;Fj; jpUk;gpg; Nghf KbAk;. mg;gbr; nra;ahtpl;lhy; ePjpkd;wj; jPHg;G ntWk; Vl;Lr; Riuf;fha; MfptpLk;.

nkhuprpa]; jPTf;Fr; Rje;jpuk; toq;F Kd;dH 1965 ,y; ,yz;ldpy; ele;j  khehl;by; rhNfhrpahit gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F tpw;FkhW gpujkH rPT+rfH ,uhk;$yk; kPJ mOj;jk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; tpisthf gpupj;jhdpah fhNrh jPTfis mbkhl;L tpiyf;F (3 kpy;ypad; gTz;) thq;fpaJ. 

ntspAwT mikr;rpd; Ngr;rhsH muR Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; mspj;j jPHg;ig vjpHj;J gpuGf;fs; mitf;F (House of Lords) Nkd;KiwaPL nra;tijapl;L MNyhrpg;gjhfj; njuptpj;jhH. “,e;jj; jPHg;G vq;fSf;F Vkhw;wj;ijf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. mjid vjpHj;J Nkd;KiwaPL nra;tjw;fhd Ntz;LNfhs; (leave to appeal) Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;Jk; ntspAwT mikr;rH gpuGf;fs; mitf;F Nkd;KiwaPL nra;aNtz;Lkh Ntz;lhkh vd;gij KbT nra;thH. mjw;F ,d;Dk; xU khjk; ,Uf;fpwJ” vd;whH.

fle;j fhyj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa ntspAwT mikr;R ,e;j kf;fSf;F ePjp toq;ff; $lhJ vd;gjpy; gpbthjkhf ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. mjw;fhf rl;lj;jpd; nghe;J re;Jfspy; GFe;J mehfupfkhf Kiwapy; ele;Js;sJ.  vdNt Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPHg;ig vjpHj;J gpuGf;fs; mitf;F ntspAwT mikr;R Nkd;KiwaPL nra;jhy; mijapl;L tpag;gila Ntz;bajpy;iy.

rhNfh]; jPTkf;fspd; jiytuhd ghd;$y;l; nkhuprpa]; jPTf;F mtuJ FLk;gj;NjhL ehL flj;jg;gl;ltHfspy; xUtH. mtH vd;d nrhy;fpwhH?

“ehq;fs; nrhHf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Njhk;. vq;fSf;F vkJ tho;f;ifKiwAk; gz;ghLk; ,Ue;jJ. vy;NyhUf;Fk; nrhe;jtPL ,Ue;jJ. nrhe;jj; Njhl;lk; ,Ue;jJ. njhopy; ,Ue;jJ. ehq;fs; nkhuprpa]; rKjhaj;NjhL xd;wptho KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. fhuzk mJ vq;fs; gpwg;gplk; my;y. vq;fsJ jPTfspy; ,Ue;J Vd; vq;fis tpul;bdhHfs; vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. mJ mePjpahdJ. vdJ je;ijahH ,we;Jtpl;lhH. jhahH jdJ filrp ehs;fis jdJ gpwg;gplkhd rhNfhrpy; fopf;f tpUk;gfpwhH. vdJ Foe;ijfSf;F vdJ gpwg;gplk; gw;wpr; nrhy;yp ,Uf;fpNwd;. mtHfis mq;F $l;bg; NghNtd;.”

gy jiyKiwahf rhf;NfhrpaH jPTfspy; thoe;j rhf;Nfhrpa kf;fs;  kPz;Lk; jq;fs; jhafj;Jf;F kPs;FbNaWtij mnkupf;fh ghJfhg;igf; fhuzk; fhl;b KO %r;rhf vjpHf;fpwJ. bNfh fhHrpahTf;F kl;Lky;y mijr; Rw;wpAs;s ve;jj; jPTf;Fk; mtHfs; jpUk;Gtij mnkupf;fh vjpHf;fpwJ.

mnkupf;f ty;yhz;ikf;F ,e;j epiyg;ghL xd;Wk; Gjpjy;y.

CUf;Fj;jhd; cgNjrk; fz;Nz cdf;fpy;iyab vd; ngz;Nz vd;W nrhd;d ghhjpupahH khjpup kf;fs; Ml;rp> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> ePjp epahak; gw;wp tha;fpopa cgNjrpf;Fk;  mnkupf;fh mtw;iw nray;Kiwapy; filg;gpbg;gjpy;iy.

mnkupf;fhtpw;F Vd; bNfh fhHrpah jPT Njitg;gl;lJ? mq;F Vd; mnkupf;fh xU ghupa gilj;jsj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;? ,jw;fhd tpil RygkhdJ.

KjyhtJ murpay; mbg;gilapy; ghurPf tisFlhtpy; ,Ue;J mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; ma;Nuhg;gpa ehLfs; vz;nza;iaf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F Ntz;ba flw;ghijfSf;F (md;iwa) Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak; mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ug;gijj;  jLf;f Ntz;Lk;. murpay; kl;lj;jpy; ,uhf;if Mjupj;j Nrhtpaj;jpd;;  nry;thf;if Kwpabf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,uz;lhtJ ,uhZt mbg;ggilapy; bNfh NfhHrpahtpy; cs;s gilj;jsj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L VTfizfs; %yk; Nrhtpaj;ijj; jhf;fyhk;.

1991 Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w tisFlhg; Nghupy; bNfh fhHrpah Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. gp-52 Fz;Lj;jhf;F tpkhdq;fSf;F jskhf tpsq;fpa bNfh fhHrpahtpy; ,Ue;J 1998-12-17 ,y; 100 mjpnjhiyT VTfizfs; ,uhf; kPJ mnkupf;f ,uhZtk; VtpaJ.

kPz;Lk; 2001- 10- 07 ,y; Mg;fhdp];jhDf;F vjpuhd VTfizj; jhf;FjYf;F bNfh fhHrpah gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. bNfh fhHrpah njd; ,uhf;fpy; ,Ue;J 3>000 fy; njhiytpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mg;ghdp];jhDf;F mijtpl rw;W mz;ikapy; cs;sJ. gp - 52 tpkhdq;fs; vz;nza; epug;ghky; njhlHe;J 8>800 fy; gwf;ff; $bad.

2006 ,y; 1>000 mnkupf;f gilapdH> 40 gpupj;jhdpa gilapdH bNfh fhHrpahtpy; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. Nkyjpfkhf 2>400 njhopyhsHfs; gzp GupfpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; gyH gpypg;gPd; kw;Wk; =yq;fh ehLfisr; NrHe;jtHfs;. 

Nahd; gpy;[H (John Pilger) vd;gtH bNfh fhHrpahtpy; ,Ue;J fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fsJ mtyj;ijr; rpj;jpupj;J xU FWk; glj;ij (Stealaing a Nation) jahupj;jhH. mJ Royal Television Society mikg;gpd; rpwe;j FWk;glj;Jf;fhd gupirj; jl;bf;nfhz;L NghdJ. 

RkhH 42 Mz;Lfhy ,iltplhj Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;dH ,oe;j tho;Tupikia kPz;Lk; bNfh fhHrpah kf;fs; ngw;Ws;shHfs;.

