Nrhjplg; Gul;L (33)

 

NrhjplHfspd; Mrhd; njhykp 

Kd;dH mz;lj;jpd; GjpHfis mtpo;f;ff; fpNuf;f mwptpayhsHfs; njhlHr;rpahf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpg; ghHj;Njhk;. gpe;jpa jiyKiw Ke;jpa jiyKiwapd; Njhspy; epd;W nfhz;L tpz;iz mz;zhe;J ghHj;Jf; Nfhs;fs;> tpz;kPd;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mirT> msT> njhiyT gw;wp Ma;e;Jk; gFj;Jk; te;jJ.

Gtpapd; Rw;wsitj; jbfs;> epoy;fs;> nfhQ;rk; fzpjk; ,tw;iw itj;Jf;nfhz;L Kjd; Kjypy; NgusT rupahff; fzf;fpl;ltH vfpg;jpy; cs;s mnyf;rhe;jpupah  efiur; NrHe;j vwNjh];jPd;]; (Eratosthenes-BC 276-195) MthH. gz;ila cyfj;jpd; Kjy; epyEhyhsuhd ,tH ,aw;gpay; fzpj epyEhypd; je;ijahff; (founder of physical and mathematical geography) fUjg;gLfpd;whH. Vjd;]; ehl;L Cyrene efupy; gpwe;j ,tH gpd;dH mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpw;Ff; FbNawpdhH. mq;F cyfg; Gfo; ngw;w mnyf;rhe;jpupah Ehy;epiyaj;jpd; ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhH. ,e;j efuk; ,d;iwa ypgpahtpy; (Shahhat) ,Uf;fpwJ. MHf;fpkpB]; vd;w ,d;ndhU Gfo;ngw;w fzpjtpayhsuhy; kpfTk; kjpf;fg;gl;ltH. mtiu Nkd;ikg; gLj;Jk; Kfkhf epyhtpy; cs;s epyf;Fop xd;Wf;F ,tuJ ngaH #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njw;Nf iey; ejpf;F mUNf cs;s ird; (Syene) vd;w efuj;jpy; (jw;NghJ m];thd;) xU Mokhd fpzW xd;W ,Ue;jJ. Nfhil fhyj;jpy; (A+d; 21 ) cr;rp Neuj;jpy; tlf;Nf 23½ ghifapy; (Summer Solstice)  ird; (Sycne) efupy; ,Uf;Fk; me;jf; fpzw;Wf;F NkNy QhapW nrq;Fj;jhf (vertical) mjhtJ rupahf jiyf;F NkNy cr;rpapy; (90 ghif)  epw;gij vwNjh];jPd;]; kw;wtHfsplk; ,Ue;J Nfl;lwpe;jhH. mt;thW QhapW cr;rpapy; epw;Fk; NghJ epoy; tpOtjpy;iy. mNj Neuk; tlf;Nf mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpy; Qhapwpd; epoy;  (fjpHfs; vg;NghJk; rkhe;jukhf nry;tjhy; xj;j Nfhzq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd) 7.3 ghif Nfhzj;jpy; tpOtijf; fz;lhH. cr;r #upa njhiyT  (zenith) vd;gJ cr;r #upa Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J #upad; eLg;gfypy; epw;Fk; Gs;spf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhiyT MFk;;. ird; efuj;jpd; cr;r #upa njhiyT  0 ghif> mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpy; mJ 7.3 ghif MFk;.

ird; efuj;Jf;Fk; mnyf;rhe;jpupahTf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s njhiyT  5>000 ];Nubah (xU ];Nubah 500 mb) vd vwNjh];jPd;]; fzf;fpl;lhH. ,e;jj; njhiyit itj;Jf; nfhz;L Gtpapd; Rw;wsT vt;tsT njhiyT ,Uf;Fk; vdf; fz;lwpa Kw;gl;lhH. 

,uz;L efuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nfhzj;jpd; ghif 7.2 vdf; fzf;fpl;L 5>000 ];Nubah cyfr; Rw;wstpy; 1y; 50 gq;F vdj; njupe;J nfhz;lhH. vdNt Gtpapd; Rw;wsT 25>500 fy; vdf; fzf;fpl;lhH. Mdhy;> cz;ikahd Rw;wsT 24>901 fy;  MFk;. ,Ue;Jk; mtH fpl;lj;jl;l rupahfr; nrhy;yptpl;lJ Nghw;wj;jf;f rhjidahFk;. rpyH xU ];Nul;]; 520 mbf;F rkk; vd;fpd;whHfs;. mJ rupnad;why; vwNjh];jPd;]; mtHfsJ fzpg;G NkYk; jpUj;jkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.

vwNjh];jPd;]; epyTyfk; tl;ltbtkhdJ vd;w mDkhdj;jpy; Gtpapd; mr;R QhapW nry;Yk; ghij (Ecliptic) 23½  ghif rha;e;J ,Ug;gijj; jpUj;jkhfj;  jPHkhdpj;jtH. mJkl;Lky;y> 375 tpz;kPd;fisf; nfhz;l xU tpz;kPd; tiuglj;ijAk; jahupj;jhH. ehyhz;Lf;F xUKiw xU ehisf; $l;b kpF Mz;ilf; (leap year) fzpf;f  Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nahrid nrhd;dtUk; ,tNu vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

Mdhy;>  Gtp mt;tsT ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if me;jf; fhyj;J kf;fSf;F Vw;gltpy;iy. mghkPah (Apamea) vd;w Ciur; NrHe;j nghrpNlhdpa]; (Posidonius - fpK 135-51) vd;w fpNuf;f thdpayhsH tpz;ntspapy; fhzg;gl;l fNdhg]; (Canopus) vd;w tpz;kPid itj;Jf; fzf;fpl;Lg; Gtpapd; Rw;wsT 180>000 ];Nubah vdf; $wpdhH. fNdhg;g];>  Nwhl;]; (Rhodes) vd;w Cupy; QhapW mbthdj;jpy; epd;wNghJ mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpy; 7.5 ghif FWf;Ff; Nfhl;by; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtuJ fzpg;gpy; ,uz;L gpiofs; Vw;gl;ld. Xd;W mnyf;rhe;jpupah 7.5 ghiff;Fg; gjpy; 5.25 ghifapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;w fzpg;G. ,uz;L Nwhl;];-mnyf;rhe;jpupah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;snjhiyT  3>750 vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; 5>000 ];Nubah vd;w fzpg;G.

vwNjh];jPd;];; (Eratosthenes)  nghrpNlhdpaRf;F 150 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu Gtpapd; Rw;wsT 252>000 ];Nubah vd;w rupahd ngWkjpiaf; fzf;fpl;lhH. ,Ue;Jk; nghrpNlhdpa]; fhyk; njhl;L ,ilf; fhyk; tiu 180>000 ];Nubah vd;w msitiaj;jhd; kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhHfs;.

