Nrhjplg

,e;jf; fl;Liuj; njhlH mwptpay; jsj;jpy; rpe;jpf;ff; $ba gyuJ ftdj;ij <Hj;J tUtJ vdf;F kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rpia mspf;fpwJ. vq;Nf vUik khl;bd; Njhypy; kio nga;tJ Nghy vdJ Neuj;ijAk; ciog;igAk; tPzhf;FfpNwhkh vd;w ma;ak; mt;tg;nghOJ vd;Ds; vOtJz;L. mg;Nghnjy;yhk; ez;gHfsplk; ,Ue;J fpilf;Fk; tha;nkhop kw;Wk; mQ;ry;topg; ghuhl;Lf;fs; mj;jifa vz;zj;ijg; Nghf;fbj;J tpLfpwJ.

jkpoupd; jpUehshd nghq;fy; jkpo;g; Gj;jhz;ilnahl;b gyH tho;j;Jf;fis mDg;gp ,Ue;jhHfs;. mtHfSf;F vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

kNyrpahtpy; ,Ue;J ez;gH jpUkhtstd; nghq;fy; jkpo;g; Gj;jhz;L tho;j;Jf;fis kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; njuptpj;jpUe;jhH. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; 'jq;fs; fl;Liu kpfr; rpwg;ghfj; njhlu;e;J ntsptUtJ fz;L kpf;f kfpo;r;rp. kNyrpahtpy; cau;Nthk;; ,jopy; ,j; njhlu; ntsptUfpwJ. mjd; Mrpupau; cq;fNshL njhlu;G nfhs;s tpUk;Gfpwhu;. ehd; jkpoPoj;jpy; fdlh md;gu;fs; fz;zd; KjyhNdhiur; re;jpj;Njd;. jq;fisg; gw;wp crhtpNdd;. nrk;gUj;jp khj ,jopy; vJ jkpou; rkak;? njhlH ntsptUfpwJ" vd vOjpAs;shH.

mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J xU thrfH Nrhjplg; Gul;Lg; gw;wpj; NjhoH jhkiuf;Nfh njhFj;j Nrhjplk; gw;wpa xH mtpay; ghHit vd;w Ehy; xd;iw vdf;F md;G$He;J mDg;gp itj;jpUf;fpwhH. ,e;Ehiy cyfj; jkpopd Kd;Ndw;wf; fofk; (ney;ypf;Fg;gk;) 1994 Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;Ls;sJ. Nrhjplk; gw;wp je;ij ngupahH vOjpa ePz;l fl;Liu cl;gl gy fl;Liufs; ,e;j Ehypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

mt;tg;nghOJ vdJ fUj;Jf;fis kWj;Jr; Nrhjplj;Jf;F Mjuthf vOJNthUk; csH. mtHfspy; xUtH ey;y jkpo;g; ngaiu #bf;nfhz;Ls;s jhkiuf;fz;zd; MthH. ,tH rpq;fg;G+H ehs;Lf; Fbkfd;. njhopy;Kiwapy; nghwpahsH> Nrhjplk; xU mwptpay; vd thjpLfpwhH. vt;tsTjhd; gbj;jhYk; goikiag; Nghw;Wk; kdg;ghq;F vd;w xd;W ,Uf;fpwjy;yth? mg;gd; ntl;ba fpzW cg;Gj; jz;zPH vd;whYk; mjidf; Fbj;Nj jPUNthk; vd;W mlk; gpbg;gjw;F mJjhd; fhuzk;.

nrd;w fpoik %d;W ,isQHfs; vd;id tPl;by; te;J re;jpj;jhHfs;. mtHfsplk; ,Ue;J Vfg;gl;l Nfs;tpf; fizfs;. “cq;fSf;Ff; flTs; ek;gpf;if cz;lh? nja;tj;jpy; ek;gpf;if cz;lh? flTSf;Fk; nja;tj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Ntw;Wik vd;d? ehb Nrhjplj;ij ek;GfpwPHfsh? rpj;jHfs; rpj;Jf;fs; nra;tJ cz;ikjhNd? mij kWf;fpwPHfsh? jpU%yH gj;jhapuk; Mz;Lfs; tho;e;J Mz;nlhd;Wf;F xU ghl;lhfg; gj;jhapuk; ghl;Lf;fs; ghb ,Uf;fpwhNu? mij kWf;f KbAkh? ”.............. ,g;gbg; gy Nfs;tpfs;> ma;aq;fs;> kWg;Gf;fs;.

vdf;F Vw;gl;l Vkhw;wk; vd;dntd;why; fdlhtpy; tho;e;J nfhz;L Nga;> gprhR> Mtp> ml;lkh rpj;Jf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ek;GfpwhHfs; vd;gJjhd;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ehb NrhjplHfsplk; nrd;W fhz;lk; Nfl;bUf;fpwhHfs;. ehb rhj;jpuk; cz;ikah ngha;ah vd;W ciuj;Jg; ghHg;gJjhd; Nehf;fk; vd;whYk; ehb NrhjplHfs; jq;fs; ngaH> jha; je;ijaH ngaHfisr; rupahfr; nrhy;ypaijapl;L tpag;G milfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; 'mwptpay; epyhtpy; kdpjid ,wf;fpr; rhjid gilj;jJ cq;fSf;F tpag;ghfj; Njhd;wtpy;iyah vdf; Nfl;ljpw;F "ahUk; epyhtpw;Fg; Nghftpy;iy> mJ Gul;L vd;W cUrpah Vw;fdNt nrhy;ypapUf;fpwJ!" vdr; Rtupy; vwpe;j ge;J jpUk;gp tUk; Ntfj;jpy; gjpy; te;jJ!

,isQHfs; MtpAyfk;> mwpJapy; (hypnotism) gw;wpa Ehy;fisf; ifNahL nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,tHfsJ Fog;gj;Jf;F Ehy;fisg; gbj;J nka;g; nghUs; vJ? ngha;g; nghUs; vJ? fw;gid vJ? tuyhW vJ? vd;gijg; gFj;jwpitf; nfhz;L gpupj;Jg; gFj;Jg; ghHf;f Kbahky; ,Ug;gJjhd; fhuzk; MFk;. NkYk; kdpj Fyj;Jf;F xU fLfsT gad; ,y;yhj Mtp> Nga;> gprhR Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; Vd;jhd; jq;fs; nghd;dhd Neuj;ij kz;zhf;FfpwhHfs; vd;gJ vdf;F tpsq;ftpy;iy. ,e;j mofpy; jkpoHfs; ve;j Ehw;whz;by; xU Nehgy; gupirj; jl;bf; nfhz;L Nghfg; NghfpwhHfs;?

Mdhy; xd;Wk; Fb KOfpg; Nghftpy;iy. Ehy;fs; gbf;Fk; MHtk; ,Ug;gjhy; taJk; gl;lwpTk; NkNyhq;Fk; nghOJ Fog;gq;fs; ePq;fp vg; nghUs; ahH ahH tha;f; Nfl;gpDk; mg; nghUs; nka;g;nghUs; fhZk; mwpT mtHfSf;F tUk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;F ,Uf;fpwJ. mJ kl;Lky;y> rupNah gpioNah ,tHfs; rpe;jpf;fpwhHfs;. mt;thW rpe;jpf;fr; rpe;jpf;f mwpahik vd;w ,Us; tpyfp nka;awpT vd;w xsp gpwf;Fk;.

ehb Nrhjplk; vd;gJ xU jiyrpwe;j Gul;lhFk;. kw;wg;Gul;Lf;fs; vy;yhk; ,jw;F ciw Nghlf; $lf; fhzhJ.

fe;jH ehb> fhf;ifaH ehb> rptrpe;jhkzp ehb> fTrpf ehb> mfj;jpaH ehb> Rf ehb> gpuk ehb vdg; gy ehbtiffs; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

ehb vd;w nrhy;Yf;Fj; NjLjy; vd;gJ nghUshFk; .mjhtJ xUtd; jdJ ,we;j fhyk; gw;wpAk; jdJ vjpH fhyk; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nkw; nfhs;Sk; NjlyhFk;.

,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dhy; tho;e;j KdptHfs; jq;fs; Nahf Mw;wy; %yk; tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;fspy; vOjpitj;jhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. rpyH gukrptd; nrhy;yg; ghHtjp Nfl;ljhfTk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtw;iw Xiyr; Rtbfis vOjpajhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jr; Rtbfs; jkpo;r; nra;As; tbtj;jpy; tl;l vOj;jpy; vOj;jhzpahy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jr; Rtbfs; Kf;fpakhf jQ;ir ru];tjp kfhy;> itj;jP];tud; Nfhapy; ,uz;bYk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j ehb Xiyr;Rtbfs; 1>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH Nrho murHfsJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; njhFf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpwJ. 13 Mk; Ehw;whz;lstpy; ,e;jr; Rtbfs; rpjk;guj;Jf;F mUfpy; 24 fpkP njhiytpYs;s itj;jP];tud; Nfhapypy; fz;nlLj;jjhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;j Xiyr; Rtbfis mtHfs; nghJkf;fSf;F tpw;wjhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. Vd; tpw;whHfs;? mtHfSf;F vq;Nf vg;gb me;jr; Rtbfs; fpilj;jd vd;w tpguk; njupatpy;iy.

xUtuJ ngUtpuy; milahsj;ij itj;Nj xUtUf;Fupa Xiy Njlg;gLfpwJ. ngUtpuy; milahsq;fs; 108 tifahf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sdthk;. cyfpy; cs;s kf;fspy; 40 tpOf;fhl;bduJ Xiyfs; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

cyf kf;fs; njhif ,d;W 600 Nfhbf;F Nky; caHe;J tpl;lJ. ,jpy; 40 tpOf;fhl;bdUf;F Xiyfs; ,Uf;fpwnjd;why; nkhj;jk; 240 Nfhb Xiyr; Rtbfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,NjhL ,dpNky; gpwf;fg; NghNthHfsJ njhifiaAk; $l;l Ntz;Lk;!

,e;jr; Rtbfis vOj gid Xiyf;F vq;Nf NghdhHfs;? mtw;iw vq;Nf fhg;ghw;wp itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;?

fdlhTf;F fhz;lk; thrpf;f tUfpw xU ehb NrhjplH $baJ 1>000 Xiyr; RtbfSf;F Nky; Rke;J nfhz;L tuKbahJ. fdlhtpy; 3 Nfhb kf;fs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. ,tHfspy; 40 tpOf;fhl;bdUf;F Xiy ,Uf;fpwjhf itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; 1.2 Nfhb Xiyr; Rtbfs; Njitg;gLk;. Fiwe;jJ nuhwd;Nuh ngUk;ghfj;jpy; cs;stHfspy; 10 tpOf;fhl;bdUf;F fhz;lk; thrpg;gjw;F 4 ,yl;rk; (nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 40 ,yl;rk;) Xiyr; Rtbfs; Njitg;gLNk?