Mdhy; Nkd;KiwaPl;L  ePjpkd;wj;jpd;  jPHg;ig gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; mnkupf;fh Vw;Wf;nfhs;Skh? mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jkh? vd;gJ Nfs;tpf; FwpahfNt cs;sJ.

r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; kl;lj;jpy; filrpg; gbf;fl;by; tho;e;j ,e;j kf;fSf;F jq;fis ehfupfk; gilj;jtHfs; vd;W nrhy;ypf; nfhs;Sk; gpupj;jhdpahTk; mnkupf;fhTk; mehfupfkhf elj;jpAs;sd.  gpupj;jhdpahtpd; tuyhw;wpy; bNfh fhHrpah xU ngupa fUg;Gg; Gs;sp. vj;jid jiyKiw nrd;whYk; mjid mopf;f KbahJ. (cyfj;jkpoH - Nk 25> 2007)

xU Ngud;> ,uz;L gps;isfs; %d;W nfhiyfs;!

gl;bkd;wj;jpy; NgRtjw;F jiyg;G ,y;yhky; jtpj;jtHfSf;F ,g;NghJ mty;  fpilj;jpUf;fpwJ.

jhah? jhypfl;ba kidtpah? vdg; gl;bkd;wk; elj;jpatHfs; ,dpNky; kfdh? Ngudh? vd;w jiyg;gpy; tof;Fiuf;fyhk;!

jkpo;ehl;by; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; jpiug;glq;fspy; Ciu mbj;J ciyapy; NghLk;  murpay;thjpfisAk; mtHfsJ  mbahl;fisAk; mtw;iwf; fz;Lnfhs;shJ tpl;LtpLk; fhty;JiwiaAk; fhl;LthHfs;. mjidg; ghHj;J tpl;L ‘,g;gbAk; elf;Fkh?’ vd;W ma;ag;gl;ltHfSf;F fle;j Nk 9 ,y; kJiuapy; jpdfud; kw;Wk; rd; njhiyf;fhl;rp mYtyfq;fs; gl;lg;gfypy; fhty;Jiw nel;lkuq;fs; Nghy; ghHj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fj; jhf;fg;gl;lJk; mjpy; %d;W capHfs; mepahakhff; nfhy;yg;gl;lJk; jpiug;glq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLtJ xd;Wk; kpifay;y vd;gijf; fhl;btpl;lJ. .

xU FLk;gj;jpy; rz;iliaj;  Njhw;Wtpf;f xU fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gg; NghJk;. jpdfud; ehNsl;by; ntspte;j fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Kjy;tH FLk;gj;jpy; Nkhjiy cUthf;fTk; jahepjp khwdJ mikr;rH gjtp gwpNghfTk; fhyhf mike;Jtpl;lJ! gLNtfj;jpy; nfl;bf;fhu mikr;rH vd;w ey;y nganuLj;J thdj;Jf;F caHe;j khwd; mNj Ntfj;jpy; jiuapy; tpOe;Jtpl;lhH! &gha;f;F ,e;jpah KOjk; ‘`Nyh’ nrhy;y itj;jtH ,g;gbr; rWf;FthH vd ahUk; vjpHghHf;ftpy;iy.

fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpy; xU Nfs;tp. Kjy;tH fUzhepjpapd; thupR ahH? fUzhepjpapd; thupR K.f. ];lhypd;jhd; vd;gJ gioa nra;jp. fUzhepjpapd; nghd;tpohtpd; NghJ ];lhypd; Jiz Kjy;tuhf Kb#l;lg;gLthH vd;w tje;jp murpay; tl;lhuj;jpy; cyh te;Jnfhz;bUe;jJ. epiyik mg;gb ,Uf;f ,g;gb xU Nfs;tpah?

jahepjp khwd; jpKf jiytHfs; kj;jpapy; xU tpj;jpahrkhd gbkj;NjhL tyk; te;jhH. Ntl;b rhy;itf;Fg; gjpy; ntspehl;Lf; Nfhl;L #l;L fOj;Jg; gl;bNahL  fhl;rpaspj;jhH. gpy; Nfl;]; cl;gl ntspehl;L njhopy; mjpgHfSld; ruprkkhfg; gofpdhH. ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; vjpHf;fl;rpf;fhuHfs; Nfs;tpfSf;F vy;yhk; ruskhd Mq;fpyj;jpy; gjpy; mspj;jhH. gpujkH khd;Nkhfd; rpq; kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytp Nrhdpah fhe;jp MfpNahuJ ghuhl;Ljy;fisg; ngw;whH. Rk;kh nrhy;yf;$lhJ. njhiyj; njhlu;G kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;gj; Jiw mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j jahepjpkhwd; ,e;jpa mstpy; “jpwikahd mikr;rH” vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH!

,e;j ,lj;jpy; Kjy;tH fUzhepjp FLk;gk; gw;wpf; nfhQ;rk; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. .

jputh&H jpUf;Ftisapy; gpwe;j Kj;JNtyH fUzhepjp (03-06-1924) jdJ 20 MtJ mfitapy; gj;khtjp vd;gtiu kze;J nfhz;lhH.  gj;khtjp   ,irr; rpj;jH rp.v];. rpjk;guk; n[auhkdpd; cld;gpwg;G. Nehapdhy; ,tH ,we;jNghJ jahSit fUzhepjp kze;J nfhz;lhH. gpd;dH 1969 Mk; Mz;L jd;NdhL ehlfj;jpy; (fhfpjg; G+) ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,uhrhj;jpia kze;J nfhz;lhH.

fUzhepjp – gj;khtjp ,UtUf;Fk; 1948 ,.y; Kj;J gpwe;jhH. vk;[pMUf;Fg; Nghl;bahf .Kj;Jit jpiug;glq;fspy; ebf;f fUzhepjp vLj;j Kaw;rp ntw;wpngwtpy;iy. fUzhepjp fij trdk; vOjpj; jahupj;j gps;isNah gps;is glj;jpy; vk;[pMH Nghy; Kj;J ebf;f Kide;J Njhy;tp fz;lhH. njhlHe;J mQ;Rfk; gpr;rH]; G+f;fhup>   rikay;fhud;> ,q;NfAk; kdpjHfs; Nghd;w glq;fspy; ebj;Jtpl;Lf; fhzhky; Ngha; tpl;lhH. rikay;fhud; glj;jpy; thyp vOjp vk;.v];. tpRtehjd; ,iraikj;j “ehd; ghbLk; ftpijapd; re;jk; me;jg; ghitapd; ghHitf;Fr; nrhe;jk;“ ghliy ,dpikahd Fuypy; ghbapUe;jhH. Fbg;gof;fj;Jf;F mbikahfptpl;l Kj;Jit fUzhepjp js;sp itj;jhH.

jahSf;Fg; gpwe;j gps;isfNs mofpup> ];lhypd;> nry;tp> jkpouR. fdpnkhop ,uhrhj;jpapd; xNu kfs;. mofpup FLk;gj;jpy; xU “fUg;G ML” vdg; ghHf;fg;gLfpwhH. kJiuf;F mtH mDg;gl;ljw;F mJjhd; fhuzk;.