fpwp];NjhgH nfhyk;g]; (fpgp 1451- Nk 20> 1506)$l 180>000 ];Nubah msitj;jhd; ek;gpdhH. mjd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; mtH Nkw;Fj; jpirapy; 3000 iky; gazk; nra;jhy; Mrpahit mile;J tplyhk; vd;W ek;gpdhH. mtUf;Fg; Gtpapd; cz;ikahd Rw;wsT njupe;jpUe;jhy; Nkw;F Nehf;fpf; flypy; nryT nra;Ak; vz;zj;ij mtH iftpl;bUg;ghH vd ek;gyhk;. NkYk; mt;tsT njhiyT  flypy; Nghfj; JzpTs;s khYkpfis mtuhy; jpul;bapUf;fNt KbahJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkhyhf mtUf;Nf mt;tsT Jzpr;ry; te;jpUf;Fkh vd;gJk; ma;aNk! fpgp 1521-23 Mz;Lfspy; nkfy;ydpd; fg;gy; FOtpy; kbe;jtHfs; Nghf vQ;rpapUe;j khYkpfs; jl;Lj;jLkhwpg; Gtpiar; Rw;wp te;J CH jpUk;gpa gpd;dNu vwNjh];jPd;]; fzf;Fr; rupjhd; vd;gJ njupe;jJ!

mup];Njhl;ly; (fpK 384-322) $l cyfk; cUz;il tbthdJ vd;whH. fhuzk; fpufzj;jpd; NghJ epyh kPJ tpOk; Gtpapd; epoy; tl;l tbtkhf fhzg;gl;ljhFk;. ,d;ndhU fhuzj;ijAk; nrhd;dhH - vfpg;jpy; njupAk; el;rj;jpuq;fs; tlf;Nf Nghdhy; mit njuptjpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J epyhtpd; njhiyT vt;tsT? mjid mwp];jhHR]; (Aristarchus of Samos(fpK 310 -230) xU Ehjdkhd Kiwapy; fz;L gpbj;jhH. re;jpu fpufzj;ijj; Jy;ypakhf mtjhdpj;J me;jf; Nfs;tpf;fhd tpiliar; nrhd;dhH.

re;jpu fpufzj;jpd; NghJ Gtpapd; epoy; epyh kPJ tpOfpwJ. me;j epoypd; tpl;lk; re;jpudpd; tpl;lj;ijtpl ,uz;liu klq;F ngupjhf ,Ug;gijf; ftdpj;jhH. Gtpapd; tpl;lk; 8>000 fw;fs; vd;gJ fpNuf;fHfSf;Fj;
njupe;jpUe;jJ. mNj Neuk; thdj;jpy; ghHf;Fk; #upaDk; re;jpuDk; xU msthf ,Ug;gijf; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L Nfj;jpu fzpjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp epyhtpd; njhiyT  240>000 fy; (rupahd njhiyT 238>700 fy;) vdf; fzf;fpl;lhH.

fpNuf;fj;jpd; Gfo; ngw;w ,d;ndhU thdpayhsH fpg;gwhr;R]; (Hipparachus) MthH. fpK 190-120 tiu tho;e;j ,tNu thdpaypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whH. ,tNu Gtpapd; ikag; gFjpapy; QhapW kw;Wk; epyh
,uz;bdhYk; Vw;gLk; vjpH vjpH <Hg;G Gtp mr;rpd; Row;rpia js;shlr; nra;J Nkw;F Nehf;fpg; (QhapW ghijapy;) gpd; js;SfpwJ (precession of equinox ) vd;gijf; fz;L gpbj;Jr; nrhy;ypatH. ,JNt madhk;rk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Kd;dH ghhj;Njhk;. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 50.291 MHf; nehbfs; (50.291 arc seconds per year)  tPjk; 72 Mz;Lfspy; 1 ghif NtWghL Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mz;L (2003) khHr;R 21 ,y; madhk;r NtWghL  23.57 ghifia vl;bAs;sJ.

fpg;gwhr;R]; Nicaea vd;w efupy; gpwe;jtH. ,Ue;Jk; Nwhl;]; (Rhodes) vd;w efupypNa jdJ tho;f;ifapd; ngUk;gFjpiar; nrytpl;lhH. kpfTk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa ,e;j thdpayhsH gw;wpr; nrhw;g jfty;fNs jg;gpg; gpioj;Js;sd. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;by; njhykp (Ptolemy) vOjpa Almagest vd;w Ehypy; ,Ue;Nj ,tiug;gw;wpa jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. jdf;F Kd; tho;e;j kpf Kf;fpa thdpayhsuhfj; njhykp ,tiug; ghHj;jhH.

fpg;gwhr;R]; thdpay; mwpTf;F Mw;wpa gq;F kpfg; ngupaJ. mtuJ gq;fspg;G eilKiw kw;Wk; Gjpa Nfhl;ghL  vd;w ,uz;L kl;lj;jpYk; ,Ue;jJ. ngUksT Nfj;jpufzpj khjpuptbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhH. Gerald Toomer vd;gtH Kf;Nfhzfzpjj;ij (Trignometry) fz;L gpbj;jtH ,tNu vd;W nrhy;fpd;whH. fpg;gwhr;R]; mz;lj;ij mtjhdpg;gjpy; mjpf mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. mtuJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; fpK 147y; ,Ue;J fpK 127 tiu ePbj;jJ. rk gfy; ,uT Gs;spfs; (Equinox) tpz;zpy; fhzg;gLk; el;rj;jpuq;fspd; gpd;dzpapy; fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp efHtij fz;L gpbj;jJ mtuJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidahFk;.

ggpNyhdpaHfsJ thdpay; juTfis fpg;gwhr;R]; jhuhskhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhH. ,jd; %yk; ggpNyhdpaHfs; ,lkpUe;Nj fpNuf;fHfs; thdpay; juTfis Neubahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhHfs; vd;gJ vz;gpjkhfpwJ. gpshl;Nlh> mup];Njhl;ly; ,UtUNk Gtpikaf; fUJNfhis (geocentric theory) epWtpatHfs; vd;gij Kd;dH $wpapUe;Njd;. ,tHfsJ fUJNfhspd; Kf;fpa mbg;gil nka;ikfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; ( postulates and the  principles of the theory) gpd;tUkhW:

1)  mz;lk; Nfhs (cUis) tbthdJ.

2)  Gtp cl;gl vy;yh tpz;zf clypfSk; (Celestial bodies) Nfhs tbthdJ.

3)  Gtp mirtw;wJ . mJ mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; cs;sJ.

4) tpz;Zyf mirTfs; Gtpiar; Rw;wp rPuhfTk; tl;l tbthfTk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,e;j tpz;zf clypfs; GtpapypUe;J ntt;NtW njhiytpy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. tpz;kPd;fs; tpz;zf clypfistpl mjpf njhiytpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd.  Gtp jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; NghJ tpz;kPd;fs; mbthdpy; Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wd.

FNshba]; njhykp (fpgp 90-170) Nkw; $wg;gl;l gpshl;Nlh mup];Njhl;ly; ,UtuJk; Gtpikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il mg;gbNa gpd;gw;wpdhH.

mwptpay; cyfpy; FNyhba]; njhykpiaj; (Claudius Ptolemy) njupahjtHfs; ,Uf;f KbahJ. Nrhjplk;> thdpay;> Gtpapay;> fzf;fpay; Nghd;w midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; Gfo;f; nfhb ehl;batH.

njhykp tiue;j gz;ila ,yq;ifapd; tiuglj;ij ,yq;if gw;wpa epyEhy; kw;Wk; tuyhw;W Ehy; ,uz;bYk; fhzyhk;.