,uz;lhapuk; Mz;L fhyj;J Kd;dH tho;e;j KdptHfSf;F Nahd; Nghy;> fpwr;rpad;> nghg;Nw> kf;Nf> nghy];fp> kf;fyk;> Nkhr];> n[dp> n[dpgH Nghd;w nts;isf;fhuHfs; fdlhtpy; gpwg;gJ njupAkh? mtHfs; ngaHfs; njupAkh?

jw;fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gLk; gpNuk;> gpNukh> uQ;rd;> uQ;rdp> ep\he;j;> ep\hdp> epNuh[d;> epNuh[p> f[d;> f[dp> by;\d;> by;\p> J\p> Mrh> Nfhrh> Nfhrd;dh> ANudpah> n[fd;> n[dp Nghd;w jkpoHfsJ fuLKulhd ngaHfs; mf;fhyj;J KdptHfSf;Fj; njupAkh?

fhz;lk; thrpg;gtHfs; itj;jpUf;Fk; Xiyr; Rtbfisg; ghHj;jhy; mit xU 200 Mz;LfSf;F Ke;jpa jkpo; eilapy;jhd; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;F ,e;jg; ghliyg; gbAq;fs;.

“GayhL Gytd; ruypy; G+kfs; kjpNfhyhf
ntapy; kfd; Nghfp ez;by;> Ntjpad; Njs; kPjhf
nrAkpf;Nfhs; epiyapy; Njhw;Wk; NrahwhHf;FapH - rpaj;Nj
gad;jU kpydpd; n[d;kk;> ghz;bad; ehs;Lf;Fs;Ns”

,e;jg; ghlypy; nrhy;ypa tpjkha;; fpufq;fs; mikag; ngw;w xU kdpjDila gpwg;Gg; G+kpahdJ “ghz;bad; ehl;Lf;Fs;Ns” ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. ghz;ba> Nrho> Nru kd;dHfs; njd;dhl;il 13 Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiu muR Mz;ltHfs;. Vwj;jho fpK 200 Mk; Mz;by; ghz;baH kJiuiaj; jiyefukhfTk; nfhw;ifiaj; JiwKfg; gl;lzkhfTk; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;jhHfs;. Mdhy; Nru> Nrho> ghz;bag; NguuRfs; kiwe;J 600 Mz;LfSf;F NkyhfpwJ. mg;gbapUf;f ghl;by; Vd; ghz;bad; ehl;by; gpwe;jhd; vd vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ? Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; my;yJ Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpapy; gpwe;jtd; vd;wy;yth ghl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;?

,e;jg; ghly;fisg; ghba KdptHfSf;Nfh> gukrptDf;Nfh> ghHtjpf;Nfh Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba muRfs; kiwe;J mjd; gpd; NghHj;Jf;NfaH> gpuQ;rf;fhuHfs;> Mq;fpNyaH> kuhj;jpaH> nkhfyhaH muRfs; Njhd;Wk; vd;gJ vg;gbj; njupahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ?

ghz;bad; ehs;Lf;Fs;Ns vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; Nkw;$wpa muRfspd; ngaHfs; my;yth ghl;by; ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;?

ehd; epidf;fpNwd; ,e;j ehb NrhjplHfs; Xiyr; Rtbiag; ghHj;Jg; gyd; nrhy;yhky; thbf;iffhuHfspd; Kfj;ijg; ghHj;Jg; gyd; nrhy;fpwhHfs;! mjd; fhuzkhfNt 1>000 Rtbfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L 50>000 NgUf;F fhz;lk; thrpf;f KbfpwJ! ,e;j Xiyr; Rtbfis 2>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH tho;e;j KdptHfs;> flTsH vOjpdhHfs; vd;gJ jpwkhd fw;gidahFk;.

vdf;F kpfTk; gpbj;j Fws; 'mwpTilahH vy;yhk; cilahH> mwptpyhH vd;DilaNuDk; ,yH" vd;w FwshFk;. mwpTlik vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; (mjpfhuk; 43> Fws; 430) ,f; Fws; tUfpwJ. mwpTlik vd;why; fy;tp Nfs;tp ,uz;lhYk; tUfpw mwpNthL cz;ik mwpitj; njupe;J nfhs;sy;. ,e;j cz;ik mwpit vy;NyhUk;> Fwpg;ghf ,isQHfs;> NjlNtz;Lk;. mwpT if$btpl;lhy; jkpoH epkpHe;J tpLthHfs;! cyfg; ge;jpy; jkpopdk; caHe;J epw;Fk;!

,dp tpl;l ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlHNthk;. mwptpayhsH NrH ma;rf; epA+l;ld; ( Sir Isac Newton) mtHfis mwpahjtHfs; ,Uf;f KbahJ. ,tH fypypNah kiwe;j mNj Mz;L ej;jhH ehsd;W ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire ,y; gpwe;jhH.

epA+l;lidg;gw;wp xU fij nrhy;tJz;L. mg;gps; kuj;jpd; fPo; cl;fhHe;J ,Ue;j mtuJ jiyapy; mg;gps; gok; tpOe;jjhk;. 'mg;gps; gok; Vd; NkNy Nghfhky; fPNo tpOfpwJ" vd;W epA+l;ld; rpe;jpj;j nghOJ <Hg;G tpir gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fz;L gpbj;jhH vd;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;jf; fijapy; cz;ik ,y;iy. ahNuh xUtH ,e;jf; fw;gidf; fijia vOjp itj;J tpl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lhH.

mg;gps; fijNghyNt gdk;gok; jiyapy; tpOe;j fijAk; cz;L. fhiyf; flidf; fopf;fg; gid kuj;jpd; fPo; cl;fhHe;j jk;gH mk;khd; jiyapy; gdk; gok; tpOe;j nghOJ <Hg;G tpiriaf; fz;L gpbj;jhuhk;. Mdhy;> mij kw;wtHfSf;Fr; nrhy;Y Kd;dH mtuJ capH Ngha; tpl;ljhk;!

epA+l;ld; gw;wp ,d;ndhU fijAk; cz;L. jdJ Ma;T $lj;jpy; jhd; tsHj;j Fl;bg; G+id GFtjw;Fr; rpwpa tl;lKk; jha;g; G+id GFtjw;F ngupa tl;lKk; Nghl;L itj;jpUe;jhuhk;. ngupa tl;lj;jpw;F Clhff; Fl;bg; G+idAk; GFe;J NghFk; vd;w cz;ik mtuJ ez;gH xUtH Rl;bf; fhl;L kl;Lk; mtUf;Fj; njupahky; ,Ue;jjhk;!

NfhngHdpf;f];> nfg;yH> fypypNah tupirapy; thdpay; Jiwapy; ngupa Gul;rp nra;jtH epA+l;ld; (1643-1727) MthH. ,tNu tpz;zpYk; kz;zpYk; cs;s fhl;rpg; nghUs;fs; mj;jidAk; xNu rPuhf mirtjw;F <Hg;g tpirNa fhuzk; vd;gijf; fzpj mbg;gilapy; #j;jpuq;fs; %yk; vz;gpj;jtH. Nfhs;fs;> Jizf; Nfhs;fs;> thy;nts;spfs; vy;yhNk <Hg;G tpjpf;F mika mirfpd;wd vd;whH.

epA+l;ld; Nfk;gpupl;r; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbj;J Kjypy; ,sk; mwptpay; gl;lj;ij 1665 Yk; KJ mwptpay; gl;lj;ij mNj gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; 1668 Yk; ngw;whH. fzf;fpay; kw;Wk; ,aw;if nka;apay; (Natural Philosophy) ,uz;bYk; Vw;gl;l Gjpa khWjy;fis Muha;e;jhH. mjd; tpisthf mwptpay;j; Jiwiaj; njhopyhff; nfhs;tjw;fhd gy fz;L gpbg;Gf;fis fz;L gpbj;jhH. mjpy; xd;W Calculus vd;w Ez;fzpj KiwahFk;.

xspapay; (Optics) gw;wp epA+l;ld; nfhz;bUe;j ngU tpUg;Gf; fhuzkhf epwq;fs; vg;gb cUthfpd;wd vd;gijf; fz;L gpbj;jhH. mtNu Qhapwpd; fjpHfs; ntz;ikahf ,Ug;gjw;F mjpy; vy;yh epwq;fSk; mlq;fp ,Ug;gJ fhuzk; vd Kjypy; nrhd;dtH MthH. xspf; fjpiu xU Kg;gl;ilf; fz;zhb (prism) %yk; nrYj;jpdhy; mJ ntt;NtW epwq;fshf mjidr; rpjwilar; nra;tijf; fhzyhk;. jdJ Nfhl;ghl;il 1704 Mk; Mz;L Opticks vd;w Ehy; %yk; tpsf;fpdhH.

1684 ,y; gpugy gpupj;jhdpa thdpayhsH kw;Wk; fzpjtpayhsH vl;kz;l; fhy;Ny (Edmund Halley) epA+l;lidr; nrd;W re;jpj;jhH. vl;kz;l; mtNuhL Nfhs;fspd; Rw;Wg;ghijfs; gw;wpa rpf;fy;fisapl;Lf; fye;JiuahbdhH. gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; epA+l;ld; tpirapay; (Dynamics) ghlj;ij xU ghlkhf vLj;Jg; gbj;jpUe;jhH. vl;kz;l; fhy;Ny mtHfspd; tUifapd; gpd; tpirapay; gw;wp epA+l;ld; NkYk; tpupthf Muhaj; njhlq;fpdhH. ,e;j Muha;r;rpapd; tpisthf jdJ nfhs;ifia 1687Mk; Mz;L Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica vd;w Ehyhf vOjp ntspapl;lhH. jw;fhy tpirapay; tuyhw;wpy; ,e;j Ehy; xU jpUg;G Kidahf mike;jpUe;jJ. tpirapay; gw;wp epA+l;ld; fPo;f;fz;l 3 tpjpfis tFj;jhH.

KjyhtJ mirT tpjp - xt;nthU gUg;nghUSk; xNu rPuhd mirtpd; nghOJ> ntsptpir nrYj;jpdhy; my;yhJ> mNj mir epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;.

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.

,uz;lhtJ mirT tpjp - xU gUg;nghUspd; nghUz;ik vk;> mjd; KLf;fk; V kw;Wk; tpir vt; vd;why; vt; = vk;V ( F = ma).

The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma.

%d;whtJ mirT tpjp - xt;nthU tpidf;Fk; mjw;F vjpuhd Mdhy; rktsthd vjpHtpid ,Uf;Fk;.

,tw;iwf; Nfhs;fspd; Xl;lq;fs; gw;wpa nfg;yupd; 3 tpjpfNshL ,izj;J cyfshtpa <Hg;G tpjpia (Universal gravitation ) cUthf;fpdhH.

Kjy; tpjp - Nfhs;fspd; Rw;Wg;ghijfs; ePs;tl;l tbthdJ. QhapW mt; ePs;tl;lj;jpd; xU Ftpikaj;jpy; (focus) ,Uf;fpwJ.

The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.

,uz;lhtJ tpjp - Qhapwpd; ikaaj;jpy; ,Ue;J xU Nfhspd; ikaj;Jf;F tiuag;gLk; xU fw;gidf; NfhL rk ,ilNtis Neuj;jpy; rk gug;igf; flf;fpwJ.