Kunrhyp khwd;> nry;tk; ,UtUk; fUzhepjpapd; mf;fh gps;isfs;. nrhHzk; kw;Wk; mkpHjk; ,d;ndhU mf;fh gps;isfs;.

khwdpd; (1934-2003) jhahH ,we;jgpd; fUzhepjp mtiu tsHj;njLj;jhH. Kunrhyp ,jOf;F Mrpupauhf khwd; ,Ue;jjhy; me;jg; ngaH Kd;ndhl;lhf xl;bf; nfhz;lJ.

1975 Mk; Mz;L kprh rl;lj;jpd; fPo; khwd; ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;L rpj;jputij nra;ag;gl;lhH. jpKfTf;Fk; jdf;Fk; vJtpj njhlHGk; ,y;iy vd;W vOjpf; nfhLj;jhy; tpl;LtpLtjhfr; nrhd;dij khwd; epuhfupj;jhH.

fUzhepjpf;F jdJ kUkfd; khwd; kPJ jdpg; gw;W ,Ue;jJ. mtiu mikr;ruhf;fp moF ghHj;jhH. jdJ “kdl;rhl;rp” vd;W ghuhl;b kfpo;e;jhH.

jdf;F my;yJ ];lhypDf;Fg; Nghl;bahf tUgtHfisf; fl;rpiatpl;L Jhf;fp vwptij fUzhepjp tof;fkhf itj;jpUf;fpwhH. vk;[pMupd; jpiug;glr; nry;thf;iff; Fiwg;gjw;Nf Kj;Jit fUzhepjp ebf;f itj;jhH. fl;rpf; fzf;iff; fhl;LkhW Nfl;l vk;[pMiu jpKftpy; ,Ue;J 1972 Mk; Mz;L ntspNaw;wpdhH. mLj;J itNfh GypfNshL NrHe;J jd;idf; nfhy;yr; rjpnra;fpwhH vdg; gop Rkj;jp mtiuAk; (1993) ntspNaw;wpdhH. ,g;NghJ jahepjp khwd; jdJ FLk;gj;Jf;Fg; Nghl;bahf Kisj;Jtpl;ljhf vz;zp ntspNaw;wg;gl;Ls;shH.

1972 ,y; jpKf ,y; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l vk;[pMH 1977 ,y; Ml;rpiag; gpbj;J Kjyikr;rH MdhH. mLj;jLj;J %d;W Kiw Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gwpa vk;[pMH 1987 ,y; ,we;jhH. mJ kl;Lk; fUzhepjpahy; murpaypy; jiyJhf;f Kbatpy;iy.  

gpugy /Nghu;g;]; gj;jpupf;if 2007 Mk; Mz;bd; kpfg; ngupa NfhBRtuu;fs; gl;baiy ntspapl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; 36 Ngu; ,e;jpau;fs; Mtu;.

tof;fk; Nghy ikf;Nuhrhg;l; epWtd jiytu; gpy; Nfl;];jhd; ,e;jg; gl;baypy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;shu;. mtuJ nrhj;J kjpg;G 2 yl;rj;J 50 Mapuk; Nfhb &gha; MFk;.

gzf;fhuu;fs; gl;baypy; ,e;jpahitr; Nru;e;j 36 kfh NfhBRtuu;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. rd; btp mjpgu; fyhepjp khwDf;F 349 MtJ ,lk; fpilj;Js;sJ. mtuJ nrhj;J kjpg;G &. 11>700 Nfhb vdj; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU jkpod; NfhBRtudhf ,Ug;gijapl;L jkpoH ngUikg;gl;Nl MfNtz;Lk;! 

rd; njhiyf;fhl;rp epWtdj;Jf;F (Sun TV Network) 14 njhiyf;fhl;rpfs;> 4 njd;dpe;jpa nkhop ehNsLfs;> 2 jkpo; ehNsLfs;> Rkq;fyp Nfgps;> 4 gz;giy thndhypfs;> 4 jkpo; ,jo;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rd; njhiyf;fhl;rpiag; ghHg;NghH vz;zpf;if 46.7 tpOf;fhL.

fUzhepjpapd; tpUg;gj;Jf;F khwhfj; jpudfud; ehNsl;il 300 Nfhbf;F rd; epWtdk; thq;fpajhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

2005 Mk; Mz;by; rd; njhiyf;fhl;rp <l;ba tUtha; &gh 301 Nfhb. epfu tUtha; 78 Nfhb. mjd; kpF ngWkjp 467.73 Nfhb.

rd; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; 89.99 tpOf;fhL gq;F khwDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ.  nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofg; gl;ljhupahd khwd; Scranton gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbj;J MBA gl;lk; thq;fpAs;shH.

1991 Mk; Mz;L G+khiy vd;w xspehlhit ntspapl;l fyhepjpkhwd; 1993 ,y; rd; njhiyf;fhl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpdhH.

fUzhepjp – khwd; FLk;gj;Jf;F ,ilapyhd Nkhjy; jpBnud Vw;gl;ljhfr; nrhy;yKbahJ. mjw;fhd fhy;Nfhs; 2005 Mk; Mz;L nehntk;gH khjj;jpy; Nghlg;gl;lJ. jahS jdJ ngaupy; ,Ue;j 15 tpOf;fhl;Lg; gq;if rd; epWtdj;Jf;F tpw;Wtpl;lhH. khwDf;F xg;g jdJ kfd; ];lhypDf;F rd; njhiyf;fhl;rp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ mtuJ Mjq;fk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. tup ePq;fyhf fpilj;j 10 Nfhbapy; 5 Nfhbapy; fiyQH fUzhepjp mwf;fl;lis vd;w ngaupy; xU mwf;fl;lis njhlf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jj; njhifapy; ,Ue;J khjk; khjk; tUk; 2 ½ ,yl;r &gha; tl;b Vio vspa kf;fSf;F cjtpahff; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 

khu;r; 01>  2007 ];lhypd; gpwe;j ehs;.  md;W jpdfud; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; xU Fuq;fpd; glj;ij  "Fuq;fpd; gpwe;j ehs;" vd;W Nghl;Ltpl;L  cs;Ns San Diego  tpyq;Ff; fhl;rpafj;jpy; vg;gb xU Fuq;F jd; 47 MtJ gpwe;j ehis nfhz;lhbaJ vd tpyhthupahf vOjpapUe;jhHfs;. jpKf fl;rpf;fhuHfs; ];lhypid jpdfud; fpz;ly; nra;tjhfNt epidj;jhHfs;.

nrd;idapy; f];g uh[; mbfSk; fdpnkhopAk; NrHe;J Nfhyhfykhf elj;jpa rq;fkk; fiy epfo;r;rpia rd; njhiyf;fhl;rp ,Ul;lbg;Gr; nra;Jtpl;lJ.

fUzhepjp %d;WKiw Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhy;ypAk; jahepjp khwd; fUj;Jf; fzpg;ig ntspapl;L tpl;lhH. fUzhepjpapd; rpdj;ijf; fpswpatw;wpy; ,e;jf; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Kf;fpakhdJ.

jkpofj;jpy; Nfhyhfykhf eilngw;w jkpof Kjy;tu; fUzhepjpapd; nghd; tpoh epfo;r;rpf;Fg; gpujku; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;, ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytp Nrhdpah fhe;jp cl;gl gy Kf;fpag; gpuKfu;fs; fye;J nfhz;L rpwg;gpj;jdu;.