,tH vfpg;jpy; tho;e;jpUe;jhYk; fpNuf;f ,dj;jtH. ,tuJ Kjy; ngauhd FNshba]; mtuJ Kd;NdhUf;F cNuhk kd;dHfs; toq;fpa FbAupikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;fpwhHfs;. ,e;jj; njhykp NtW> mNj ngaupy; vfpg;ij Mz;l kd;dH njhykp (fpK 372-283) NtW. njhykp vd;gJ xU nghJg; ngaH.

njhykp mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpy; ,Ue;j Ehyfj;jpy; fpgp 127-150 tiu gzpahw;wpdhH. mg;NghJ ,tH %d;W Ehy;fis vOjp ntspapl;lhH.

1) thdpay; kw;Wk; fzf;fpay; gw;wpa Almagest.

2) Nrhjplj;ijg; gw;wpa Tetrabiblos.

3) vl;Lj; njhFjpfs; nfhz;l epyEhy; (Geography).

Gtp gw;wpa Kjy; njhFjp cUz;il tbtkhd cyfj;ij (fpNuf;f jj;JtthjpfSf;F cyfk; tl;l tbtkhdJ vd;w cz;ik njupe;jpUe;jJ) xU jl;ilahd jhspy; tiutjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fisg; gw;wpj; njuptpf;fpwJ. vQ;rpa 7 njhFjpfSk; cyfpy; cs;s vz;zhapuj;Jf;Fk;; mjpfkhd ,lq;fs; gw;wpa juTfisf; nfhz;lit.

njhykpjhd; Gtpapd; FWf;Ff;NfhL (latitude) epiuNfhL (longitude) ,uz;ilAk; cUthf;fpatH. ,Nj Kiwiaf; Nfhs;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpdhH.

njhykpapd; tiuglj;jpy; gy gpiofs; fhzg;gl;ld. fhuzk; mtH ,lq;fs;gw;wpa juTfis Neubahf ,y;yhky;> topr;nrytHfsplk; (gazpfs;)  ,Ue;Jk; fly; gazk; Kbj;J ehL jpUk;Gk; khYkpfsplk; ,Ue;Jk; ngw Ntz;b ,Ue;jNj.

njhykp cyfpd; Rw;wsitf; fzpg;gjpy; jtW ,ioj;jhH. mNj Nghy; ,e;J rKj;jpuj;ij xU cs;ehl;Lf; fly; (Inland Sea ) vdTk; mjd; njw;F vy;iy Terra Incognita (Unknown Land) vdTk; njhykp epidj;jhH. ,e;jj; jtWjhd; fpof;Nf rPdh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w fPo;j;jpir ehLfis Nkw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;why; milayhk; vd mnkupf;fhitf; fz;L gpbj;j nfhyk;gir ek;g itj;jJ!

gz;ila Ehy;fs; gy fhynts;sj;jpy; mope;J gl;lJ Nghy njhykp vOjp ntspapl;l Ehy;fSk; gy Ehw;whz;L fhykhff; fhzhky; Ngha;tpl;ld. gjpide;jhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapNyNa mit kPs; fz;L gpbf;fg;
gl;L ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;ld.

njhykpapd; Gtpika Kiwik 1400 Mz;L fhyk; ve;j khw;wKkpd;;wp ePbj;jJ. ,e;j ePz;l ,ilntspapd; NghJ ma;Nuhg;ghtpy; thdpay; xU Njf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> mNugpaHfs; mjid nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ,Ue;jhHfs;. mtHfs; mtjhdpg;Gf; NfhGuq;fisf; fl;bAk; fUtpfis cUthf;fpAk; Ma;T nra;J nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,Ue;Jk; mtHfs; njhykpapd; rpf;fyhd G+kpika Nfhl;ghl;bYk; ,yFthd Kiwikiaj; Njl ehl;lk; nfhs;stpy;iy. 

njhykp vOjpa Syntaxis mathematica vd;w thdpay; Ehy; 13 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; muG nkhopapy; Almagest vd;w ngaupy; nkhopngaHf;fg;gl;lJ. Almagest  vd;why; "khngUk; fzpj Ehy;"  vd;W nghUs; MFk;.  

fpg;gwhr;Rrpd; Gtpikaf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wp mjid NkYk; tpupTgLj;jp njhykp vOjpa EhNy Almagest  MFk;. ,e;j Ehy; gy EhW Mz;Lfs; fpNuf;fj;jpYk; mnyf;rhe;jpupahtpYk; fpNuf;f thdpayhsHfshy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l thdpay; mtjhdpg;Gf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. Almagest fpNuf;f thdpay; gw;wpa iggps; vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. Nfj;jpu fzpjj;Jf;F ,f;Fypl;bd; (Euclid) gq;fspg;G ve;jsNth mNj gq;fspg;ig ,e;j Ehy; thdpaYf;F Mw;wpaJ vdf; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.  QhapW> epyh> rdp tpahod; Nghd;w Nfhs;fspd; mirTfis tpsf;Ftjw;F 80 Ff; Fiwahj rpW tl;lq;fis  ( Epicycles) njhiykp tiue;jhH.

Almagest vd;w Ehy; njhykpapd; Kiwik (Ptolemaic System) my;yJ njhykpapd; mz;lk; (Ptolemaic Universe)  gw;wp rpj;juppf;fpwJ. njhykpapd; mz;lk; fPo;f; fz;lthW mike;jpUe;jJ:

1) Gtp mirtw;wJ. mJ mz;lj;jpd; eLtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.                         njhykpapd; mz;lk;

2) Gtpia ikakhff; nfhz;l ,uz;L tl;l tbthd Rw;Wg; ghijapy; jpq;fSk; QhapWk; rPuhf Rw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

3) jpq;fs;> Gjd;> QhapW> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> nts;sp> rdp Nfhs;fs; rpWtl;lq;fs; neLfpYk; rPuhfr; Rw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

4) Gtpapy; ,Ue;J jpq;fs;> Gjd;> nts;sp> QhapW> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp  mz;ik - Nrz;ik tupirapy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. 

njhykp #upa-re;jpu fpufzq;fs; vg;gb Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;fpdhH. ,d;W ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fspy; 48 njhykpahy; ,lg;ngw;w mNj ngaHfspNyNa miof;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ kdk; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

njhykpapd; mz;lj;ijg; gw;wpa rpf;fyhd tpsq;fq;fis vspjhf tpsf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; epyh> Gjd;> QhapW> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> nts;sp> rdp Nfhs;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; Gtpiag; ngU tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd> mNj Neuk; mit xt;nthd;Wk; rpW tl;lg;ghijapYk; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;gJjhd;. GjDk; nts;spAk; QhapWf;Fk; Gtpf;Fk; ,ilapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf mit Gtpf;Fk; QhapWf;Fk; ,ilapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vdj; njhykp epidj;jhH. Mdhy;>  Gtp cUz;il tbthdJ vd;gJ njhykpf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;jJ.