An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

%d;whtJ tpjp - xU Nfhs; Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyj;jpd; kpirg; ngUf;fk; me;j Rw;Wg; ghij miu mr;Rfspd; fd rJu rk tpOf;fhl;Lf;Fr; rkkhdJ.

The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their semimajor axes.

epA+l;ldpd; <Hg;G tpjp vd;gJ vd;d? mz;lj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU JfSk; ( particle) mz;lj;jpy; cs;s kw;iwa Jfis <Hf;fpwJ. mjd; <Hg;G tpir ,uz;L Jfs;fspd; tpisnghUs; nghUz;ikia ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhiytpd; kpirg; ngUf;fj;jhy; gpupj;J tUk; ngWNgiwg; nghWj;jJ.

Every particle in the universe with a force that depends on the product of the two particle's masses divided by the square of the distance between them.

vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf ,uz;L Jfs;fspy; xd;wpdJ my;yJ ,uz;bdJk; nghUz;ik mjpfupj;jhy; mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd <Hg;G tpir mjpfupf;Fk;. ,uz;L Jfs;fspy; xU Jfspd; nghUz;ikia ,ul;bj;jhy; mtw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd <Hg;G tpir ,ul;bg;ghFk;. mNj rkak; ,uz;L Jfs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhiyT mjpfupj;jhy; <Hg;G tpir mtw;wpd; kpirg; ngUf;fj;jhy; FiwAk;. ,uz;L Jfs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhiyit ,ul;bj;jhy; <Hg;G tpir ehypy; xU gq;fhff; FiwAk;.

nghJthf <Hg;G tpir ,uz;L Jfs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd NeHf;NfhL Clhf ,lk;ngWk;. Mdhy; ,uz;L cUisfSf;F ,ilapyhd <Hg;G tpir mtw;wpd; ikaj;Jf;F ,ilapyhd NeHf;NfhL Clhf ,lk; ngWk;.

epA+l;ldpd; <Hg;G tpirf; Nfhl;ghNl Gtpapy; cs;s nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhs;fspd; mirTfisj; Jy;ypakhf vLj;J tpsf;fpaJ. epA+l;ldpd; tpjpapd;gb Nfhs;fSf;F ,ilapyhd <Hg;Gk; Nfhs;fSf;Fk; QhapWf;Fk; ,ilapyhd <Hg;Gk; Nfhs;fis ePs;tl;l Rw;Wg;ghijapy; xOq;fhf itj;jpUf;fpwJ. ,Nj tpjp fhuzkhfNt Gtpapd; Jizf; Nfhshd re;jpuDk; Vida Nfhs;fspd; re;jpud;fSk; mjdjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; rPuhf XLfpd;wd.

epA+l;ldpd; <Hg;G tpjpapy; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; rpf;fy;fs; vOe;jd. epA+l;ldpd; <Hg;G tpjpapd;gb XLk; njhlHtz;bapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU ge;ijj; jiuapy; epd;W ghHg;gtUf;F mjd; mirT njhlHtz;bapd; mirTf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; njhlHtz;bapy; ,Ug;gtUf;F me;j ge;jpd; mirT Ropakhf (G+r;rpak;) ,Uf;Fk;. ngUntsp> fhyk; gw;wpa kuGtop vz;zg;gb ,ay; cyfj;jpy; xNu rPuhd Ntfk; ,Uf;f KbahJ> fhuzk; vy;yh NtfKk; xg;gPLjhd;.

,e;jr; rpf;fiyj; jPHj;J itj;jtH 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j ];nfhl;ye;J ehl;L ,aw;gpayhsH James Clerk Maxwell vd;gtuhtH. mtH rPuhd Ntfk; xU tpdhbf;F 300>000 fpkP (186>000 fy;) vd;W epWtpdhH. ,JNt xsp miyfs; cl;glf; fhe;j miyfspd; NtfkhFk;. ,e;jg; Gjpa fz;L gpbg;G> Ntfk; xg;gPLjhd; vd;W nrhy;yp te;j ,aw;gpay; Jiwapy; xU neUf;fbia cUthf;fpaJ.

1905 ,y; ,e;j neUf;fbiaj; jPHj;J itj;jtH Gfo;ngw;w mwptpayhsuhd my;Ngl; mapd;;];jPd; MthH. mtNu ve;jj; JfSk; my;yJ miyAk; mbg;gil Ntfj;ij (xspapd; Ntfj;ij) kpQ;r KbahJ vd;whH.

Nk 5> 2000 Mk; Mz;L Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs;fs; xNu NeHf; Nfhl;by; te;jd. mjdhy; Gtpapy; ngupa mdHj;jq;fSk; mopTfSk; Vw;gLk; vd;W NrhjplHfs; G+r;rhz;b fhl;bdhHfs;. cz;ikapy; me;j epfo;r;rpahy; ve;jf; NfLk; Vw;gltpy;iy. mg;gb Vw;gl topAk; ,y;iy. epA+l;ldpd; <Hg;G tpjp gw;wpa vLNfhs; mjw;F ,lk; mspf;fhJ.

<Hg;G tpiriag; nghWj;jstpy; Qhapwpd; <Hg;igtpl mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; epyhtpd; <Hg;Ng Gtpia mjpfk; ghjpf;fpwJ. Qhapwpd; <Hg;G 1 vd;W itj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; Vida Nfhs;fspd; <Hg;G tpir gpd;tUkhW.

NrhjplHfSf;F ,e;j cz;ik njupahjjhy; mtHfs; fz; njupahjtd; kidtpf;F mbj;j fijNghyf; Nfhs;fspd; gyj;ij kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; jhWkhwhf mDkhdpj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

Nrhjplg; Gul;Lf;Fg; gypahd xU FLk;gj;jpd; Nrhff; fij jpdfud; (jkpo;ehL) rdtup 27> 2004 ,jopy; ntspte;Js;sJ.

Nkl;^u; mUNf> gj;Jj; jpq;fs; tapW nehe;J ngw;Wj; jhyhl;br; rPuhl;b tsHj;j 3 Foe;ijfisf; fapw;why; ,Wf;fpf; nfhiy nra;J tpl;Lj; jhAk; je;ijAk; eQ;R Fbj;jdH. ,e;j nfhiyf;Ff; fhuzk; tWik> fld; njhy;iy> jPuhj Neha; vd;Wjhd; nghJthf ahUk; epidg;ghHfs; epidg;gPHfs;. Mdhy; nfhiyf;Ff; fhuzk; mitay;y.

Nryk; khtl;lk; Nkl;^iu mLj;j GJr;rhk;gs;sp mUNf cs;sJ Nfhk;g+uhd;fhL vd;w CH. ,e;j Ciur; Nru;e;jtu; <];tud; (taJ 30). vd;gtH xU $ypj; njhopyhsp. ,tuJ kidtp ngaH tp[ah (26). ,tu;fSf;F jpt;ah (6) jPgpfh (4) vd;w 2 ngz;gps;isfSk; jpNd];Fkhu; (2) vd;w xU kfDk; cs;sdu;.

cly;eyf; Fiwthf ,Ue;j jpNd];;Fkhiug; ngw;NwhHfs; mur kUj;Jt kidf;Ff; nfhz;L nrd;W fhl;bdhHfs;. jpNd];Fkhiug; gupNrhjpj;j kUj;JtHfs; mtdJ ,jaj;jpy; Xl;il ,Ug;gjhff; $wpdhHfs;. kUj;JtHfis ek;ghj ngw;NwhHfs; Nrhjpluplk; nrd;W kfdpd; rhjfj;ijf; fhl;bg; gyd; Nfl;lhHfs;. rhjfj;ijg; gbj;j NrhjplH ,d;Dk; 15 ehspy; jpNd];Fkhu; capUf;F Mgj;J NeupLk; vd;W nrhd;dhH.

,jdhy; fztd; kidtp ,UtUk; kdk; cile;jdu;. jq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; xNu kfd; ,we;J NghthNdh vd epidj;J kd Ntjid mile;jdu;. kfid ,oe;j gp;d;dH capNuhL ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd epidj;j ,UtUk; FLk;gj;Jld; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;s KbT nra;jdH.

,e;epiyapy; New;W mjpfhiy <];tud; tPL g+l;bf;fple;jJ. Foe;ijfspd; rj;jKk; Nfl;ftpy;iy> ,jdhy; mf;fk;gf;fj;jpdu; ma;ak;; mile;jdu;.

tPl;bw;Fs; ad;dy; Xukha;g; ghu;j;jNghJ <];tud;> tp[ah capUf;Fg; Nghuhbf;nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ njupe;jJ. tPl;bd; jho;thuj;jpy; 3 Foe;ijfSk; ,we;J fple;jd. Mdhy; ghu;g;gjw;F J}q;fpf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ Nghy; njupe;jJ.

,J Fwpj;J fUkiyf;$ly; fhty;Jiwf;F mf;fk; gf;fj;jpdu; jfty; njuptpj;jdu;. fhty;JiwapdH rk;gt ,lj;Jf;F tpiue;J te;jdu;. mq;F capUf;Fg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUe;j fztd;> kidtp ,UtiuAk; Nkl;^u; muR kUj;Jtkidapy; Nru;j;jdH.

tprhuizapy; mtu;fs; g+r;rp kUe;J Fbj;Jtpl;lJ njupe;jJ. jdJ kfd; jpNd];Fkhu; ,d;Dk; 15 ehspy; ,we;J tpLthd; vdr; Nrhjplu; $wpajhy; kdk; cile;J ,e;jj; jw;nfhiy KbTf;F te;jjhfTk; 3 Foe;ijfisAk; fapw;wpdhy; ,Wf;fpf; nfhd;Wtpl;Lg; ngw;NwhH eQ;R Fbj;jhfTk; $wg;gl;lJ.

'N[hjplk; vd;w %lek;gpf;if 3 Foe;ijfspd; capu; gwpNghff; fhuzkhf mike;Jtpl;lJ' vd;W jpdfud; ehNsl;bd; KftH nra;jpia epiwT nra;Js;shH. Mdhy; ,Nj VL M&lk; (Nrhjplk;) ,uhrp gyd; gw;wpa fl;Liufisg; gf;fk; gf;fkhf ehs; NjhWk; ntspapl;L %lek;gpf;iffSf;Fj; jPdp Nghl;L tsHj;J tUfpwJ!

ghku kf;fspd; mwpahikiaAk; gbj;jtHfsJ Kl;lhsj;;jdj;ijAk; Kjyhf itj;Jf; nfhz;Nl NrhjplHfs; njhopy; nra;fpwhHfs;. NrhjplH nrhy;ypaij cz;ik vd;W ek;gpajhy;jhd; me;jg; gbg;gwptpy;yhj ngw;NwhHfs; jhq;fs; ngw;W tsHj;j Foe;ijf;F vkdhf khwpdhHfs;.

nrd;w rdtup 24 Mk; ehs; jpUtuq;fk; jpUkz muq;fpy; ge;jy; jPg;gw;wp vupe;J mjpy; kzkfd; FUuhrd; mtdJ ngw;NwhH cl;gl 59 NgH ,we;jhHfs;. kzkfs; n[a= gLfhak; mile;J kUj;Jtkidapy; NrHf;fg;gl;lhH. 'fhrpahj;jpiu' rlq;F Kbe;J 'eYq;F' itf;Fk;NghNj me;j vjpH ghuhj epfo;r;rp ele;jJ. rhjfk; ghHj;J> gQ;rhq;fj;jpy; ey;yehs; (K$Hj;jk;) ghHj;J Xkk; tsHj;J> NtjpaH Ntjke;jpuk; Koq;f ele;j jpUkzk;jhNd? gpd;dH Vd; ,e;j mdHj;jk; Neu Ntz;Lk;?

fle;j Mz;L (2003) bnrk;gH 26 ,y; ,uhd; ehs;bd; 2>000 Mz;L goik tha;e;j ghk; (Bam) efupy; ,lk;ngw;w epyeLf;fj;jpy; 30>000 NgUf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Mz;> ngz;> Foe;ijfs; 10 tpehbf;Fs; epj;jpiuapy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhHfs;.