Mdhy; tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; gpujku; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;ifAk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytp Nrhdpah fhe;jpiaAk; tuNtw;w jahepjp khwd; rl;lkd;wj;jpYk; nrd;id jPTj;jplypYk; eilngw;w nghd; tpohtpy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. jahepjp khwdpd; cld;gpwg;G fyhepjp khwDk; tutpy;iy.

jahepjp khwd;. jkpofj;jpy; eilngWk; ngUk;ghyhd epfo;r;rpfspy; fUzhepjpAld; neUf;fkhff; fhzg;gLtJ tof;fk;. fiyQiu NtW ahUk; mz;ltplhjgb xU ghJfhg;G tisak; itj;jpUe;jhu;. mJ jpKf caHkl;lj; jiytHfSf;F vupr;riyf; nfhLj;jJ.

nrd;idj; jPTj; jplypy; fUzhepjpf;F ele;j ghuhl;L tpohit Neubahf xspgug;Gtjw;F rd; njhiyf;fhl;rpf;F mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

nghd;tpohtpy; fye;J nfhs;s FLk;gj;NjhL nrd;id te;j K.f.mofpup fUzhepjpiar; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhu;. mg;NghJ kj;jpa mikr;ru; gjtpapypUe;J jahepjpia ePf;FkhW mofpup typAWj;jpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

njd;khtl;l khtl;lq;fspy; mofpup xU rpw;wurH Nghy; ,Ue;J tUfpwhH. fl;rpapNyh murpNyh ve;jg; nghWg;gpYk; ,y;yhj mofpupapd; gpwe;jehs; nfhz;lhl;lk; kJiuiaf; fyf;fpaJ. fhty;Jiw kw;Wk; mur mjpfhupfs; tupirapy; epd;W tho;j;Jj; njuptpj;jhHfs;.

kJiu vupe;J nfhz;bUe;j NghJ jahepjp khwd; jpy;ypapy; ,Ue;jhH. nra;jpiaf; Nfl;lTld; cs;Jiw nrayhsH khyjpiaj; njhlHG nfhz;L jpl;b ,Uf;fpwhH. gpujkH> Ml;rpj;jiytH> fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytHfsplk; Kiwaplg; Nghtjhf kpul;b ,Uf;fpwhH. ,it fl;rpf; fl;Lg;ghl;L kPwy; vd jpKf Fw;wk; rhl;bAs;sJ.

mNj rkak; Kunrhyp nry;tk; fUzhepjpf;F xU fbjk; mDg;gpapUe;jhH. ‘jahepjpkhwd; kPJ fLikahd eltbf;if vLj;jhy; tpisTfs; frg;ghf mikAk;. mg;gb ePq;fs; nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; kJiu td;Kiw rk;gtq;fis itj;J mtu;fs; jug;Gk; rpgpma;aplk; vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpsf;f Muk;gpj;jhy;> mJ jp.K.fTf;F ngUk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;’ vd;w njhdpapy; mofpupia kiwKfkhf rpG NrhuDld; xg;gpl;L vOjpapUe;jhH. mNjhL epw;fhky; mikr;rH nghd;Kbia Neupy; re;jpj;J  mNj njhdpapy; thjpl;bUf;fpwhH.

‘Kunrhyp’apd; Kf;fpa nghWg;ig tfpg;gJ nry;tk;jhd;! jw;NghJ FLk;gj;Jf;Fs; ntbj;j rz;ilapy; khwd; FLk;gj;Jg; gf;fk; KOikahf epw;fpwhH. fUehlf “cjah” njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; epUthfj;ijf; ftdpg;gNjhL  jahepjp – fyhepjp cld;gpwg;Gf;fSf;F Kf;fpa MNyhrfuhfTk; tpsq;FfpwhH.

Mw;fhl;L tPurhkp jd;dplk; “vd;d epidr;Rf;fpl;bUf;fPq;f? ePq;fs;yhk; gz;wJ vd;d vd;gJ vdf;Fj; njupahjh? ,ij ehd; Rk;kh tplkhl;Nld;. nly;ypapy; vdf;Fg; gtu; ,Uf;F. ,e;j tp\aj;ij [dhjpgjpf;Ff; nfhz;L NghNtd;... Rg;uPk; Nfhu;l; jiyik ePjpgjpf;F tp\aj;ijr; nrhy;YNtd;... rd; b.tp apy; jp.K.f. uTbfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpy; ve;jj; jtWk; ,Ug;gjhfj; njupatpy;iy...”vd;;W jahepjp rPwpajhfr; nrhd;dhuhk;

nrd;w jpq;fl;fpoik ( Nk 14) $ba jpKf epUthff; FO jahepjp khwid mikr;rH gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;f KbTnra;jJ. fl;rpapd; KbTf;F fhj;jpUf;f tpUk;ghj jahepjp khwd; mikr;rH gjtpiaj; Jwe;Jtpl;lhH.

fUzhepjp FLk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpa rz;il fhuzkhf kJiuapy; jPapy; nte;J kbe;j %d;W jpdfud; CopaHfs; kwf;fg;gl;L tpl;lhHfs;. me;jg;gLnfhiyfisr;  nra;jtHfis fUzhepjp ,d;Wtiu fz;bf;ftpy;iy. nfhiyfhuHfis cRg;gp tpl;l mofpup ifJ nra;ag;gltpy;iy.

jpdfud;  - mYtyfk; jhf;fg;gl;lNghJ CoYf;Fg; ngaHNghd jkpo;ehL fhty;Jiw Ntbf;if ghHj;Jf; nfhz;L epd;wpUf;fpwJ. mJ fhty;Jiw my;y Ml;rpahsHfs; nrhy;tijr; nra;Ak; Vty;Jiw.

jkpo;ehl;by; nfhiyf; Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;l fhQ;rp rq;fuhr;rhup> mofpup> rutzgtd; ,uhrNfhghy; Nghd;NwhH gpiz thq;fpf;nfhz;L ntspapy; Mz;Lf;fzf;fhf cyh tUfpwhHfs;.