NfhngHdpf;f]; 1543 ,y; QhapW ikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhopAk; kl;Lk; njhykpapd; Nfhl;ghNl vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Almagest vd;w Ehiy vOjpa gpd;dNu njhykp Tetrabiblos vd;w Nrhjpl Ehiy vOjpdhH. fpgp 140 Mk; Mz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;j Ehy; 4 njhFjpfisAk; 61 mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. gjpd;%d;whk; Ehw;whz;by; vOjp itf;fg;gl;l ifnaOj;Jg; gbNa ,d;W fpilj;Js;sJ. ,e;j EhNy ntg;gkz;ly NrhjplHfSf;F Kjy; EhyhfTk;> mij vOjpa njhykp mtHfsJ Nrhjpl MrhdhfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;whH.

njhykpf;F thdpaYf;Fk; Nrhjplj;Jf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik Ntw;Wik njupe;jpUe;jJ. Tetrabiblos vd;w EhYf;F vOjpa mwpKfTiuapy; gpd;tUkhW vOjpAs;shH.

'Kjy; Ehy;" (Almagest) QhapW> epyh kw;Wk; el;rj;jpuq;fspd; mirTfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;Wf;Fk; Gtpf;Fk; cs;s cwTfs; gw;wpaJk; MFk;.... ,g;NghJ ehk; ,e;j Ehypy; (Tetrabiblos) jj;Jt mbg;gilapy; kdpj tho;f;iapYk; nraw;ghLfspYk; mit nrYj;Jk; nry;thf;if tpsf;FNthk;. cz;ikfisr; rhd;WfNshL fz;lwptjpy; ,e;jr; Nrhjpl Ehiy Kjy; nrhy;ypa EhNyhL xg;gpl KbahJ.'

njhykp vOjpa Tetrabiblos vd;w Ehy; Kbe;j kl;Lk; mwptpay; Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. nja;tPfj;jd;ik> Guhz ek;gpf;iffs; ngUksT ,e;j Ehypy; jtpHf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

 

---

 

 

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (34)

NfhngHdpf;fd; Gul;rp (Copernican Revolution)

Tetrabiblos Ehypd; Kjy; njhFjpapy; njhykp Nrhjplj;ij mwptpay; Nehf;NfhL ghHf;fpd;whH. ,uz;lhtJ njhFjpapYk; nghJthf vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghUe;jf; $ba Nrhjplk; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;whH. %d;whtJ ehd;fhtJ njhFjpfspy; jdpkdpj Nrhjplk; gw;wpf; $Wfpd;whH. filrp ,uz;L njhFjpfSk; (5> 6) %d;W mjpfhuq;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd-

(m) gpwg;Gg; rFdq;fs;

(M) gpwe;j Neuk;

(,) gpwe;j gpd; vd;d elf;fpwJ

gz;ila thdpayhsH QhapW my;y Gtpjhd; mz;lj;jpd; ikak; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; itj;j ek;gpf;iff;F %d;W gpioahd vLNfhs;fs; (hypothesis) fhuzkhFk;. mitahtd:

(1) thdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; mirTfs; vy;yhk; xU rPuhd tl;l tbtkhdJ.

(2) thdj;jpy; cs;s fhl;rpg;nghUl;fs; (objects) fyg;gw;w gUg;nghUl;fshy; Mdit. vdNt mit jkJ ,dg;nghJg; gz;Gfis (intrinsic properties) khw;w KbahJ.

(3)  Gtp mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

,t;thwhd fUj;Jf;fs; njhykpapdhy; ml;ltizg; gLj;jg;gl;ld. MfNtjhd; #upa kz;lyk; gw;wpa ,e;jf; fl;likg;G njhykpapd; mz;lk; (Ptolemaic Universe) vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

mjidj; njhlHe;J mtuJ jj;Jtk; kj;jpa ma;Nuhg;gpa ,iwapay; (Theology) fpwp];Jtj;NjhL njhkh]; mf;Fdh]; Nghd;w rkahr;rhupaHfshy; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;lJ.

mup];Njhl;ly; Gtpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU Nfhs tbthd mz;lj;ij Kd;nkhope;jhH. mz;lk; epyk;> fhw;W> neUg;G> jz;zPH vd;w ehd;F %yfq;fshy; MdJ> mit Xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; mjd; ‘mlHj;jp’ iag; nghWj;J mjw;fhd ,lk; cs;sJ. mit NeHf;Nfhl;by; mire;J nry;fpd;wd. epyk; fPOk; neUg;G NkYk; mirfpwJ. fhw;Wk; jz;zPUk; fPOk; NkYk;  ,ilg;gl mirfpwJ. mup];Njhl;ly; Mfhaj;ij 5 MtJ %yfk; vdf; fzf;fpl;lhH. Mfhak; tl;ltbtpy; mirfpwjhfr; nrhd;dhH.

mup];Njhl;ly; ,aw;ifia tpsf;Ftjw;F rpw;wsT ,aw;gpaiyAk; (Physics) NgusT ,ay; fle;j Ma;itAk; (Metaphysics) iff;nfhz;lhH vdf; $wyhk;. Mdhy;> mtH jdJ fhyj;jpy; kw;wtHfistpl Mokhfr; rpe;jpj;jhH vd;gij ahUk; kWf;f KbahJ. mup];Njhl;ly; 400 Fk; mjpfkhd Ehy;fis vOjpdhH vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.

mup];Njhl;ly; Kjd;ik ,af;FeH (Prime Mover) xUtH ,Ug;gjhf thjpl;lhH. ,aw;ifapd; Fwpf;NfhSf;Fk; xUikg; ghl;Lf;Fk; mtNu nghWg;G vd;whH. flTs; epiwthdtH (God is perfect)  vdNt cyfpy; cs;s capupdq;fspd; vy;yhk; epiwthdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;bUfpd;wd vd;whH. NtW ,af;FeHfSk; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;> mtHfs; Nfhs;fisAk; tpz;kPd;fisAk; mirf;fpd;wdH. mtHfspd; vz;zpf;if 55 my;yJ 57 Mf ,Uf;fyhk; vdr; nrhd;dhH.

mup];Njhl;lypd; Kjd;ik ,af;FeH (Prime Mover ) fpwp];jt ,iwapaypy; flTshf khw;wk; ngw;whH. Kjd;ik ,af;Feupd; Nfhsq;fs; fpwpj;jt guNyhfj;NjhL milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. Gtp ,e;j mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; ,Ug;gJk; kdpjHfspd; nray;ghLfspy; flTs; mf;fiw nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ vdf; $wg;gl;lJ.