,uhdpy; kl;Lky;y> Vida ehLfspYk; epyeLf;fk;> Gay;> #whtsp> nts;sk; fhuzkhf xNu Neuj;jpy; Ehw;Wf; fzf;fhd kf;fs; ,wf;fpwhHfs;.

mt;tg;nghOJ tpkhdq;fs; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp tPo;e;J nehUq;Ftjpy; 100> 200> 300 NgH xNu Neuj;jpy; rhfpwhHfs;.

,e;jr; rhTfSf;Fk; mtHfsJ jiytpjpf;Fk;> fHk tpidf;Fk;> Nrhjplj;Jf;Fk; njhlHG ,Uf;fpwjh? mtHfs; vy;NyhUk; xNu ehspy; xNu Neuj;jpy; gpwe;jtHfsh? xNu Neuj;jpy; rhtjw;F? mnjg;gb ntt;NtW Neuj;jpy; ntt;NtW ehs;by; gpwe;jtHfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; rhfpwhHfs;?

1) vy;yhk; gpukh vg;gbj; jiyapy; vOjpdhNuh mjd;gb (jiytpjp) elf;fpwJ. mjid khw;w KbahJ.

2) Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j ey;tpid jPtpid vd;w fHk tpidg;gbNa jiytpjp mikfpwJ. mjid khw;w KbahJ.

3) Nrhjpl rhj;jpug;gb xUtd; gpwe;j Neuj;jpy; thdj;jpy; Nfhs;fs;> ,uhrpfs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jgbNa jiytpjp mikfpwJ. mjid khw;w KbahJ.

4) Ntz;Ljy;> gilay;> rhe;jp> G+ir> mUr;rid> ke;jpuk;> je;jpuk;> ae;jpuk; %yk; Nky;fz;ltw;iw (1>2>3) eptHj;jp nra;ayhk;.

1) vy;yhk; gpukh vOjpa jiyapy; vOjpa tpjpg;gb elf;fpwJ vd;why; fHktpid> Nrhjplk;> eptHj;jp Mfpait mbgl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;.

2) vy;yhk; fHktpid vd;why; jiytpjp> Nrhjplk;> eptHj;jp Mfpait mbgl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;.

3) vy;yhk; Nrhjplk; tpjpj;j tpjp vd;why; jiytpjp> fHktpid> eptHj;jp Mfpait mbgl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;.

4) vy;yhk; Ntz;Ljy;> gilay;> rhe;jp> G+ir> mUr;rid> ke;jpuk;> je;jpuk;> ae;jpuk; %yk; eptHj;jp nra;ayhk; vd;why;> jiytpjp> fHktpid> Nrhjplk; Mfpait mbgl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;.

kdpjd; nra;Ak; tpidfs; vy;yhk; rhjfg; gyd;gbAk; tpjpnay;yhk; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j ,Utpidg;gbAk; elg;gjha; ,Ue;jhy; ght Gz;zpak; vd;w ghFghLk; ew;nra;if Jw;nra;if vd;w NtWghLk; vt;thW nghUe;Jk;? xUtd; nfhiy nra;tJ tpjpapd; topg;gb vd;why; mtDf;Fj; jz;lid mspg;gJ vd;d epahak;? tpjpia ek;GNthH mijAk; tpjp vd;W nrhy;ypj; jg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;!

Nkw; $wpa ehd;F ek;gpf;iffSk; mwpahik> mr;rk;> Nguhir Mfpatw;wpdhy; Vw;gLk; kdkUl;rp; my;yJ kdkaf;fk; (delusions) MFk;. cz;ikapy; flTs; ek;gpf;if cs;stHfSf;Fr; Nrhjpl ek;gpf;if ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. mJ flTSf;F nrhy;yg;gLk; vy;yhk; ty;y vy;yhk; njupe;j vq;Fk; epiwe;j ,yf;fzj;ij mtkjpg;gjhFk;.

,e;j ,lj;jpy; fHktpid gw;wp kfhftp ghujpahH nrhy;yp ,Uf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fisg; ghHg;Nghk;.

‘rhjhuzkhf xUtDf;Fj; jiyNehT te;jhy; $l mjw;Ff; fhuzk; Kjy; ehs; grpapy;yhky; cz;lNjh> msT kPwpj; Jhf;fk; tpopj;jNjh> kpff; FspHe;j my;yJ kpf mRj;jkhd ePupdhy; ];ehdk; nra;jNjh vd;gij MuhA Kd;ghfNt mJ G+Ht n[k;kj;;jpd; fHk gyd; vd;W ,e;Jf;fspNy ghkuH fUjf;$ba epiyik te;Jtpl;lJ. cyfj;J tpahghu epiyikAk; nghUs; toq;fk; KiwfisAk; kdpj je;jpuj;jhy; khw;wp tplyhk; vd;gJk; mq;qdk; khw;Wkplj;Jr; nry;t kpFjpahYk; nry;tf; FiwthYk; kdpjUf;Fs;Ns Vw;gLk; f\;lq;fisAk; mtkhdq;fisAk; grpfisAk; kuzq;fisAk; ePf;fptplf;$Lk; vd;gJ jw;fhyj;J ,e;Jf;fspNy gyUf;Fj; Njhd;wNt ,lkpy;iy. gpwH nrhy;ypa nghOjpYk; mJ mtHfSf;F mHj;jkhtJ rpukk;. Vndd;why; gz tp\aj;jpy; Vw;gl;l gaq;fukhd Ngjq;fisAk; jhujk;kpaq;fisAk; ghugl;rq;fisAk; fz;L mjw;F eptr\zk; Njl top njupah ,lj;jpNy jhd; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jg; G+Ht [d;k fHk tp\ak; tpNr\khf gpu];jhgj;jpw;F tUfpwJ. Mw;g MAs; - ePz;l MAs;> Neha; - Nehapd;ik> moF -mofpd;ik> ghlj;njupjy; - mJ njupahik> gbg;Gj; njupjy; - mJ njupahik Kjypa vy;yhg; Ngjq;fSf;Fk; G+Ht n[d;kj;jpd; Gz;zpa ghtr; nray;fisNa Kfhe;jukhf fhl;bdhHfnsdpDk; gzk; tp\akhd NtWghLfNs ,it vy;yhtw;iwf; fhl;bYk; kdpjHSf;Fs;s nfhjpg;igAk; ek;gpf;iff; Nfl;ilAk; tpistpj;J> mtHfis ,e;j n[d;kj;jpd; Jd;gq;fSf;F G+Ht n[d;kj;jpNyNa fhuzk; NjLtJk; mLj;j n[k;kj;jpy; gupfhuk; NjLtjhfpa tpNehjj; njhopypNy Jhz;bd’ vdg; ghujpahH $WtJ (ghujpahH fijfs; - gf;fk; 71) ,e;J kjj;jtH mj;jidNgUk; Cd;wp kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;.

cz;ikapy; mz;lj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> capHfspd; Njhw;wk;> cUkyHr;rp> kdpjdpd; Njhw;wk;> cyf rKjha tuyhW> rKjha khw;wj;jpd; ,aq;fpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;> cstpay; Mfpatw;iw mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;J ghHj;jhy; kl;LNk ,e;j %lek;gpf;iffis xopf;f KbAk;. mg;gb xopf;fpw nghOJjhd; kdpjdpd; tho;T xsp ngWk; rKjhak; eyk; ngWk;.

nrd;w mjpfhuq;fspy; Nkw;Fyf> Fwpg;ghf ggpNyhdpah> fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk; Nghd;w ehLfspy; thdpaypd; Njhw;wk; tsHr;rpgw;wp vOjpapUe;Njd;. Nrhjplk; xU Gul;L vd;gij thdpay; %ye;jhd; vz;gpf;f KbAk;. fle;j 500 Mz;Lfspy; thdpay; mRu tsHr;rp fz;Ls;sJ. mjd; cr;rfl;l tsHr;rp Kjypy; epyhtpy; kdpjid ,wf;fp mq;fpUe;J nrt;tha;f;F mDg;gp itf;Fk; mnkupf;fhtpd; jpl;lk; MFk;. ,d;Dk; 10-15 Mz;Lfspy; ,e;j tpe;ij tpz;zpy; epfOk; vd;W Jzpe;J nrhy;yyhk;!

,e;jpa mwptpaiyg;gw;wp ntWk; tha; rg;GgtHfs; ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. Nkw;Fyff; fz;L gpbg;Gf;fs; vy;yhk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J nts;isf;fhud; jpUbf; nfhz;L Nghd Xiyr; Rtbfisg; gbj;Jf; fz;L gpbj;jitjhd; vd tha; XahJ $wp tUfpwhHfs;.

nts;isf;fhud; tpkhdk; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fg; gy;yhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH ,uhtzdplk; Gl;gf tpkhdk; ,Ue;jJ - mjpy; mtd; xt;nthU ehSk; ifiykiyf;Fg; gwe;J nrd;W rptid topgl;lhd;!

,uhkdplk; VTfiz ,Ue;jJ> jpUjuhl;bud; muz;kidapy; FUNrj;jpuj;jpy; ele;j rz;iliag; ghHf;fj; njhiyf;fhl;rp ,Ue;jJ! ,g;gb Vfg;gl;l mz;lg; GSFfs;! Mfhag; GSFfs;!

vfpg;J ehl;Lg; gpukpl;lh? ,e;jpaHjhd; mijf; fl;batHfs; vd;fpd;wdH. mq;Nf gpukpl; fl;batHfs; ,e;jpahtpy; Vd; xU gpukpl;ilahtJ fl;ltpy;iy vd;W ahUk; mtHfsplk; jpUg;gpf; Nfl;ff; $lhJ.

,e;Jj;Jth MjuthsHfs; ,g;nghOJ ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj; jpupj;J vOJtjpy; Kk;kukhf <Lgl;L tUfpwhHfs;.