,ejg; gpd;dzpapy; jpKf ,y; FLk;g Ml;rp ,y;iy vd fUzhepjp nrhy;ypapUg;gJ ngupa eifr;RitahFk;. jpKf xU rdehaff; fl;rp my;y. mjd; epUthff; FO> nray;FO> nghJf;FO vd;gnjy;yhk; ntWk; nghk;ik mikg;Gf;fs;. jpKf vd;why; jpUf;Ftis Kj;JNtyH fUzhepjp vd;gJjhd; nghUs;. ghl;Lk; mtNu ,irAk; mtNu.

jhd; njhlHe;J 24 kzpNeuk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ fpilahJ vd mz;ikapy; fUzhepjp Fwpg;gpl;lhH. cz;ikjhd;. xU fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;F cld;gpwg;Gf;fs; 3 Ngiu vupA+l;bf; nfhiy nra;jhy; kfpo;r;rp vq;fpUe;J tUk;?

kf;fSf;F ,d;wpUf;Fk; ftiy vy;yhk; fiyQH fUzhepjp capNuhL ,Uf;Fk; NghJ FLk;gj;Jf;Fs; ,t;tsT Fj;Jntl;nld;why; mtH fz;iz %ba gpd; epiyik vd;d? epidj;Jg; ghHf;fNt mr;rkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. (cyfj;jkpoH - Nk 18>2007)

njhl;biyAk; Ml;b gps;isiaAk; fps;sptpLk; mnkupf;fh!

ef;fPud;

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lk; fhj;jhd;Fb K];ypk; gs;spf;$lk; xd;wpy; Nghupdhy; ,lk;ngaHe;J jq;fpapUe;j jkpo;kf;fs; kPJ ,de;njupahjtHfshy; Nkw;nfhz;l iff;Fz;L jhf;Fjypy; 8 nghJkf;fs; fhag;gl;ljhfTk; mtHfs; kl;lf;fsg;G kUj;Jtkidapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shHfs; vd fhty;Jiw nra;jpfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd.

fhj;jhd;Fb K];ypk;fs; 100 tpOf;fhL (37>815) ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; CuhFk;. kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fj; njw;Nf 7 fpkP njhiytpy; cs;sJ.

NehHNt Vjpyp mitapd; mwpf;ifg;gb 2006 Vg;gpupy; njhlq;fp jpUNfhzkiy – kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lq;fspy; 314>378 NgH ,lk;ngaHe;Js;shHfs;. mjpy; 66>950 NgH ,ilj;jq;fy; Kfhk;fspy; jq;fitf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. 247>978 NgH Kfhk;fSf;F ntspapy; tho;fpwhHfs;. 2007 Mk; Mz;L kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; kl;Lk; 301>879 NgH ,lk;ngaHe;Js;shHfs;.

gLthq;fiug; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,lk;ngaHe;j 125>000 kf;fspy; nts;shntspiar; NrHe;j 4>000 NgH kPs;FbakHj;jg;gl ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfsJ tPLfs; rpq;fs ,uhZtj;jpdhYk; rpq;fstHfshYk; #iwahlg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j kf;fs; kPs; FbakHtjw;Fupa ghJfhg;G #oy; ,y;iy vd gd;dhl;L epthuz mikg;Gf;fs; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;sd.

fhj;jhd;Fbapy; ,lk;ngw;w iff;Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gjpa ghJfhg;gpd;ikiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. mur fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s  ,ilj;jq;fy; Kfhk;fspy; tho;tJ $l ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;jf; iff;Fz;L jhf;Fjy; mnkupf;f ,uhrhq;f Jiz mikr;rH upr;Nrl; gTr;rUk; mq;fpypf;fd; kjgPlj;jpd; Md;kPfj; jiytH Nwhtd; tpy;ypak;]; MfpNahH =yq;fhtpw;F te;J Nghd ifNahL ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

=yq;fh muR kdpjTupikfis kjpj;J elf;f Ntz;Lk;> gilNahL ,aq;Fk; MAjf; FOf;fspd; MAjq;fisf; fisa Ntz;Lk;> Clf Rje;jpuj;ij  cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W gTr;rH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH. mtw;iw kfpe;j ,uhrgf;rh fhjpy; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;FNghy; Mfptpl;lJ. GypfSf;F vjpuhd NghH njhlUk; vd mtH gTr;ruplNk  njuptpj;Js;shH. ,jpy; tpag;giltjw;F xd;Wkpy;iy.

=yq;fh gw;wpa mnkupf;fhtpd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;if njhl;biyAk; Ml;bf; nfhz;L gps;isiaAk; fps;sp tpLk; fijahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

gaq;futhjj;ij vjpHj;Jg; NghuhLk; ehLfSf;F mnkupf;f kf;fs; epjpAjtp mspj;J tUfpwhHfs;.  me;jj; jpl;lj;jpw;F Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)  vd;W ngaH. mjd;fPo; =yq;fhtpw;F 590 kpy;ypad; nlhyH toq;Ftjw;F xU Kd;nkhopT ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. Mdhy; =yq;fhtpd; ntspg;gilahd kdpjTupik kPwy;fs; Nkhrkhd ghJfhg;G epiyik mjid toq;Ftjpy; rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sjhf nfhOk;gpy; gTr;rH njuptpj;jpUe;jhH.

,Nj rkak; ,d;ndhU nra;jp te;jpUf;fpwJ. mnkupf;fhtpd;  =yq;fhtpw;fhd MAj tpw;gid nrd;w Mz;iltpl ,e;j Mz;L 40 klq;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,jid Nth\pq;lid ikakhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk; ghJfhg;Gj; juTfSf;fhd ikaj;jpd; (The Center for Defense Information (CDI) Ma;twpf;if  mk;gyg;gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

=yq;fhtpw;fhd mnkupf;fhtpd; MAj tpw;gid 2006 ,y; 1.4 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyH MfapUe;jJ. mJ ,e;j Mz;L  60.8 kpy;ypad; nlhyuhf cau;e;Js;sJ. mjhtJ 40 klq;F mjpfupj;Js;sJ!

rpwhu;fis gilazpfspy; Nru;g;gJ njhlu;ghd mnkupf;f murhq;fj;jpd; 2006 Mk; Mz;L mwpf;if fle;j khu;r; 6 Mk; ehs; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. rpwhHfis  gilapy; NrHg;gij mnkupf;f muR jPtpukhf vjpHj;J tUfpwJ. mg;gbr; Nrhj;J tUk; ehLfspd; gl;baiy mnkupf;fh jahupj;Js;sJ.

me;j mwpf;ifapy; 25 ehLfspd; gilazpfspy; rpwhu; Nru;g;G njhlu;ghd juTfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ. rpwpyq;fhtpy; muR  kw;Wk; muRld; NrHe;J ,aq;Fk; Jiz MAjf; FOf;fspdhy; gilazpfspy; rpwhu; fl;lhakhfr Nru;f;fg;gLfpd;w Gjpa juTfs; ,e;j mwpf;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

mnkupf;fhtpdhy; gl;bayplg;gl;l 25 ehLfSf;F mnkupf;fhtpd; ,uhZt cjtp vj;jifajhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ghJfhg;Gj; juTfSf;fhd jdpahH ikak; Ma;T nra;J mwpf;ifahf ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

mnkupf;fhtpdhy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s 25 ehLfspy; 13 ,y; 18 mfitf;Fk; FiwthNdhu; muR kw;Wk; murrhHG MAjf; FOf;fspd; gilazpfspy; fl;lhakhfr; Nru;f;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wdu;.  