Gwr;rka (Pagan) fpNuf;f jj;Jtthjpfshy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; fj;Njhypf;f kj gPlj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L ehsiltpy; mit mjpfhuG+Htkhd rkaf; nfhs;ifahf Vw;wk; ngw;wd. ,jd; tpisT mz;lk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis thdpayhsH vjpHj;Jiuj;jNghJ mJ mwptpay; rpf;fyhf kl;Lk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mJ ,iwapay; rpf;fyhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.  ,jdhy; mtHfs; ty;yik gilj;j Njthyaj;jpd; gifiaAk; Njl Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ.

kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; ma;Nuhg;ghtpy; mup];Njhl;ly; vOjpa Ehy;fs; kPs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;L mit ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; nkhopngaHg;G nra;ag;gl;ld vd Kd;dH fz;Nlhk;. ,jdhy; mup];Njhl;lypd; fUj;Jf;fs; jj;Jtkhf cUg;ngw;Wg; Gjpa typik ngw;wJ.

gy mtjhdpg;Gfs; Gtp miratpy;iy vdf; fpNuf;fHfis ek;g itj;jd.

(1) Gtp thDyfpd; xU gFjpahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,d;W Gtp ghy;kz;lyj;jpd; xU Nfhbapy; ,Uf;Fk; QhapW tpz;kPidr; Rw;wptUk; 9 Nfhs;fspy; xd;W vd;gJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;. Mdhy;> ,e;j vz;zk; njhiyNehf;fp vkJ fhl;rp Mw;wiy mjpfg;gLj;jpajhy; Vw;gl;lJ.

The Earth is not part of the heavens. Today the Earth is known to be just one planet of nine that orbit an average star in the outskirts of a large galaxy, but this idea gained acceptance only recently when telescopes extended our vision.

(2) fpNuf;fHfs; thDyf fhl;rpg;nghUl;fs; xspkakhd ntspr;rg; Gs;spfs;. GtpNah kz;zhYk; fy;ypdhYk; Mf;fg;gl;l xspaw;w ngupa Nfhsk;. ,d;W tpz;kPd;fs;  QhapW  NghyNt xsptpLk; fhl;rpg; nghUs;fs;> mit ntFnjhiytpy;  ,Uf;fpd;wd> Nfhs;fSf;Fr; Ra xsp ,y;iy> Nfhs;fs; ntWkNd Qhapwpd; xspiaj; njwpf;fr; nra;fpd;wd vd;gJ vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupAk;.

The celestial objects are bright points of light while the Earth is an immense, nonluminous sphere of mud and rock. Modern astronomers now know that the stars are objects like our Sun but very far away and the planets are just reflecting sunlight.

(3) fpNuf;fHfs; thDyfpy; kpfr; nrhw;g khw;wj;ijNa fz;lhHfs;. ,uT khwp ,uT xNukhjpupahd  tpz;kPd;fisf; fz;lhHfs;. mjw;F vjpHkhwhfg; Gtpapy; capHfspd; gpwg;G> khw;wk;> mopT eilngw;w tz;zk; ,Ue;jd. vdNt thDyfpy; fhzg;gLk; fhl;rpg; nghUs;fs; rPuhf ,aq;fpd> Mdhy;> mg;gbahd xOq;ifg;  Gtpapy; ghHf;f Kbatpy;iy.

,d;W thdpayhsH tpz;kPd;fs;  gpwe;J gpd; ,wf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; mtw;wpd; tho;ehs; kdpj tho;ehis tpl mjpfkhdjhy; mit khWglhjitahfj; Njhw;wk; jUfpd;wd vd;Wk; tpsf;fk; jUfpd;whHfs;. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; jw;fhy thdpayhsupd; Ma;Tg;gb el;rj;jpuq;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ,lk; khWfpd;wd vd;gJ fz;lwpag; gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;> njhiyNehf;fpapd; cjtpapd;wp ,e;j ,lkhw;wj;ij mtjhdpf;f gy EhW Mz;Lfs; nry;fpd;wd.

The Greeks saw little change in the heavens---the stars are the same night after night. In contrast to this, they saw the Earth as the home of birth, change, and destruction. They believed that the celestial bodies have an immutable regularity that is never achieved on the corruptible Earth. Today astronomers know that stars are born and eventually die (some quite spectacularly!)---the length of their lifetimes are much more than a human lifetime so they appear unchanging. Also, modern astronomers know that the stars do change positions with respect to each other over, but without a telescope, it takes hundreds of years to notice the slow changes.

 (4) ,Wjpahf vkJ Gyd;fs; cyfk; mirahJ Xuplj;jpy; epw;fpwJ vd;gij czHj;JfpwJ! cyfk; mirtJ cz;ikahdhy; fhw;W> gwitfs; kw;Wk; GtpNahL ,izf;fg;glhj nghUl;fs; gpd;Df;F tplg;gl;LtpLk;. cyfk; Roy;fpwJ vd rpy jPtpu rpe;jidahsHfs; nrhy;tJ rupnad;why; mJ gykhf tPRk; fhw;W ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk rhj;jpakhFk;. Mdhy;> gykhd fhw;W ,y;iy. cyfk; Rw;WfpwJ vd;why; caukhd ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ghAk; xUtH tpo Muk;gpj;j ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J gpd;dhy; te;J  tpoNtz;Lk;. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; RoYk; Gtpapy;  ,Ue;J nghUl;fs; Jhf;fp tPrg;gl;LtpLk;.

ghiwfs;> kuq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjHfs; Gtpapy; ,Ue;J Jhf;fp tPrg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJ Gtp miratpy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

,d;W  Gtp RoYk; NghJk; Rw;Wk; NghJk; nghUl;fs; Jhf;fp tPrg;glhjjw;Fupa VJit mirtpd;ik (inertia) gw;wpa tpjpfs; %yk;> gpshl;Nlhtpw;Fg; gpd;dH 2>000 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J>  thdpayhsHfs; tpsf;fpAs;shHfs;. mirtpd;ik vd;gJ mirAk; nghUs; NtnwhU nghUshy; jLf;Fk; tiu mire;J nfhz;Lk;> mirAk; nghUs; NtnwhU nghUshy; jLf;fhj tiu mirahkYk; ,Uf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lr;  nrhy;y NtZkhdhy; kpjptz;b XLk; NghJ rhahkYk; Xlhky; ,Ue;jhy; rha;e;Jk; tpLfpwJ.

,d;W $lg; gbahj kf;fSf;Fg; Gtp> QhapW> tpz;kPd;fs; ,tw;wpd; mirT gw;wp vy;yhk; njupe;jpUf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. mtHfs; gUt khw;wq;fs;> #upa-re;jpu fpufzq;fs; vjdhy; vg;gb Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gijj; njupe;J itj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs; vd;Wk; nrhy;y KbahJ. gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j GuhzpfHfSk; thdpay; mwpitg; nghWj;jstpy; ghkuHfs;jhd;. mjdhNyNa eufhRud; Gtpiag; ghahfr; RUl;bf; nfhz;L Ngha; flYf;Fs; xspj;J itj;jhd; vd;W fij vOjp itj;jhHfs;.

fpwpj;jtHfspd; Ntjhfkj;jpy;  Gtp xUNghJk; mg;gb ,g;gb Mlhky; ,Uf;FkhW flTs; mjid mjd; mbj;jsj;jpy; ehl;b itj;jhH vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. (Psalm 104:5: "Thou did fix the earth on its foundation so that it never can be shaken." )  Gtp jhdhf cUthftpy;iy> mJ flTshy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ vd;w thjk; kj gPlq;fshy; ,d;Wk; Kd; itf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. cyfk; jl;il vd;W ek;GfpwtHfSk; ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;!

mup];Njhl;ly; - njhykp ,UtuJ Gtpika mz;lk; Nkw;Fyf rpe;jidia 2>000 Mz;L fhyk; Ml;bg;gilj;jd.

Gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;by;jhd; Nghye;J ehl;bd; Gfo;ngw;w thdpayhsH epf;fy]; NfhngHdpf;f]; (fpgp1473-1543) xU Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;nkhope;jhH.

epf;fy]; NfhngHdpf;f]; (Nicholaus Copernicus) 1473 ngg;utup 19 ,y; Nghye;jpy; cs;s Torun  efupy; gpwe;jtH. ,j;jhypapy; cs;s Gfo;ngw;w gLth gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; (Padua University ) kUj;Jtk;> fpNuf;fnkhop> fzf;fpay; gbj;jhH. filrpahff; fpwpj;jt jpUKiwapy; gl;lk; ngw;whH. NfhngHdpf;f]; jdJ nrhe;j ehlhd Nghye;Jf;Fj; jpUk;gp mq;F kUj;Jtuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhH. Mdhy;> mtuJ mur Kiwahd (official) njhopy; mq;fpUe;j Njthyaj;jpd; kjFU vd;gNj.

NfhngHdpf;f]; xU KONeu thdpayhsuhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy. mtH vOjpa “thDyf  clypfspd; Rw;Wf;fs;” (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies) vd;w  Gfo;ngw;w Ehy; mtuJ Xa;T Neuj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ljhFk;.

NfhngHdpf;fd; QhapWika Kiwik 17 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp tiu mtuJ rkfhy thdpayhsHfshYk; ,aw;if jj;JtthjpfshYk; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd vz;zg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy;> mtuJ Nfhl;ghLf;F MjuT toq;fpatHfspy; Nahfhd;]; nfg;yH (1571-1630) kw;Wk; fypypNah fypyp (1564-1642) Kd;dzpapy; ,Ue;;jhHfs;. ,Wjpahf NfhngHdpf;fd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; typik NrHj;j ngUik NrH ma;rf; epA+l;ldJ 'cyfshtpa <Hg;G %y mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghL' (Theory of Universal Gravitation) MFk;.

NfhngHdpf;f]; vOjpa thDyf  clypfspd; Rw;Wf;fs; vd;w Ehypy;  Gtp my;y> QhapNw QhapW kz;lyj;jpd; ikag; gFjpapy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w Nfhl;ghL Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; Qhapiw tupirahfr; Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs;fspy; Gtp %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. thDyf  clypfspd; Rw;Wf;fs; NfhngHdpf;f]; kuzg; gLf;ifapy; gLj;jpUe;jNghJjhd; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

e;j khw;wq;fs; NfhngHdpf;fd; Gul;rp (Copernican Revolution ) vdr; rpwg;ghf miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Gjpa xOq;fpd;gb  Gtp ,d;ndhU Nfhs;>  epyh> Qhapiw my;y Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUfpw cgNfhs;> ntF njhiytpy; cs;s tpz;kPd;fs; Qhapiwr; Rw;Wtjpy;iy> Gtp jd;idj;jhNd 24 kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F xUKiw Rw;WfpwJ>  mg;gbr; Rw;Wk; NghJ thdj;jpy; cs;s tpz;kPd;fs; Gtpia vjpHj;jpirapy; Rw;WtJNghd;w xU khaj; Njhw;wj;ij (czHTf; fhl;rpia) cz;lhf;FfpwJ.

QhapWjhd; Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUfpwnjd;w fUJNfhisg; Gwe;js;spajd; tpisthf Nfhs;fspd; NtWgl;l xsp tPr;R kw;Wk; Gtpapy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; gpd;dPl;L mirTf;F (retrograde motion) ,yFthd tpsf;fk; mspf;f Kbe;jJ.

(1) QhapW ika Kiwikapy; Nfhs;fspd; khWgl;l xsp tPr;Rf;F me;jf; Nfhs;fs; Gtpapy; ,Ue;J ntt;NtW njhiytpy; ,Ug;gNj fhuzkhFk;.

(2) Nfhs;fspd; gpd;dPl;L mirTf;Ff; Nfj;jpu fzpj mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk; nfhLf;fyhk;. tpiuthf rpwpa ePs;tl;lj;jpy; Rw;wp tUk; Nfhs; ngupa ePs;tl;lj;jpy; nkJthfr;  Rw;wp tUk; Nfhisf; fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ gpd;ida Nfhs; gpd;dhb XLtJ Nghd;w kUl;rpiaj; (illusion) Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.  Gtp - nrt;tha; Xl;lk; my;yJ  Gtp - tpaho Xl;lk; ,g;gbahd kUl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wd.

,e;jf; fUj;JUit xU neLQ;rhiyapy; ntt;NtW xOq;ifapy; ntt;NtW Ntfj;jp;y; XLk; tz;bfis vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf itj;J tpsf;fyhk;. kzpf;F 100 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; xLk; xU tz;bia kzpf;F 140 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; XLk; tz;b Ke;Jk; NghJ Ntfk; Fiwe;j tz;b gp;d;dhb XLtJ Nghd;w kUl;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. cz;ikapy; mJTk; Kd;dhb Xbf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

Nfhs;fspd; ,e;jg; gpd;Ndhl;lj;ijr; Nrhjplj;jpy; tf;fpuk; vd;W miog;ghHfs;. Nfhs;fs; vy;yhk; Qhapiw ePs;tl;lj;jpy; Rw;Wtjhy; gpd;dhb nry;Yk; Nfhs;fs; rpwpJ fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF kPz;Lk; Kd;dhb nry;yj; njhlq;Fk;. Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; mg;gbg; gpd;dhbr; nry;Yk; Nfhs;fSf;Fr; NrhjplHfs; gyd; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;!

gpd;dhb nry;Yk; fhyj;jpy; mJ vd;d Nfhs; vd;gijg; nghWj;J rhjffhuH fle;j fhyj;ij ,l;L kPsha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJg; gyd;.

Nrhjpl rhj;jpuq;fis vOjpatHfSf;F ,e;jg; gpd;Ndhl;lk; gw;wpa fhuz fhupak; njupahjjhy; jq;fsJ fw;gidapy; Njhd;wpaij vOjp itj;J tpl;lhHfs;. mtw;iw  NrhjplHfs; ,d;Wk; fz;%bj;jdkhfg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;whHfs;.      NfhHngdpf;f]; gpd;dPl;L mirT                                   njhykpapd; gpd;dPl;L mirT

gz;ila thdpayhsUf;F QhapW my;y Gtpjhd; mz;lj;jpd; ikak; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;by; mup];Njhl;ly; fhyk; njhl;L 17 Mk; Ehw;whz;L tiu itj;j ek;gpf;iff;F %d;W gpioahd Nfhl;ghLfs; fhuzkhFk; vdj; njhlf;fj;jpy; ghHj;Njhk;.

(1) thdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; mirTfs; vy;yhk; xU rPuhd tl;l tbtkhdJ ("uniform circular motion").