Mr;rhupah guj;thrH (fpK 800) gwf;Fk; njhopy; El;gj;ij (Aviation Technology) njhlf;fp itj;jtH. mtH ae;jpu rHthr vd;w Ehiy vOjpapUf;fpwhH. mjpy; mtH %d;W tpjkhd gwf;Fk; ae;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH. mit xU Nfhspy; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU NfhSf;Fg; gwf;ff; $ba ae;jpuq;fs;. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; #upa Mw;wy; Ntjfhyj;jpy; njupe;jpUe;jJ. <Hg;G tpiria epA+l;lDf;F Kd;dNu Ntj fhyj;jpy; fz;L gpbj;J tpl;lhHfs;.

miz fl;Lk; njhopy;El;gk;> fk;gpapy;yh njhopy; El;gk;> rJuq;fk; vy;yhk; vg;NghNjh fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. = Mr;rhupa RU\;lH (fpK 600) xl;LWg;G mWit itj;jpaj;jpd; je;ij> mtUf;Ff; fz;glyk; (cataract) mfw;wy; kw;Wk; xl;Ljy; nra;aj; njupe;jpUe;jJ.

Mr;rhupahH \huf; (fpK 600) vd;gtiu kUj;Jtj;jp;d; je;ij vd;fpwhHfs;. mtH vOjpa \huf; rk;fpj 100>000 %ypifr; nrbfs; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ. fgpy; Mr;rhupahH (fpK 3000) mz;lapaypd; je;ij. fhdl; Mr;rhupahH (fpK 300) mZf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij. 'vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk; mZf;fshy; Mdit”> mit mZ %yf; $Wfshy; (molecules) xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;Js;sJ. up\p ehfHr;Rdh (fpK 100) Ntjpapaypy; tpw;gduhf ,Ue;jhH.

nfhyk;gRf;F Kd;dH ,e;jpaH mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;jdH. igjhnfhwh]; #j;jpuk; fz;L gpbf;F Kd;dH rpw;g rhj;jpu Ehypy; me;j #j;jpuk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkw;fpUj nkhopNa kw;w vy;yh nkhopfspdJ %ykhFk;. rkw;fpUj nkhopNa fzpdpf;F cfe;j nkhopahFk;.

Kf;fhYk; czHe;j KdptHfs;> $Ltpl;Lf; $L ghAk; rpj;jHfs;> ffd Fspifia tpOq;fptpl;L thdj;jpy; gwf;Fk; Nahfpfs; ,tHfSf;Fk; me;j ehs;by; gQ;rkpy;iy. ,d;W $l Ntnwe;j ehs;ilAk; tpl ,e;jpahtpy;jhd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd kdpjf;flTsH (godmen) ,Uf;fpwhHfs;. rhapghthTf;Fg; Nghl;bahff; Nfusj;jpy; khjh mkpHjhde;jkhap vd;w xU ngz;rhkpahH ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd gf;jHfs; Gil#o ,e;jpahitAk; cyfj;ijAk; tyk; tUfpwhH. rhjhuz kf;fs; my;y> ghkukf;fs; my;y> ehlhs;NthNu gf;jp rpuj;ijNahL mtH fhypy; tpOe;J vOfpwhHfs;! mtUk; gf;jHfisf; fl;bg;gpbj;J MrPHtjpf;fpwhH!

,e;jpahit MSk; ,e;Jj;Jth mbg;gilthjpfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwj; jpupj;J vOJk; gzpapy; Kk;kukhf <Lgl;Ls;shHfs;. MupaHfs; kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;jtHfs; my;y> mtHfs; ,e;jpa ehs;bd; G+HtPf Fbfs; vd;fpwhHfs;> fug;gh-nkhfQ;rjhNuh ehfupfk; my;y mJ ru];tjp-nkhfQ;rjhNuh ehfupfk; vd;fpwhHfs;. nrj;jnkhopahd rkw;fpUjk; cr;rpNky; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. mNj Neuk; jkpior; nrk;nkhopahf mwptpf;FkhW jkpo; rhd;NwhHfshYk; jkpof murhYk; tpLf;fg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhs; ePz;l fhy ,Oj;jbg;Gf;Fg; gpd;dH ,e;jpa eLtz; murhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Ntjfhy MupaH ehNlhbfshf miye;J ML khLfis Nka;j;J tho;e;jtHfs;. mtHfspd; tUiff;F Kd;dNu ,e;jpa cgfz;lj;jpy; ehfupfk; tsHr;rp mile;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW vd;gJ ,e;J kjj;jpd; tuyhW vd;Wk;> ,e;jpa ehfupfk; vd;gJ ,e;J ehfupfk; vd;gJk; cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghdJ. ,e;J kjk; ,e;jpahtpy; Njhd;wpa gy kjq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,e;J kjk; vd;w ngaH Ntjq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhz;l irtk;> itztk;> fhzgj;jpak;> rTuk;> fTkhuk;> rhj;jk; Nghd;w gy;NtW rkaq;fSf;Fg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghJg; ngaH MFk;. irt rkaj;Jf;F ehy; Ntjk; nghJ EhyhfTk; 28 Mfkq;fs; rpwg;G EhyhfTk; mikAk;. mit rptngUkhdhNyNa mUsg; ngw;wd vd;fJ irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gil nfhs;ifahFk;. rptid Ntjj;NjhLk; topghl;il Mfkj;NjhLk; irtk; ,izj;Js;sJ. irtj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rhjp Ntw;Wik> jPz;lhik ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,JNt %y fhuzpahFk;.

rkzk;> gTj;jk;> cNyhfhAjk;> itghbfk; Kjypa kjq;fs; ,e;jpa ehs;bd; ehfupf> rKjha> jj;Jt rpe;jid tsHr;rpf;F ngUk;gq;F Mw;wpAs;sd. cyfk; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy> mz;lj;jpd; ,af;fj;jpw;F Kjw; fhuzd; ,y;iy vd;W ,k; kjq;fs; Nghjpj;jd.

mz;lk; vg;gbj; Njhd;wpw;W? ,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd tpilia mWjpapl;Lr; nrhy;y KbahJ. mwptpayhsHfs; Cfj;jpd; %yk; ngupa ntbg;Gf; fUJNfhs; (Big Bang Theory) vd;gjhFk;.

fw;gidf;nfl;lhj xU fhyj;jpy;> xNu xU rpwpa nghs;jhd; ,Ue;jJ. Mij ‘Cosmic Egg’ vd;fpd;wdH. gpd; VNjh xU VJthy;> mJ ntbj;Jr; rpjwpaJ. Mg;gb ntbj;Jr; rpjwpa Jfs;fs; ,d;Wk;$l ehyh gf;fq;fspYk; rPwpg; gha;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Mjdhy; mz;lk; NkYk;> NkYk; tpuptile;J nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.

,t;thW ntbr; rpjwpanghOJ ntspg;gl;l Jfs;fs;> JhRfs;> Gif> thAf;fs; vy;yhk; ehisiltpy;> tpz;kPd;fshfTk; > Nfhs;fshfTk;> Jizf; Nfhs;fshTk;> FWq;Nfhs;fshfTk; asteroids) cUntLj;jd. vkJ QhapW FLk;gk;> QhapW vd;w tpz;kPdpy; ,Ue;J ntbj;Jr; rpjwpa Jfs;fshy; cUthdit MFk;.

,e;j ngU ntbg;gpd; nghOJ Njhd;wpa ntg;gk;> kpd; Mw;wy;> fhe;j Mw;wy; Mf khwp mz;lk; KOtjpYk; cs;s vy;yhg; gUg;nghUs;fSk; xd;iw xd;W ,Oj;Jg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;gb nra;J xU xOq;fpy; ,aq;f itj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

xU rpwpa kpd; fhe;jj;jpd; (Electro Magnet) mUfpy; xU rpwpa gpsh];jpf; Nfhg;igia (Non magnetic material) itj;J> mjpy; rpwpa gpsh];jpf; kzpiag; Nghd;wnjhU epiyahd fhe;j kzpia (Permanent Ball Magnet) itj;jhy; mJ clNd jd;idj;jhNd ntF Ntfkhfr; Rw;wj; njhlq;Fk;. jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhs;tJky;yhky;> Nfhg;igiaAk; Rw;wpr; Rw;wp tUk;.

Ball Magnet Nky; fPohfTk;> ,lk; tykhfTk; ehk; jpUg;gptpl;lgb jaf;fk; VJk; ,y;yhky; Rw;wk;. mJ Nghy mJ Nfhg;igiaAk; fbfhur; Rw;Wg; NghyTk;> mjd; vjpHr; Rw;Wg; NghyTk; (clockwise and anti-clockwise) Rw;Wk;.

,d;ndhU Ball Magnet ia itj;jjhy; ,uz;Lk; NrHe;J ,uz;L gw;rpy;Yfs; ,ize;J Rw;WtJ Nghy; Rw;Wk;.

Electro Magnet d; kpd; ,izg;igj; Jz;bf;Fk; tiu mjd; ,af;fk; epw;fhky; Rw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

,ijg; Nghd;w kpfg; ngupanjhU kpd;fhe;j tpistpd; fhuzkhfj;jhd;> epyh GtpiaAk;> epyhTk; GtpAk; NrhHe;J QhapiwAk; Rw;wpf; nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd vd mwptpayhsHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. ,jid Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

,e;j mz;lk; Kg;gupkhzk; cs;s xU gYhidg; Nghy tpupe;J nfhz;L nry;tjhf mwptpayhsHfs; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

fhzhj gug;gpukk; (flTs;) xd;W kl;LNk cz;ik> kw;wit vy;yhk; khia> cyfk; khia> tho;T ngha;> vy;yhk; mtd; nray;> ek;khy; MtJ xd;Wkpy;iy vd;w kj jj;Jtq;fs; kf;fisr; nrayw;W ,Uf;fr; nra;jd.

,t;thwhd rka jj;jtq;fSf;F vjpuhfj; Njhd;wpa ,aw;gpay; thj rpe;jidNa nghUs; Kjy;thj jj;JtkhFk;.

,e;jpa cg fz;lj;jpy; nghUs; Kjy;thj;jijr; rhHe;j> fUj;J Kjy;thjj;ijr; rhHe;j gy;NtW jj;Jtg; gpupTfs; Njhd;wpd.

gpuhkz Mjpf;fKk;> Ntj kjKk;> Md;kPfthjKk; tYtile;j cgeplj fhyj;jpy; jhd; Kw;gpwg;G> kWgpwg;G> fHktpid> jiynaoj;J> eufk;> nrhHf;fk; Nghd;w jj;Jtq;fs; gutj; njhlq;fpd.

mtw;iw vjpHj;J cNyhfhaj thjk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. cNyhfhajthjk; vd;gJ cyifAk; kf;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l nghUs;Kjy;thj jj;Jtk;. MFk;. ,j;jj;Jtj;ijg; gug;gpatHfs; cNyhfhajthjpfs; my;yJ rhUthfHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH. rhUthfH vd;why; mofhfg; Ngrf; $batHfs; vd;gJ nghUs; MFk;.

gpuf];gjp vd;gtHjhd; ,e;j cNyhfhajthj jj;Jtj;jpd; MrpupaH MthH. ,tH mRuupd; FU vd kjthjpfshy; ,fog;gl;lhH.

cNyhfhajthjpfs; nghUNs vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Kjy; vd;Wk; tho;f;if tho;tjw;Nf vd;Wk; $wpdhHfs;. flTs;> kWgpwtp> nrhHf;fk;> eufk; Nghd;w nghUsw;w nfhs;iffSf;F rhd;W ,y;iy vd;whHfs;. “capupd; xNu cz;ikg; nghUs; cly; kl;LNk. Md;kh vd;gJ khia jtpu NtW xd;Wk; ,y;iy> vdf;Fr; nrhHf;fj;jpYk; Nkhl;rj;jpYk; ek;gpf;if ,yiy. ,d;ndhU cyfpy; Md;kh thOk; vd;gij ehd; ek;gtpy;iy” vd gpuf];gjp nrhd;dhH.