Fwpg;gpl;l 13 ehLfspy; 9 ehLfspy; rpwhu;fs; gilazpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L  tUfpd;wdu;. ,e;j 9 ehLfspy; 8 ehLfSf;F 2001 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; mnkupf;fh ,uhZt cjtp nra;J tUfpwJ.

mnkupf;f ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (Leahy Law) kdpjTupikfis kPWk; ehLfSf;F MAj tpw;gid> ,uhZtg; gapw;rp mspg;gJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; mnkupf;fhtpd; ghJfhg;G mikr;R ,e;jr; rl;lj;ijr; rl;il nra;tjpy;iy.

mnkupf;fhjhd; ,ul;il Ntlk; NghLfpwnjd;why; mjd; $l;lhsp ehlhd gpupj;jhdpahTk; mNjkhjpup ele;J nfhs;fpwJ. fle;j fpoik Rdhkp epjpAjtpapd; xU $whf =yq;fhtpd; flid milf;f xg;Gf;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpah mjpfupj;JtUk; kdpjTupik kPwy;fisAk; ghJfhg;G nrytpdj;ijAk; fhuzk; fhl;b  3 kpy;ypad; nlhyH epjpAjtpia epWj;jp itj;Js;sJ. ,ijapl;L kfpo;r;rp nfhz;lhLtjw;F Kd;dH ,d;;ndhU nra;jpAk; te;Js;sJ.

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ghJfhg;G mikr;R =yq;fhtpw;F 7 kpy;ypad; nlhyH ngWkjpahd MAj tpw;gidf;fhd cupkq;fis toq;fpAs;sJ!

cyf xOq;fpy; ,t;tpj ,ul;il Ntlj;ij vy;yh ehLfSNk  NghLfpd;wd. Mdhy; cyf mikjpgw;wpAk; kdpjTupikfs; gw;wpAk; kf;fshl;rpj; jj;Jtk;  gw;wpAk; ehSk; nghOJk; tha; fpopag; NgRk; mnkupf;fhTk; gpupj;jhdpahTk; nrhy;nyhd;W nranyhd;whf elf;Fk; NghJ rw;W Vkhw;wkhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

cyf mikjp gw;wpg; NgRk; ehLfNs Nghupy; Kk;kukhf <Lgl;Ls;sd. Nghupy; kl;Lky;y MAj cw;gj;jpapYk; mtw;wpd; tpw;gidapYk; ,Nj ehLfs;jhd; Kd;dzp tfpf;fpd;wd!

cyfpy; Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 900 gpy;ypad; nlhyH ngWkjpahd NghHj;jsghlq;fs; tpw;gidahfpd;wd.

Jg;ghf;fpfs;> Njhl;lhf;fs;> VTfizfs;> NghH tpkhdq;fs;> NghHf; fg;gy;fs;> ulhHfs; Nghd;wtw;iw mnkupf;f MAj cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd.

gaq;futhjj;Jf;F vjpuhd NghH mwptpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dH MAj - jsghl cw;gj;jp NkYk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

Gtpapay; mbg;gilapy; cyfk; KOJk; (rPdh ePq;fyhf) MAj Vw;Wkjp nra;j tpOf;fhL ; gpd;tUkhW.

600 kpy;ypad; rpwpasT MAjq;fs; cyfk; KOJk; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. 98 ehLfspy; ,aq;Fk; 1>135 epWtdq;fs; rpwpasT MAj cw;gj;jpapy; <Lgl;Ls;sd. xf;];Nghk; (Oxfam) mikg;G rpwpasT MAjq;fspdhy; Mz;by; 500>000 kf;fs; mjhtJ xt;nthU kzpj;Jspf;F xUtH ,we;JgLtjhf kjpg;gpl;Ls;sJ!

1989 njhlf;fk; 1996 tiu mnkupf;fh 257 gpy;ypad; (25>700 Nfhb) nlhyH ngWkjpahd MAjq;fis kw;w ehLfSf;F tpw;gid nra;Js;sJ. 2001 Mk; Mz;L tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l nkhj;j MAjq;fspy; rupghjp mnkupf;fhthy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;lit MFk;. 2003 Mk; Mz;L mnkupf;fh cs;ehl;L Nkhjy;fs; ,lk;ngWk; 25 ehLfspy; 18 ehLfSf;F MAj tpw;gid nra;Js;sJ. ,jpy; mq;Nfhyh> rhl;> vj;jpNahg;gpah> nfhyk;gpah> gpypg;igd;]; Nghd;w ehLfs; mlf;fk;. 

,uz;lhtJ %d;whtJ MAj Vw;Wkjp ehLfistpl mnkupf;f ,uz;liu klq;F mjpfkhd MAjq;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; tsHKf ehLfSf;Nf MAj – jsghlq;fs; tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd!

mnkupf;f MAjq;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;j ehLfspy; ,uhZt Ml;rp eilngWk; ehLfSk; mlq;Fk;.  ,d;Dk; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy; mnkupf;fh cs;ehl;L Nkhjy;fs; eilngWk; (1999) ehLfspy; 92 tpOf;fhL ehLfSf;F mnkupf;fh MAjq;fis tpw;gid nra;Js;sJ. 

2001 Mk; Mz;L kl;Lk; 37.9 gpy;ypad; nlhyHfis MAj Ma;T kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F (Weapons Research and Development) mnkupf;fh nryT nra;Js;sJ. mnkupf;fhtpd; nghUshjhuk; MAj tpw;gidapy; ngupJk; jq;fpapUf;fpwJ.

mnkupf;f MAj cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs; cyfpy; nry;thf;Fk; gyKk; gilj;j  epWtdq;fshFk;. mnkupf;f murpaypy; mit mjpfsT nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa mjpfhupfs; mnkupf;f ghJfhg;G> thzpf> ,uhrhq;f mikr;Rf;fspd; MNyhridf; FOf;fspy; cWg;gpdHfshf ,Uf;fpwhHfs;.

Ml;rpj;jiytH kw;Wk; ehlhSkd;wj; NjHjy;fspd; NghJ FbauR kw;Wk; kf;fshl;rp fl;rpfs; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy; epjpAjtp nra;fpd;wd!

cyfpy; mikjp epytpdhy; MAj cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fis ,Oj;J %l Ntz;b tUk;. gpr;irf;fhuDf;F Nky; KOJk; Gz; Njit. mjid kUe;J Nghl;L khw;w Kide;jhy; mtdJ gpiog;Gf; nfl;LtpLk;. me;jg; gpr;irf;fhud; epiyapy;jhd; mnkupf;fh ,Uf;fpwJ.