(2) thdj;jpy; cs;s fhl;rpg;nghUs;fs; (Objects) fyg;gw;w gUg;nghUs;fshy; Mdit. vdNt mit jkJ ,dg; nghJg; gz;Gfis (intrinsic properties) khw;w KbahJ.

(3)  Gtp mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

NfhngHdpf;f]; KjyhtJ Nfhl;ghl;ilapl;Lf; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhH. Mdhy;> ,uz;lhtJ Nfhl;ghL gw;wpf; Nfs;tp vOg;gtpy;iy. ,Ue;Jk; NfhngHdpf;fd; Gtpikaf; Nfhl;ghL ,uz;lhtJ Nfhl;ghl;il kiwKfkhf kWj;jJ. cyfk; ,d;ndhU Nfhs; vd;gjhy; Vida Nfhs;fSk; Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; nghUs;fshy; cUthdit vdf; NfhngHdpf;f]; Cfpj;jhH.

 

---

 

 

Nrhjplg; Gul;L 

 

G+kpia kl;Lky;y kdpj kdijAk; mira itj;j kdpjH

 

(35)

NfhngHdpf;f]; xU Gul;rpf;fhuH my;y. mtH vOjpa Ehy; mtuJ ,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;ljw;F vq;Nf jdJ Nfhl;ghLfs; jdJ NkyhsHfshYk; jpUr;rigapdhYk; Vsdk; nra;ag;gLNkh my;yJ xg;Gjy; ngwj; jtwptpLNkh vd;w mr;rk; fhuzk; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;> jaf;fkhd Gul;rpahsH vdj; jd;id fhl;bf; nfhz;l ,tH Nkw;Fyf ehfupfj;jpd; rpe;jidj; jsj;jpy; jtotpl;l vz;zq;fs; ehsiltpy; khngUk; Gul;rpia (mtH ,we;J ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH ) Vw;gLj;jpaJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; mtuJ vz;zq;fs; mtH ,we;J EhW Mz;L fhyk; tiu ftdpg;ghuw;Wf; fple;jd.

NfhngHdpf;fd; QhapWikaf; Nfhl;ghL QhapW FLk;gj;jpd; fl;likg;igg;gw;wp Neubahff; $wpdhYk; mwptpay; Jiwapy; mjd; kiwKf tpisT msg;gupaJ. mz;lk; gw;wpa kdpjdJ ghHitapy; mJ ngupa jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.  NfhngHdpf;f]; fhyk; fhykhf kuGtop %lek;gpf;iffspdhy; tpyq;fplg;gl;Lf; fple;j kdpj %isf;F tpLjiy ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhH.

NfhngHdpf;f]; Vwf;Fiwa md;iwa KO cyfj;ijAk; vjpHj;J epd;whH vd;Nw $wyhk;. Fwpg;ghf rfy ty;yikAk; mjpfhuKk; gilj;j  fpwpj;jt jpUr;rig kw;Wk; Gdpj Ntjhfkk; ,uz;ilAk;  vjpHj;J epd;whH. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtUf;F Kd;dH gy Ehw;whz;L fhyk; tho;e;J kiwe;j jj;Jtthjpfspd; rpe;jidfs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> KbTfs; Nghd;wtw;iw  vjpHj;J epd;whH. ,jd; %yk; Jzpr;ryhd rpe;jidf;F tpj;jpl;lhH> mNj Neuk; cz;ikf;fhd NjLjypy; gzpTk;  jd;dlf;fKk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mtH typAWj;jpdhH.

NfhngHdpf;frpd; mwptpay; Gul;rp Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fs; Mfpatw;NwhL epd;W tpltpy;iy> mJ kdpjidg; gw;wpAk; RoYk; Gtpapy; mtdJ ,lk; gw;wpAk; Md mwptpayhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

NfhngHdpf;f]; jhd; jpUr;rigf;F Kuzhdtd; vd;w Fw;wr; rhl;by; ,Ue;J jg;Gtjw;Fj; jhd; vOjpa De Revolutionibus Orbium  Coelestium  vd;w Ehiyg;  Nghg;ghz;ltUf;Nf xg;gilg;Gr; nra;jhH. mg;gbr; nra;j fhuzj;jhy; mtuJ QhapWikaf; Nfhl;ghL ntWkNd xU GidTNfhshf (thj Mjhukw;w jw;fhypfkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk; fUj;J)  kl;LNk nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W me;j EhYf;F mwpKfTiu vOjpatH Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhH. kj;jpa ma;Nuhg;ghtpy; jpUr;rigf;F khwhf vOJgtHfs;>  NgRgtHfs; fpgp 1215 ,y; epWtg;gl;l kjtprhuiz kd;wj;Jf;F (Inquisition)  Kd; epWj;jg;gl;L jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; ghjhsr; rpiwapy; milj;J itf;fg;gl;Lr; rpj;jputij nra;ag; gl;lhHfs; my;yJ capNuhL vupA+l;bf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhHfs;.   

fpgp 1620 ,y; NguhaH my;ghNdh (Bishop Albano ) vd;gtuhy; NfhngHdpf;f]; vOjpa Ehy; jilnra;ag;gl;l Ehy;fspd; gl;baypy; NrHf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; me;j Ehiy mLj;j ,uz;L Ehw;whz;Lf;F ahUNk gbf;f KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ!

NfhngHdpf;f];  'Gtpia kl;Lky;y kdpj kdijAk; mira itj;j kdpjH' vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whH. NkYk; 'mnyf;rhe;jH> n[d;fp]; fhd;> neg;Nghypad;>  Nghg;ghz;ltHfs; ,tHfis tpl kdpj tuyhw;wpy; jPtpu nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpatH" vdg; ghuhl;lg; gLfpd;whH. Gtpapd; %tif mirTfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mjid Vida thDyf Nfhs;fSld; itj;Jf; NfhngHdpf;f]; mz;lj;ijg; gw;wpa xU Gjpa ghHitf;F mbj;jsk; ,l;lhH.

gjpNdohk; Ehw;whz;by; nfg;yH> fypypNah kw;Wk; epA+l;ld; NfhngHdpf;fd; QhapWika mz;lf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbj;jsj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;Nl Nrhjid %yk; jq;fsJ Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lhHfs;. mjd; tpisthf thdpay; Jiwapy; xU Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ.  mup];Njhl;ly;> njhykp ,UtuJk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Kw;whfj; Jhf;fp tPrg;gl;L mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,d;iwa Gjpa thdpay; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; mur fl;by; Vwpd.  

Kd;dH $wpathW NfhngHdpf;fd; Nfhl;ghL Kw;Wk; Gjp;jhdjJ my;y.  fpK 200 ,y;  rhNkh]; jPtpy; (,d;W JUf;fp ehl;bd; flw;fiuf;F mg;ghy; cs;s jPT) tho;e;j mup];jhHr;R]; QhapWikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd; nkhope;jpUe;jhH vd;gij Vw;fdNt ghHj;Njhk;.  