,jdhy; cNyhfhajj;ijg; gpd;gw;WgtHfs; nghUs; Kjy;thjpfs; (Materialists) vd miof;fg;gl;ldH.

rkzKk; gTj;jKk; Ntjj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tUzhr;rpuk jUkj;Jf;F vjpuhf vOe;j rkaq;fshFk;. ,e;jr; rkaq;fs; md;G> capHf;F cWfz; nra;ahik> ey;y vz;zq;fs;> ew;nray;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; Nghjpj;jd. ke;jpuk;> rlq;F> Nts;tp Nghd;wtw;why; gyd; ,y;iy vd;wd. Ntj topghl;by; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWk; ahfq;fspy; kpUfq;fs; gypaplg;gLtijf; fz;bj;jd. gTj;jk; gpuhkzUf;F caHT toq;Ftij Kw;whf vjpHj;jJ. gpwg;ghy; ahUk; gpuhkzH Mtjpy;iy> xUtdJ nraNy caHT jho;itj; jPHkhdpf;fpwJ vd;W $wpaJ.

Ntj fzpjk; vd;gJ fpNuf;f fzpjtpaYf;F ciwNghlTk; fhzhJ. mJ fzpjk; my;y> rpy $l;ly; ngUf;fy;fis RUf;fkhfTk; tpiuthfTk; nra;a topfhl;LtNj Ntj fzpjk; MFk;.

Mupaupd; thdpay;gw;wpa mf;fiw rkaj;jpd; tpupthf;fkhfTk; mjNdhL ,ioNahbAk; ,Ue;jJ. Ntjfhyj;jpy; rlq;FfSf;Fk; Nts;tpf;Fk; fhyf; fzpg;Gj; Njitahf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; gapHr; nra;iff;F kio fhyj;ijf; fzpf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhak; ,Ue;jJ.

Ntjfhy MupaH ,e;jpud;> tUzd;> mf;fpdp> Nrhkd; Nghd;Nwhiu jq;fisf; fhf;Fk; nja;tq;fshf vz;zp topgl;ldH. NghHf; flTshd ,e;jpud; fWg;G epwj;jtuhd jpuhtplHfisf; (Dasas or Dasyus) nfhd;W mtHfsJ Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fis mopj;jtd; vd ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpy; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhd;.

ehy; Ntjq;fSf;Fk; ghurPf nkhopay; vOjg;gl;Ls;s mt];jh vd;w gioa rka EhYf;Fk; ,ilapy; nghJthd ek;gpf;iffs;> nja;tq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Ntjj;jpd; xU$whd Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; Nfhs;fSk; el;rj;jpuq;fSk; kdpjHfspd; ed;ik jPikfisj; jPHkhdpf;fpd;wd vdf; $WfpwJ. tpahod;> rdp>; nrt;tha; ght fpufq;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. rhjfk; n[d;kFz;lyp vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjidf; fzpf;Fk; nghOJ et Nfhs;fspd; ,Uf;if fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jpa thdpay; fhNfhy rhj;jpuk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Ntj fzpjapayhsHfs; jq;fis thdpayhsHfshfNt ghHj;jdH.

mjdhy; fzpjapay; thdpaYf;Fr; NrbahfNt ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,jw;F khwhf fpNuf;f fzpjapay; Rje;jpukhf ,aq;fpaJ. vdNt mJ xU jdpf; fiyahf tsHe;jJ. Ntj fzpjapay; ngUk;ghYk; gl;lwptpd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;fpaJ. vz;gpj;jy; my;yJ %yj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUtpg;G (proofs or derivations) kpf mupjhfNt nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;f fzf;fpay; ,k;kpAk; gprfhj rhd;Nwhlhd tpsf;fj;ij typAWj;jpaJ. ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Ntw;Wik ,d;Wk; Nfj;jpu fzpjj;jpw;Fk; (Geometry) ,aw;fzpjj;Jf;Fk; (Algebra) ,ilapyhd Ntw;Wik cUtpy; ePbf;fpwJ. fzf;fpay; Ehy;fs; mDkhd (deductive ) KiwahdJ. ,aw;fzpjk; tpjpfspd; NrHf;ifahdJ.

thdj;jpy; ghHj;j fhl;rpg; nghUs;fSf;F kUl;rpahd nghUs; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. thdpay; njhlHghd juTfs; ehy;Ntjk;> rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; rkz gTj;j ,yf;fpaq;fpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Uf;F kw;Wk; mjHt Ntj ghly;fspy; re;jpu Mz;ilg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU re;jpu Mz;L 12 khjq;fs; 360 re;jpu ehs;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

rlq;F topghl;Lf;F xU ehs; 3> 4> 5 my;yJ 15 rk gpupTfshfg; gFg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtw;Wf;F ntt;NtW ngaHfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fhHj;jpif njhlq;fp guzp <whf 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nfhs;fisg; nghWj;jstpy; Ntjq;fs; 5 Nfhs;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. tpahod; (gpuf];gjp) nts;sp (Rf;fpud;) ,uz;LNk ngaH nrhy;ypf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

rkz kj jj;Jtq;fs; gw;wp 45 Fk; mjpfkhd Ehy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rlq;Ffs;> Guhzq;fs; kw;Wk; rka jj;Jtq;fs;gw;wp nrhy;git mq;fq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW 12 mq;fq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ];jhdq;fh kw;Wk; gftjp #j;jpuk; vd;w ,uz;Lk; thdpay; fzpjtpay;gw;wpa Ehy;fs; MFk;. ,NjNghy; 12 cg mq;fq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitAk; thdpay; gw;wpatitahFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; (fpgp 2 Mk; Ehw;whz;L) NkYk; rpy Ehy;fs; thdpay;gw;wp vOjg;gl;ld.

kfhNkU kiy Gtpika mr;rhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Gtp mirtw;w rlg; nghUshf vz;zg;gl;lJ. ,it ,uz;NlhLk; ,uhrpfs;> Nfhs;fs;> fz;lq;fs;> MWfs;> fly;fs; kw;Wk; kiyfs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G ma;k;GJtPg vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. JUt el;rj;jpuk; (Polar Star) NkU kiyf;F NeH NkNy ,Ug;gjhff; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (43)

ehrh mDg;gpa Opportunity (tha;g;G) vd;w ,uz;lhtJ NwhtH nrt;thapy; fle;j rdtup 25> 2004 ,y; gj;jpukhf 60 mb gs;sj;jpy; jiu ,wq;fpAs;sJ. jiuapwq;fpa ,lk; fUQ;rptg;G epw kzy; Jfs;fs; epiwe;j ,lkhFk;. Mdhy; mjidr; Rw;wpAs;s jiu rhk;gy; epwkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. nrt;thapd; vjpHg;Gwk; 10>620 fpkP (6>600 fy;) Jhuj;jpy; jiuapwq;fpa vOr;rp (Spirit) Nghd;Nw ,JTk;; nrt;thapy; jz;zPH ,Uf;fpwjh? capH thA ,Uf;fpwjh? vd Ma;T elj;Jk;. nrt;thapy; vOr;rp

Vw;fdNt mq;fpUe;J tha;g;G xspg;glq;fis mDg;gp tUfpwJ. rdtup 30 ,y; Gtpapy; ,Ue;J mDg;gg;gl;l rkpf;iff;F ,zq;f mJ yhd;liu tpl;L 10 mb efHe;Js;sJ. tpahof;fpoik (ngg;utup 4) tha;g;G mq;Fs;s fw;fis Muha ,Uf;fpwJ. ehrhTf;F ,d;ndhU kfpo;r;rpahd nra;jp. rpwpJ fhyk; 'Neha;tha;g;gl;L' ,Ue;j vOr;rp ,g;nghOJ Fzkhfpg; gioagb ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. vdNt ,g;nghOJ ,uz;L ,ae;jpukdpjHfSk; Vf fhyj;jpy; nrt;thapd; vjpnujpH jiug; gFjpia Muha;e;J jfty;fs; mDg;gg;Nghfpd;wd.

,Nj rkak; Kk;%Hj;jpfs;> Kg;gj;J Kf;Nfhb NjtHfs;> fpd;duH> fpk;GUlH thOk; Gz;zpa G+kpahd ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J xU Nrhfkhd nra;jp te;Js;sJ. cyfstpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Ntfkhf tsHr;rp mile;J tUk; 10 ehLfspy; ,e;jpahTk; xd;whfj; jw;nghOJ cs;sJ. MdhYk; mq;Fs;s Vio kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juk; jpUg;jpfukhf ,y;iy. ViofSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; cztpd; msT Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; Viofspd; thq;Fk; rf;jp Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwJ. 'cyfstpy; kpfTk; Vo;ik epiyapy; cs;stHfspy; 3 ,y; xU gFjpapdH ,e;jpahtpy;jhd; tho;fpd;wdH' vd;fpwJ me;j mjpHr;rpr; nra;jp.

Wik xopg;G ebtbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gy;NtW mikg;Gf;fisr; NrHe;j NguhsHfSk;>ty;YdHfSk; fye;J nfhz;l jpy;;ypf; fUj;juq;fpy; Ngrpa nr%H rpkpj;jhd; ,e;jr; nra;jpiaj; njuptpj;;jpUf;fpwhH.

xU ehisf;F xU nlhyUf;Fk; Fiwthd tUthapy; thOk; xUtH tWikf; Nfhl;Lf;Ff; fPo; tho;gtH vd czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikf; fofk; (FAO) tiutpyf;fzk; tFj;Js;sJ. ,e;j tiutpyf;fzj;jpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; 35 Nfhb NgH (35 tpOf;fhL) tWikf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; thLgtHfshf cs;sdH.

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Gw;WNehahspfspd; vz;zpf;if 20 Kjy; 25 ,yf;fk; (,yl;rk;) MFk;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 7 Kjy; 9 ,yf;fk; NgH ,e;Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. CHg;Gwq;fspy; 5 tpOf;fhl;bdUk;> efHg;Gwq;fspy; 10 tpOf;fhl;bdUk; caH FUjp mOj;j Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. gl;bf;fhl;Lg; gFjpapy; 3 Kjy; 5 tpOf;fhl;bdUk; efHg;Gwq;fspy; 8 Kjy; 9 tpOf;fhl;bdUk;; ePhpopthy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdH. vYk;GUf;fp Nehiag; nghWj;jtiu xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 18 ,yf;fk; NgH ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

fhrp tpRtehjH> jpUg;gjp = ntq;fNlRtuH> rgupkiy ma;ag;gd;> godp KUfd;> fhQ;rp fhkhl;rp> fhrp tprhyhl;rp> kJiu kPdhl;rp Nghd;w gzf;fhuf; flTsH jq;fisj; NjbtUk; gf;jHfsplk; ,Ue;J ghy;> gok;> gzk;> eif el;L thq;fpf; nfhz;L jPuhj Neha;fisj; jPHj;J mUs;ghypj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ Vd; ,e;jpaHfis ,t;thwhd nfhba Neha; nehbfs; gPbf;fpd;wd? Vd; ,e;jpaHfis tWik thl;LfpwJ? Vd; 35 Nfhb kf;fisg; gl;bdp thl;LfpwJ? xd;gJ Nfhs;fSk; ,e;j kf;fspd; rhjfj;jpy; nrhy;yp itj;jhy;Nghy; gifahf ,Uf;fpd;wdth?

cz;ik vd;dntd;why; flTs;> Nfhs;fs;> Nfhapy;> Fsk; Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; Neha; nehb> tWik> Vo;ik Kjypatw;Wf;Fk; ve;jj; njhlHGk; ,y;iy!