=yq;fh gw;wpa mjd; mZFKiw - ,ul;il Ntlk; mijj;jhd; fhl;LfpwJ. 

jkpo;kf;fs; vf;NfL nfl;Lg; NghdhYk; gUthapy;iy. jdJ gzg;ig epuk;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; mnkupf;fh Fwpahf ,Uf;fpwJ!

kfpe;j ,uhrgf;Nrapd; rhak; ntSf;Fk; ehs; ntF Jhuj;jp;y; ,y;iy!

ef;fPud;

fle;j %d;W khjj;jpy; (ij Kjy; gq;Fdp tiu) aho;Flhehl;by; kl;Lk;  67 nghJkf;fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shHfs;. 68 nghJkf;fs; fhzhky; NghAs;shHfs;.  29 Ngu; flj;jg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. ,e;jj; jftiy aho;g;ghz kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; ntspapl;Ls;sJ.

gLnfhiy> fhzhky; Nghjy;> flj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw nts;is thdpy; nry;Yk; milahsk; njupahj MAjjhupfSk; rpwpyq;fh gilapdUk;  gilapdNuhL Nru;e;J ,aq;Fk; xl;Lf; FOf;fSk; muq;Nfw;Wfpd;wd.

rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtj;jpdhYk;> mtu;fSld; Nru;e;J ,ajpaq;Fk; xl;Lf;  FOf;fspdhYk; tpLj;j nfhiy mr;RWj;jy;fs; fhuzkhf 70 f;Fk; mjpfkhd jkpo; ,isQHfs; aho; kdpj cupik Mizaj;jplk; ruzile;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. mtHfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epWj;jg;gl;L gpd;dH rpiwr;rhiyapy; Vida ifjpfNshL ifjpfshf milj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH.

,d;W (Gjd;fpoik) Ky;iyj;jPT GJf;FbapUg;gpy; rpwpyq;fh thd;gilapd; ,uz;L kpf; uf thD}u;jpfs; elj;jpa Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjypy; nghJkf;fs; ,Utu; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdH. NkYk; ehy;tu; fhakile;Js;sdu;.

fz;zpntbapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;fhd nraw;if cWg;Gf;fisj; jahupj;J toq;Fk; 'ntz;Gwh' epWtdj;jpd; fl;blq;fSk; Nrjkile;Js;sd.

tof;fk; Nghy =yq;fh tpkhdq;fs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l tp. Gypfspd; ,yf;Ffis mopj;Js;sjhfTk; mopf;fg;gl;l fl;blk; flw;Gypfspd; jiyikafk; vd =yq;fh muR ngha; nrhy;ypAs;sJ.

,d;W (Gjd;fpoik) rpwpyq;fhg; gilapdupd; Mo CLUTk; mzp tTdpah tlf;F tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpf;Fs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjypy; Mz; xUtUk; ngz; xUtUk;  nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

tTdpah kUj;Jtkidapy; NtiyghHf;Fk; kUj;JtHfsplk; Nfhbf;fzf;fpy; fg;gk; Nfl;L fUzh FO njhiyNgrpapy; tpLj;j kpul;liy mLj;J kUj;JtHfs; Ntiy epWj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sdH. rpy fpoikfSf;F Kd;dH ,Nj FOtpdhy; tTdpah tof;fwpQHfs; kpul;lg;gl;l NghJ mtHfs; ePjpkd;w mkHTfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jhHfs;.  

xNu ehspy; eilngw;w kdpjTupik kPwy;fs; gw;wp nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; ntspte;j nra;jpfs; ,it. ntsptuhj nra;jpfSk; ,Uf;ff; $Lk;.

,t;thW ehs;NjhWk; elf;Fk; nfhiy> flj;jy;> fhzky; Nghjy;> fg;gk; Nfl;ly; Nghd;wit gw;wp kfpe;j ,uhrgf;NrNah mtuJ mikr;rHfNsh xU Jsp ntl;fg;gLtjhfNth Jf;fg;gLtjhfNth njupatpy;iy. khwhf ,e;j kdpjTupik kPwy;fis epahag;gLj;jp ,uhrgf;NrAk;  mtuJ mikr;rH gl;lhsKk; NgrpAk; vOjpAk; tUfpwhHfs;.

kfpe;j ,uhrhgf;Nr jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij gaq;futhjk; vdg; Ngrp tUfpwhH. mjid xopg;gNj jdJ murpd; jiyaha nfhs;if vd ntspg;gilahf xspT kiwtpd;wpr; nrhy;yp tUfpwhH.

kfpe;j rpe;jidapd; gb ,dr; rpf;fYf;F Ngr;R thHj;ij %yk; jPHT ,y;iy. ,uhZt gyj;jpd; %yNk jPHT. ,J kl;Lky;y -

NghH epWj;j xg;ge;jk; nry;Ygbahfhj - rl;lj;Jf;F Kuzhd xU Mtzk;.

jkpoHfs; jdp Njrpa ,dk; ,y;iy.

tl - fpof;F ,izg;gpy;iy.

jkpo;kf;fsJ jhafk; tl- fpof;F vd;gij Vw;gjpy;iy.

NehHNtapd; mDruiz Njitapy;iy.

fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpdH =yq;fhtpy; ,Ue;J Juj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vd;git kfpe;j rpe;jidahFk;. ,tw;Wf;F nray; tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

njd; jkpoPok; kPJ njhlHr;rpahf Nkw;nfhz;l type;j ,uhZt gilnaLg;gpdhy; NgusT epyg;gug;G ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlHr;rpahd tpkhd Fz;L tPr;rpdhYk; nry; jhf;FjypdhYk; capH ,og;Gf;fSk; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fSk; ehrkhfpAs;sd.

khdpl cupikf;fhd fz;fhzpg;gfk;> nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; kw;Wk; fj;Njhypf;f epthuz FOf;fs; fle;j rpy fpoikfspy; kl;Lk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fs; njhif 150>000 caHe;Js;sJ vd;Wk; ,lg;ngaHTf;F Mshd nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 350>000 Mf caHe;Js;sJ vdTk; njuptpf;fpd;wd. 

thfiuapy; ,Ue;J ,lk; ngaHe;jtHfs; mtHfsJ tpUg;gj;Jf;F khwhf fl;lhag;gLj;jp kPs;FbakHj;jg; gl;Ls;sdH. mNj Neuk; rk;G+upy; ,Ue;J tpul;lg;gl;l 8>000 jkpo;kf;fs;  njhlHe;J Vjpypfshf $lhuq;fspy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. mtHfsJ kPs; FbNaw;wk; Nfs;tpf;FwpahfpAs;sJ.

kPs; FbNaw;wg;gLk; kf;fs; flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J 500 kPl;lH njhiytpYk;  . neLQ;rhiyfspd; ,U gf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J 50 kPl;lH njhiytpYk; FbakHj;jg;gl;L tUfpwhHfs;.

jkpoHfSf;F vjpuhfj; jpl;lkpl;L elj;jptUk; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd kdpjTupik kPwy;fisAk; ,dnthopg;igAk;  gaq;futhjj;Jf;F vjpuhd NghH vd =yq;fh muR nrhy;fpwJ.

kdpjTupik mikg;GfSk; gd;dhl;L r%fKk; =yq;fh muRf;F vjpuhf itf;Fk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; ,uz;L MFk;.

xd;W kdpjTupik kPwy;fs;. ,uz;L ,dr; rpf;fYf;Fj; jPHthf =yq;fh muR Kd;itf;fhj murpay; jpl;lk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk; njhlHghf =yq;fh muR xspj;J tpisahLtjhfNt kdpj cupik mikg;Gf;fSk; gd;dhl;L r%fKk; vz;Zfpd;wd.