,d;iwa thdpay; mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; Vuzk; kw;Wk; fzpjapay; mbg;gilapy; (  In logical and mathematical  way ) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.  vz;gpf;ff; $ba Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbj;jsj;jpy; fl;b vOg;gg;gLfpd;wd. NfhngHdpf;fd; Gul;rpapd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; vd;dntd;why; thDyfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fhl;rpg; nghUl;fspd; mirTfs; gw;wpj; jpUj;jkhd juTfisj; jpul;baJjhd;.  

“Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as they say, 'with both eyes open'.”

'Kbthf Qhapiw mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; itg;Nghkhf. mz;lj;jpd; xUq;fpirT (harmony)  kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfspd; Kiwahd efHTfs; mjidNa Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. gyH nrhy;tJNghy; ehq;fs; kl;Lk; 'jpwe;j fz;fNshL' nka;ikfSf;F Kfk; nfhLg;Nghkhdhy; ,e;j cz;ikia mwpayhk;' vd NfhngHdpf;f]; jdJ Ehypy; vOjpdhH.

tuyhw;wpy; xU epue;ju ,lj;ijg; gpbjJf; nfhz;l NfhngHdpf;f]; 1543 Mk; Mz;L Nk 24 ,y; fhykhdhH.

NfhngHdpf;f]; vOjpa Ehy; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; ,Ue;jjhy; mJ rhjhuz kf;fisr; nrd;wilatpy;iy. mJTk; xU tpjj;jpy; ey;yjhfg; Nghapw;W. fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; new;wpf;fz; NfhgHdpf;f]; gf;fk; cldbahfj; jpUk;gtpy;iy. Mdhy;> fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;jtuhd NfhngHdpf;f]; vOjpa Ehy; Gul;l];jhd; rkaj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j khl;bd; YhjH (Martin Luther ) njhkh]; Fd; (Thomas Khun ) kw;Wk; gpypg; nkyhr;njhd; (Philip Melachthon) Nghd;wtHfspd; new;wpf; fz;fisj; jpwf;f itj;jJ. 

"Gtp Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tUtJ cz;ikahdhy;  tpz;kPd;fs; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; mira Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mg;gbahd miritf; fhz Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; Rw;Wk; G+kp rPuhf tPRk; fhw;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mg;gb vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy. gwitfs; kzpf;F 1>000 fy; Ntfj;jpy; gwe;jhy; kl;LNk NfhngHdpf;frpd; Rw;Wk; G+kpf;F <L nfhLf;f KbAk;. ,J xU gapj;jf;fhuj;jdkhd NahridahFk;."

"QhapW> re;jpud; cl;gl thDyfk; my;y Gtp  Rw;WfpwJ vd;W nrhy;fpd;w jpBH  NrhjplUf;Ff; fhJ nfhLf;Fk; kf;fs;………,e;jg; Ngad; (NfhngHdpf;f];) thdpay; gw;wpa mwpitj; jiyfPohf khw;w epidf;fpwhd;. Mdhy;> Gdpj Mfkq;fs; VNfhth (Joshua 10:13) Gtpia my;y QhapiwNa xU ,lj;jpy; epw;FkhW fl;lis ,l;lhH."

'rpy kdpjHfs;> xd;wpy; xU GJikf;fhf my;yJ jq;fs; tpj;Jtj;;ijf; fhl;lg;  Gtp mirfpwJ vd KbT fl;btpl;lhHfs;....... cz;ikapd;ik> gz;gpd;ik fhuzkhf mjidg; gfpuq;fkhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;. ,J nghy;yhg;ghdJ> ey;y kdJ cilatHfs; flTs; ntspf;fhl;ba cz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;L mjd;gb elf;fNtz;Lk; ..................mz;lj;jpd; eLtpy;  Gtp ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mJ NtW vq;NfAk; ,Uf;f KbahJ." (njhkh]; Fd; - The Copernican Revolution, notes Luther's reaction to Copernicus)

'rpyH ngaH vLg;gjw;fhf me;jg; gpw\;\pad; thdpayhsH Nghy; igj;jpaf;fhuj;jdkhd Nfhl;ghLfis ( Gtp Rw;WfpwJ> QhapW epiyahf epw;fpwJ)  cUthf;FfpwhHfs;. mwpTs;s kd;dHfs; mg;gbg; gl;ltHfsJ kdij nky;y trg;gLj;jp mtHfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;." (Hermann Kesten - Copernicus and His World )  

'Yhjupd; rhjfk; Nahf rhjfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;j nkyhr;njhd; Yhjupd; gpwe;j ehisAk; Neuj;ijAk; khw;wpdhH. mg;gb khw;wptpl;L YhjH mkhthir ehl;fspy; gazpf;ff; $lhJ vd;W kd;whl;lkhff; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.' (Nkw;gb Ehypy;)

'fy;tpd; Njhj;jpug; ghly;fspy; (Psalm 93:1 ) ,Ue;J xU tupia "cyfk; mirahjthW cWjpahdJ" vd;W nrhy;yptpl;Lf; Nfl;fpwhH 'nja;tPf Mtpapd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F Nkyhf ahH NfhngHdpf;fpd; Nfhl;ghl;il itf;fj; JzpthHfs;?' ( Nkw;gb Ehypy; )

1945 ,y; NfhngHdpf;frpd; epidthf tl Nghye;jpy; kpfg; ngupa gy;fiyf; fofk; xd;W epWtg;gl;L ,aq;fp tUfpwJ. 

NfhngHdpf;f]; fhyk; njhl;Nl thdpay; Nrhjplk; ,uz;Lk; jdpj; jdpg; ghijapy; eilNghlj; njhlq;fpd. mtuJ QhapWikaf; Nfhl;ghL Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;jpd; mbj;jsj;ijNa Ml;lk; fhz itj;jJ.

QhapW Nfhs; vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;J tpz;kPd; vd;w ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ.  Gtp Vida Nfhs;fspy; xd;nwdf; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ. epyh Nfhs; my;y Gtpiar; Rw;Wk; cgNfhs; vdg; gjtp ,wf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Nrhjplk; gpioahd mbj;jsj;jpy;

fl;bnaOg;gg; gl;Ls;s rhj;jpukhFk;. mjpy; Kjd;ikahdJ Gtpjhd; mz;lj;jpd; ikak;> mjidr; Rw;wpNa Nfhs;fs;> tpz;kPd;fs; kw;Wk; QhapW tyk; tUfpd;wd vd;gjhFk;. NfhngHdpf;fpd; QhapW-ikaf; Nfhl;ghL Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;jpd; Gtp-ikaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaj; jfHj;njwpe;J mjidg; ngha;ahf;fpaJ.

Mdhy;> Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; mup];Njhl;ly;-njhykp ,UtuJk; Gtpikaf; Nfhl;ghl;il tplNt ,y;iy. ,d;Wtiu mjidf; Fuq;Fg;  gpbahfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tUfpwJ. 

vd;d elf;FNkh? VJ epfONkh? vd;w epr;rakw;w vjpHfhyk; gyiug; gaKWj;JfpwJ. mJjhd; kdpjdJ ftiy kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G ,d;ik Nghd;wtw;wpd; Cw;whFk;. Nrhjplk; jq;fs; vjpHfhyk;gw;wp mwpa tpUk;GfpwtHfSf;F xU Nghij k