,e;jpa ehl;L kf;fspd; tWikf;F Kf;fpa fhuzp fl;Lf;flq;fhj kf;fs; ngUf;fk; MFk;. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; xU mT];jpNuypahit (2 Nfhb kf;fs;) ,e;jpaj; jpUehL $l;bf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

gps;isiag; ngWgtHfs; flTs; nfhLf;fpwhH thq;fpf; nfhs;fpNwhk; vdj; jiyf;F ma;e;J MW gj;J vd;W ngw;Wj; js;SfpwhHfs;. epiyik mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ EhW Nfhbiaj; jhz;btpl;l ,e;jpa kf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czT> cil> kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp> ,Ug;gplk; ,tw;Wf;F vq;Nf NghtJ? kf;fs; njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhtpl;lhy; ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshju tsHr;rp vd;gJ Xl;ilg; ghidf;Fs; jz;zPH tpl;l fijahfj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;!

mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk; Nky;ehs;by; tWikia xopj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; mwpahikAk; %lek;gpf;ifAk; tWikia tsHf;fpwJ!

,e;jpa thdpaypd; tsHr;rpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtHfspy; Nruehs;ilr; NrHe;j Mupag;gl;lH (fpgp 476-520) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xUtH MthH. ,e;jpah cUthf;fpa Kjy; tpz;fyj;Jf;F ,tH ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ mtuJ GfOf;Fk; nry;thf;Ff;Fk; ey;y rhd;whFk;. ,tH Mupag;gl;bak; (Aryabhattiya ) vd;w Ehiyj; jdJ 23 tJ mfitapy; (fpgp 499) vOjpdhH. ,e;j Ehy; 13 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; ,yj;jpd; nkhopapy; nkhop ngaHf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mupag;gl;lH rpWtajpNyNa Gfo; ngw;w ehye;jh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; NrHe;J thdpay; gbj;jtH. gpd;dH mNj gy;fiyf; fofj;Jf;Fj; Jiz Nte;juhf Gj;jFg;j vd;w kd;ddhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhH.

Mupag;gl;bak; vd;w Ehypy; Nfhs thdpay; (spherical astronomy ) gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy; Mupagl;lH vOjpdhH. Gtp cUis tbthdJ vd;whH. NkYk; Nfhs;fspd; ,Uf;if gw;wpAk; mtw;wpd; njhiyT gw;wpAk; vOjpdhH. #upa - re;jpu fpufzq;fs; vg;gb Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij tiuglk; %yk; tpsf;fpdhH. #upa – re;jpu fpufzq;fSf;Ff; fhuzk; ,uhF NfJ vd;w ghk;Gfs; my;y re;jpud; kw;Wk; Gtpapd; epoy; vd tpsf;fpdhH. ,e;j tpsf;fk; Ntjj;Jf;F khwhf ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;yp mtH fhyj;J itjpf rkaj;jtH mtUf;F vjpuhfg; NghHf; nfhb Jhf;fpdH.

re;jpuDk; Nfhs;fSk; #upa xspia thq;fp vwpfpd;wd (reflect) vd Mupag;gl;lH nrhd;dhH. Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; Roy;fpwJ vd;Wk; epyh Gtpia tyk; tUfpwJ vd;Wk; vOjpdhH. Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; RoYk; fhyk; my;yJ el;rj;jpu ehs; (Sidereal Day) 23 kzp 56 kzpj;Jsp 4.1 tpehb vdf; fzpj;jhH. ,d;iwa rupahd el;rj;jpu ehs; 23 kzp> 56 kzpj;Jsp> 4.091 tpehb MFk;. Mdhy; Gtp-ikaf; Nfhl;ghNl ,tuJ Nfhl;ghlhfTk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ.

6 kzp 9 kzpj;Jsp> 1.091 tpehbahFk;. Mdhy; Gtp-ikaf; Nfhl;ghNl ,tuJ Nfhl;ghlhfTk; ,Ue;jjhfj; njupfpwJ.

Mupag;gl;lH igapd; ngWkjpia 3.1416 vdf; fzpj;jhH. mNj rkak; mJ mz;zsthd fzpg;G vd;Wk; nrhd;dhH. NkYk; Kf;Nfhz ml;ltizfs;> Kf;Nfhzq;fspd; gug;gsT> rkd;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; vOjpdhH.

G&fj; rk;fpj kw;Wk; G&jj; ahjf vd;w Ehy;fisAk; vOjpdhH. ,e;j Ehy;fs; tpz;kPd; $l;lq;fs; (constellations) jhtutpay;> tpyq;fpay;> epyEhy; gw;wpait MFk;.

tuhfkpfpuH (fpgp 505-587) Mupagl;lupd; rkfhyj;jtH MthH. njd;dhrpa mwptpay; Jiwapy; kl;Lky;y fiyj;JiwapYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatH. c[;[apd; (Ujjain) vd;w efupy; gpwe;jtH. c[;[apd; xU fhyj;jpy; ,uh[;Gj;jhdhtpd; jiyefuhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; #upaid tzq;Fk; ghurPfj;jpdH tho;e;jhHfs;. tuhf vd;why; gd;wp kpfpu vd;why; #upad; vd;W nghUs;.

,tH %d;W Ehy;fis vOjpdhH. mjpy; mtH vOjpa gQ;r rpj;jhe;jk; vd;w Ehy; (fpgp 578) Gfo; ngw;wJ. ,e;j Ehy; Kd;dH ,Ue;j ma;e;J thdpay; Ehy;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

4) NghyPrh rpj;jhe;jk;. vOjpatH rape;jpu (mnyf;rhe;jhupah ) efupy; tho;e;j NghyPrh vd;w fpNuf;fH.

,tw;wpy; #upa rpj;jhe;jk; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dH gyuhy; gyKiw jpUj;jp vOjg;gl;lJ. #upa rpj;jhe;jk; gQ;rhq;ff; fzpg;gpw;F Kf;fpa Mjhu Ehyhf ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

tuhfkpfpuH Nkw;Fyf thdpaiyj; Jiwawf; fw;wpUe;jhH. NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l ma;e;jpy; ,uz;L rpj;jhj;jq;fs; Nkw;Fyf thdpay; gw;wpaJ. ,e;j rpj;jhe;jq;fspy; tuhfkpfpuH fpNuf;f thdpayhsH njhykpapd; fzf;fpay; tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; ml;ltizfis KOjhfj; je;jpUf;fpwhH.

tuhfkpfpuH ghurPfj;ijg; G+HtPfkhff; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; #upa rpj;jhe;jk; ghurPf thdpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. #upa rpj;jhe;jj;Jf;F ,d;ndhU ngaH rTkhu rpj;jhe;jk; MFk;. ,jd; nghUs; #upaid tzq;FgtHfsJ rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gjhFk;. ,JTk; mtH #upa topghLs;s ghurPfj;ijg; G+HtPfkhff; nfhz;ltH vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

#upa rpj;jhe;jk; re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; (diameter) 480 Nahrid vdTk; mjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT 324>000 Nahrid vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. xU Nahrid 5 fy; vdf; nfhz;L fzf;fpl;lhy; re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; 2>400 fy; MFk;. mjd; Rw;Wg;ghij Rw;wsT 1>620>000 fy; vd tUfpwJ. ,J ,d;iwa fzf;NfhL (re;jpudpd; tpl;lk; 2>160 fy; Rw;Wg;ghijapd; Rw;wsT 1>495>000 fy;) XusT xj;J ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

gh];fur;rhupahH (1114-1183) Mupagl;lupd; EhYf;F tpupTiu vOjpdhH. ,tH rpj;jhe;j rpNuhz;kzp> yPyhtjp kw;Wk; gP[hfzpjk; vd %d;W Ehy;fis vOjpdhH. ,e;j Ehy;fs; cyf nkhopfs; gytw;wpy; nkhopngaHf;fg; gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpj;jhe;j rpNuhz;kzp vd;w thdpay; EhNy mtUf;Fg; Gfio <l;bf; nfhLj;jJ. Mupagl;lupd; tpjpia itj;Jf; Nfhs;fspd; Rw;Wg;ghijapd; njhiyitf; fzpj;jhH.

#upa rpj;jhe;jj;jpw;Fg; gh];fur;rhupaH vOjpa tpupTiuapy; Gtp Qhapiwr; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; ehs;fis xd;gJ gjpd;khdk; (jrkhdk;) tiu nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhH. 365.258756484 vd;gNj mtH nfhLj;j fhyf; fzpg;G. rupahd ehs;fs; 365.2596 MFk;.

gh];fur;rhupaH <Hg;G tpiria NrH ma;rf; epA+l;lDf;F 500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu fz;L gpbj;jhH vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. 'nghUl;fs; Gtpia Nehf;fp mjd; ftHr;rpahy; tpOfpd;wd. Md fhuzj;jhy; Nfhs;fs;> tpz;kPd;f; $l;lq;fs;> re;jpud;> #upad; Kjypait ,e;jf; ftHr;rp fhuzkhf mjdjd; Rw;Wg;ghijapy; gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ("Objects fall on earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore the earth, the planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this attraction.?) ,tH ,d;iwa fd;dl khepyj;ijr; NrHe;jtH.

,e;jpa thdpay; tsHr;rpf;Fr; Nru ehs;L mwptpayhsHfsJ gq;fspg;G Nghw;wj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. fupjj;jH vd;gtH fpufrudp ge;jdk; kw;Wk; kfhkHfdp ge;jdk; vd;w ,uz;L Ehy;fis vOjpdhH. ,e;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpy; fuzk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gy thdpay; Ehy;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,jpy; NjtrhupahH (12Mk; Ehw;whz;L) vOjpa fuzeuj;d vd;w Ehy; QhapW> epyh> Nfhs;fs;> ePs;tl;lk;> Nfhs;fspd; $ly; (conjunctions) gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.

xd;W njhlf;fk; Rop tiuahd vz;fSf;Fg; gpwF gjpd;khd (jrkhd) Kiw fpgp 4 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; Njhd;wptpl;lJ. F[uhj;jpy; (Gujarat) fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l (fpgp 585-586) rq;Nfj nrg;Ngl;by; Kjd; Kjyhf Rop gad;gLj;jg;

gpukGj;jH (7 Mk; Ehw;whz;L) jdJ gpukGj;j rpj;jhe;jk; vd;w Ehypy; Ropia tpsf;fp ,Uf;fpwhH. ,e;j Ehy; muG nkhopapy; fpgp 770 ,y; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lJ.