MSk; fl;rpfspy; xd;whd =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp ,dr; rpf;fYf;F jPHT Nahridfis itg;gjhfr; nrhy;ypaJ. Mdhy; ,Jtiu mJ ve;jj; jPHitAk; Kd;itf;fhJ fhyj;ij flj;jpf; nfhz;L NghfpwJ.

epGzHfs; FO rkHg;gpj;j V mwpf;ifiaAk; gp mwpf;ifiaAk; NguhrpupaH tpjhuz ,izj;J xU fyg;G mwpf;if jahup;j;jjhfj; njupfpwJ. Mdhy; mJTk; ,d;Dk; ntspaplg;gltpy;iy. ,Njh tUfpwJ mNjh tUfpwJ vd;W =yq;fh muR nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ.

kfpe;j ,uhrgf;Nrapd; muRf;F ,izj;jiyik ehLfs; cs;gl gy ehLfs; ntspg;gilahf vjpHg;Gj; njuptpf;fhtpl;lhYk; kiwKfkhf mjid ntspg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.  

tp.Gypfs; fl;Lehaf;f thd;gilj; jsj;jpd; kPJ Fz;L tPrpaij itj;Jf; nfhz;L =yq;fh muR Gypfs; kPJ fup G+r vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;Js;sd. tp.GypfsJ thd;gil njd;dhrpahTf;F kl;Lky;y KO cyfj;Jf;FNk ghupa mr;RWj;jy; vd;w =yq;fhtpd; gy;ytpf;F mDgy;ytp ghl ve;j ehLk; Kd;tutpy;iy.

,e;jpa ntspAwT mikr;rH  gpuzhg; KfH[paplk; tp.Gypfs; fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd jsk; kPJ elj;jpa jhf;Fjy; gw;wpf; Nfs;tp Nfl;fg;gl;lNghJ “me;jj; jhf;FjiyAk; ehk; jdpj;Jg; ghHf;ff; $lhJ. mq;F eilngWk; xl;Lnkhj;j td;Kiw epfo;TfisAk; ehk; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W  gjpy; mspj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,J kfpe;j ,uhrgf;NrAf;F kpFe;j Vkhw;wj;ijf; nfhLj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjpy; ma;akpy;iy. ,e;jpah kl;Lky;y fdlh> mnkupf;fh> ag;ghd; cl;gl Ntnwe;j ehLk; Gypfspd; thd; jhf;Fjiyf; fz;bf;ftpy;iy!

Kd;dhs; ntspAwT mikr;rH fjpHfhkH cl;gl njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l 15 nfhiyfs; njhlHghf tprhupj;J tUk; Mizaj;jpy; (Commission of Inquiry (COI) ,Ue;J ,uz;L cWg;gpdHfs; tpyfp tpl;lhHfs;. kfpe;j ,uhrgf;Nr rKjha kjpg;Gf;Fupa kdpjHfisf; nfhz;l midj;Jyf Rje;jpu FOnthd;iwAk; (Independent International Group of Eminent Persons (IIGEP) epakpj;Js;shH. ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; gd;dhl;L kdpjTupik mikg;Gf;fshy; tPrg;gLk; kdpjTupik kPwy; Fw;wr;rhl;by; ,Ue;J jg;g =yq;fh muR vLj;jpUf;Fk; jw;fhg;G eltbf;iffs; MFk;..

“,uhZt jPHg;G ,Wjpapy; ve;j KbTfisAk; ngw;Wj;juhJ. =yq;fhTk; tp.GypfSk; njhlHe;J Ngrp ,yq;ifj; jPtpy; mikjpia Vw;gLj;J Ntz;Lk;” vd ,e;jpahtpd; ntspAwT mikr;rH gpuzhg; KfH[p mwpTWj;jpapUf;fpwhH. rhHf; khehL Kbe;j ifNahL ele;j nra;jpahsHfspd; khehl;bNyNa ntspAwT mikr;rH ,t;thW NgrpAs;shH.

rpq;fsg; gilfspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gg; gilnaLg;Gf;fis gaq;futhjj;Jf;F vjpuhd NghH vdr; nrhy;yp kfpe;j ,uhrgf;Nr mjid epahag;gLj;jg; ghHf;fpwhH.  

gaqfuthjj;Jf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; kdpjTupikfs; kPwg;glyhk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il mtH Kd;itj;Js;shH!

,jd; xU mk;rkhfNt jpy;ypapy; ele;j gpuNjr xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd njw;fhrpa mitapd; (SAARC) khehl;by; kfpe;j ,uhrgf;Nr “gaq;futhj xopg;G” thisf;  ifapy; vLj;jhH. Mdhy; mtuJ Kaw;rp ntw;wpngwtpy;iy.

mjp jPtpu gTj;j – rpq;fs Ngupdthjj;Jf;F nfhbgpbf;Fk; The Island vd;w ehNsL kfpe;j rpe;jidia gpujpgypg;gJ Nghy; Mrpupa ciu jPl;bAs;sJ.

“War is a package where contents are inseparable and disaster is inevitable. Hence, the need to avoid it. But, unfortunately, there arise certain situations where states are left with no alternative to war in dealing with monsters that believe in terrorism. If the world had not fought Hitler with might and main we would have been living in hell today. Had the JVP been allowed to establish its Pol Pot regime, Sri Lanka would have been hell on earth. The same goes to the LTTE, which is causing hellish sufferings to the people under its jackboot and elsewhere.” (The Island – April 02,  2007)

“NghH vd;gJ xU rpg;gk; khjpup. mjdpy; cs;s nghUs;fisg; gpupf;f KbahJ. NghH mopTk; jtpHf;f KbahjJ. vdNt mjidj; jtpHf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;> Jujpl;ltrkhf rpy #o;epiyfspy; gaq;futhjj;jpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;s Ntjhsq;fNshL rk;ge;jg;gLk; NghJ muRfSf;Fg; NghH jtpu NtW topapy;iy. ,e;j cyfk; ,l;yNuhL %Hf;fj;jdkhfg; NghH GupahJ ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehq;fs; ,d;W eufj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUg;Nghk;. nghy; nghl; muR Nghy; xd;iw epWt N[tpgp mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; ,e;jg; GtpNa eufk; Mf khwpapUf;Fk;. tp.GypfSk; mt;thNw. mtHfs; jq;fsJ fhyzpf;Fs;Sk; ntspapYk; cs;s kf;fSf;F nrhy;nyhzhj; Jd;gj;ij ,iof;fpwhHfs;.”

Mupa ,dntwp gpbj;j ,l;yH rpWghd;ik A+j ,dj;ij nfhd;W Ftpj;jtd;. N[tpgp Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w MAjNke;jp kf;fisr; Rl;Lf; nfhd;w mikg;G. ,e;jf; Fk;gNyhL jkpo; kf;fsJ tho;Tupikiaj; jl;bg;gwpj;j rpq;fs-gTj;j ntwpaHfNshL jw;ghJfhg;G mbg;gilapy; NghuhLk; tp.Gypfis The Island ehNsL MrpupaH xg;gpl;L vOJtJ Kw;wpYk; Kl;lhs;jdkhdJ! mjpy; mwpT ehzak; ,y;iy.  

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