,tNu Gtpapd; Rw;wsit 5>000 Nahrid Jhuk; vdf; fzf;fpl;lhH. xU Nahrid 7.2 fpkP vd;;w fzf;Fg;gb Gtpapd; Rw;wsT 36>000 fpkP njhiythFk;. Mdhy; rupahd msT 40>046 fpkP (24>889 fy;) MFk;.

Rop fz;L gpbf;fg; glhjpUe;jpUe;jhy; ,ul;il vz;Kiw (binary) Njhd;w tha;g;gpy;yhJ NghapUf;Fk;. gpuhkp vz;fis muhgpaHfs; ,e;jpaHfsplk; ,Ue;J fld; thq;fp Nkw;Fyf ehLfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhHfs;. gpukFg;jh vd;gtH vOjpa gpuk#j;jpu rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; fhz;lfbif 9-10 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; muhgp nkhopapy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld. Rop kw;Wk; gjpd;khdk; fz;L gpbj;jjw;F ,e;jpa thdpayhHfis epr;rak; ghuhl;lyhk;.

xd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;by; muG ehs;ltuhd my; Fthuprpkp ,e;jpa vz;Kiw gw;wp xU Ehy; vOjpdhH. ,e;j Ehy; 12 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (44)

re;jpudpd; ghijia 27 ruprkkhd ghfq;fshfg; gpupj;J (13.33 ghif) mit xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; xU el;rj;jpuk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j el;rj;jpuq;fs; fhyq;fisf; fzf;fpl cjtpd.

xU el;rj;jpu Mz;L (Sidereal year) vd;gJ xU el;rj;jpu ,uhrp tl;lj;ij QhapW Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhykhFk;. ,J 365.256363 QhapW ehs;fshFk;. xU ntg;gkz;ly Mz;L vd;gJ QhapW ntg;gkz;ly ,uhrp tl;lj;ij Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhykhFk;. ,J 365.242374 QhapW ehs;fshFk;. (Gul;L 7) jpirfSk; cr;rpAk;

QhapW xU ehspy; flf;Fk; njhiyT xU ghif MFk;. QhapW xU ,uhrp tPl;by; ,Ue;J ,d;ndhU ,uhrp tPl;Lf;Fg; ngau vLf;Fk; fhyk; xU QhapW khjkhFk;. ,J #upa rq;fpuhe;jp vd tlnkhopapy; miof;fg;gLk;.

Gtp QhapWf;F mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; Ntfk; mjpfkhfTk; njhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ mjd; Ntfk; FiwthfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. el;rj;jpu khjq;fshd jDR (khHfop) kw;Wk; kfuk; (ij) ,uz;bYk; Gtp QhapWf;F mz;ikapy; fhzg;gLk;. mg;nghOJ QhapW 30 ghif nfhz;l ,uhrpiaf; flf;f 29 ehs;fs; kl;LNk vLf;fpwJ. kpJdk; (Mdp) kw;Wk; flfk; (Mb) ,uz;bYk; Gtp> QhapWf;F njhiytpy; ,Ug;gjhy; mg;nghOJ 30 ghif nfhz;l ,uhrpiaf; flf;f QhapW vLf;Fk; Neuk; 31.477 ehs;fshFk;.

Qhapwpd; Mff; Fiwe;j Ntfk; 57 kzpj;Jsp 11 tpehb. Mff; $ba Ntfk; 61 kzpj;Jsp 10 tpehbfs;. ,JNt jDR kfu Ntj khjq;fs; 29 ehs;fisAk;> kpJdk;> flf Ntj khjq;fs; 31 ehs;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

tpaho Mz;L - tpahod; 30 ghifiaf; flf;f vLf;Fk; fhyk; 361 ehs;fshFk;. Qhapiwr; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; fpl;lj;jl;l 12 Mz;LfshFk;.

el;rj;jpu ehs;- el;rj;jpu ehs; vd;gJ epiyj;J epw;Fk; Siderus el;rj;jpuj;ij Gtp Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhykhFk;. ,J 23 kzp 56 kzpj;Jsp; 4.0953 tpehbahFk;.

epyhtpd; el;rj;jpu fhyk; ( Sidereal Period of the Moon ) - epyh el;rj;jpu ,uhrp tl;lj;ij Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; 27 ehs;fs; 7 kzp 43 kzpj;Jsp 11.5 tpehbfs;.

epyhtpd; el;rj;jpu Mz;L (Sidereal Year ) - xU el;rj;jpu ehs; vd;gJ re;jpud; el;rj;jpu kz;lyj;jpy; 13 ghif 20 kzpj;Jsp flf;f vLf;Fk; fhykhFk;. re;jpud; jdJ mr;rpy; jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;fpw fhyk; my;yJ Gtpiar; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; 27.3 ehs;fs; my;yJ xU re;jpu khjk; MFk;. vdNt xU re;jpu el;rj;jpu Mz;L 327.6 ehs;fshFk;.

QhapW ehs; - xU QhapW ehs; vd;gJ Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhykhFk;. Gtp-ikaf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; QhapW xU ehspy; xU ghiff;Fk; Fiwthd (59.13) njhiyitf; flf;fpwJ.

xU QhapW Mz;L - 365 ehs;> 15 ehopif> 31 tpehb 15 jw;giu. mJ 13 ghif 20 fiy njhiyitf; flf;f 13> 14 ehs;fs; vLf;fpwJ.

jkpoHfs; jtwhJ gzk; nfhLj;J thq;fpg; gbf;Fk; xU Ehy; ,Uf;fpwJ. NtW ve;j Ehy; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk; ,e;j Ehy; xt;nthUtuJ tPl;bYk; ,Uf;Fk;. me;j Ehypd; ngaH gQ;rhq;fk;.

jkpoHfs; tPl;by; jdp Ehyfk; xd;W ,Ug;gijg; ghHf;f KbahJ. Gw eil ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJ fQ;rpf;Fs; fhzg;gLk; gaW khjpup ,Uf;Fk;. gioa fhyj;jpy; ghujk>; ,uhkhazk;> ngupa vOj;J tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fij> epfz;L Nghd;w rpy Ehy;fs; kl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,g;nghOJ K.tujuhrd;> fy;fp> rhz;by;ad;> fz;zjhrd; KjypNahH vOjpa ehty;fs; rpy ,Uf;ff; $Lk;. Mdhy; ma;e;jhk; Ntjk;> jkpoupd; nghJ kiw vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; jpUf;Fws; kpf mUikahfNt ,Uf;Fk;!

jkpoHfs; gbg;gjw;nfd;W jdp miwia xJf;Ftjpy;iy. nts;isf;fhuHfs; ,jw;F NeH vjpHkhwhdtHfs;. mtHfs; tPl;by; fl;lhak; xU Ehyfk; ,Uf;Fk.; jiyKiw jiyKiwahf thq;fpg; gbj;j Ehy;;fis mjpy; gj;jpug;gLj;jp itj;jpUg;ghHfs;. cl;fhHe;J gbg;gjw;F vd xU jdp miw $l (study room) ,Uf;Fk;. khjj;jpy; gzk; nfhLj;J Fiwe;jJ ehY ma;e;J EhyhtJ thq;fpg; gbg;ghHfs;. ehs; Fwpg;G vOJk; gof;fj;ijAk; itj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. nts;isf;fhuidg; ghHj;J vijnaijNah fw;Wf; nfhz;l jkpoHfs; mtHfsJ gbf;Fk; gof;fj;ij kl;Lk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s kWj;J tpl;lhHfs;!

2) jpjp (re;jpu ehs;) re;jpud; #upadpy; ,Ue;J jpjp xd;Wf;F 12 ghif 20 fiy tPjk; fpof;F Nehf;fp tpyfpr; nry;tjpdhy; Vw;gLk; G+Ht gf;fk; (Rf;fpy gf;fk;) gpujik Kjy; mgugf;fk; (fpU\;z gf;fk;) mkhthir tiuAs;s 30 fhyg; gFjpahFk;. mkhthiria mLj;j gpujik jpjp Kjy; gTHzkp jpjp tiuapy; cs;s 15 jpjpfis tsH gpiwj; jpjpfs; vdTk; gTHzkp jpjpf;F mLj;J mkhthirj; jpjptiu cs;s 15 jpjpfs; Nja;gpiwj; jpjpfs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

re;jpud; xU Mz;by; 360 ghifiar; Rw;wptUfpwJ. xU khjj;jpy; 28 jpjpfs;> xU G+uiz xU mkhthir Mf nkhj;jk; 30 fhyg;gFg;Gfs; (jpjpfs;) ,Uf;fpd;wd. #upaDk; re;jpuDk; ,izAk; ehs; (0 ghif) mkhthirj; jpjp MFk;. re;jpuDk; #upaDk; vjpHj;jpirapy; (180 ghif) ,lk; ngWk;nghOJ mJ gTHzkp jpjpahFk;.

3) re;jpud; Nkl ,uhrpapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J el;rj;jpuk; xd;Wf;F 13 ghif 20 fiy tpOf;fhL tpyfpr; nry;tjhy; Vw;gLk; mRtpdp Kjy; ,Nutjp KbaTs;s 27 fhyg; gFg;GfshFk;. xU Foe;ij gpwf;Fk; nghOJ re;jpud; ve;j el;rj;jpuj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;W ,Uf;fpwNjh me;j el;rj;jpuNk n[dd el;rj;jpuk; vd;Wk; n[d;k el;rj;jpuk; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

4) Nahfk; ( Nfhs;fspd; $l;L) - re;jpud; xt;nthU el;rj;jp;uj;ijAk; flf;f vLf;Fk; 13 ghif 20 fiy nfhz;l 27 fhyg; gFg;GfshFk;.

5) fuzk; (ghjp re;jpu ehs;) xU jpjpapd; rupghjp. my;yJ 360 fiy my;yJ 6 ghif nfhz;lJ. xU re;jpu khjk; 60 jpjpfs; nfhz;lJ.

xU (QhapW) ehs; jpt];> uhj;jpup> re;jpa> re;jpahd;\ vd ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xU Mz;L vd;gJ QhapW Mz;lhFk;. mJ rpj;jpiu eLg;gFjpapy; njhlq;Fk;. Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if 60 MFk;. ,e;j 60 Mz;Lfs; Row;rp Kiwapy; jpUk;gp tUfpd;wd. xU Mz;L ,uz;L Mazq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. QhapW njw;fpy; ,Ue;J tlf;F Nehf;fpg; gazk; nry;Yk; nghOJ (ijapy; ,Ue;J Mdp tiu) mjid cj;juhazk; (cj;juk; - tlf;F) vd;Wk; QhapW kWgb tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J njw;F Nehf;fpg; gazk; nry;Yk; nghOJ (Mbapy; ,Ue;J khHfop tiu) jl;rzhazk; (jf;fpzk;; - njw;F) vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.

xU UJ ,uz;L QhapW khjq;fs;. xU QhapW Mz;by; 6 UJf;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;jpa thdpaypd;gb-

,uhrp	ehs;	kzp	kzpj;Jsp	tpdhb
Nklk;	30	22	12	0
,lgk;	31	9	37	36
kpJdk;