Kd;Diu

'new;wpf; fz;izf; fhl;bdhYk; Fw;wk; Fw;wNk' - ,J ef;fPud; newp.

flTNshL NkhjpdhH ef;fPud; vd;gJ gioa fij.

,d;W -

flTis my;y - fzpaj;NjhL  (Nrhjplk;) NkhJfpwhH ef;fPud;.

ef;fPud; fzpaj;Jf;F vjpuhf itf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; vk;ik mirf;fpd;wd.

mwptpay; nfhz;L fzpaj;ij (Nrhjplk;) mtH Xq;fp mbf;fpd;whH.

New;Wtiu gpwH epfo;j;jpa NkNyhl;lkhd Ma;Tfs; Nghy; ,y;yhky; fzpaj;ij  neUg;gpd; ehf;Ffshy; vupj;Jr; rhk;gyhf;FfpwhH.

thdpay; cz;ikfis thupg; nghopAk; Ehy;.

Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;ij vOjpatHfSf;F ,d;iwa thdpay; gw;wpa mwpNth - Muha;r;rpNah ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjw;fhd tha;g;Gk; etPd fUtpfSk;  mtHfsplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. 'Qhdf; fz;' xd;W kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ'

vd;W $Wk; ef;fPud;>

'ntg;g kz;ly ehs;fhl;b> gQ;rhq;fk; Nghd;wit fzpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; NrhjplHfs; gad;gLj;Jk; ntg;gkz;ly ,uhrpr; rf;fuk; (Tropical Zodidac) Kw;wpYk; gpioahdJ. mJ 2>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH thdpy; fhzg;gl;l el;rj;jpuq;fs; - kw;Wk; Nfhs;fsJ ,Uf;ifiaNa fhl;LfpwJ. ,Jgw;wp EhW Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G tho;e;j kfhftp ghujpahH rhkpehja;aiu Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;b vOjpapUg;gij mg;gbNa fPNo jUfpNwd;'

vdr; nrhy;ytpl;L> ghujpahH fUj;ij vLj;J itf;fpwhH.

'madtp\{f;fspd; rydj;ij (,af;fj;ij) mwpahkNyh mwpe;jpUe;Jk; ftdpahkNyh ]k;tj;ruj;jpd; gupkhzj;ij 20  epkp\k; [h];jpahf (mjpfkhf) fzpj;J tpl;lgbahy;> mad tp\{ fhyq;fs; tU\k; xd;Wf;F 20½ epkp\k; gpe;jp tUfpd;wd. 80 tU\j;jpy; xU KOehs; gpe;jptpLk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j epakq;fs; Vw;gl;L ,g;NghJ mNef E}w;whz;Lfsha; tpl;lgbahy; Gz;a fhyq;fs; 20> 22 ehs; gpe;jpg;Ngha; epakq;fs; gpuj;jpa\j;Jf;F tpNuhjkhfpapUf;fpd;wd.' (ghujpahH fl;Liufs; - gf;fk; 210-211)

Nkw; $wg;gl;Ls;s fzpak; gw;wpa Ma;tpy; xU rpW jpUj;jk; nra;fpwhH ef;fPud;.

'rhkpehja;aH Fwpg;gpl;l fhy tpj;jpahrk; rup> Mdhy; 80 Mz;Lfs; vd;W vOjpapUg;gJ jtW. mJ 72 Mz;Lfs; vd;W ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 

'Gtpapd; ikag; gFjpapy; QhapW kw;Wk; epyh ,uz;bdhYk; Vw;gLk; vjpH  vjpH <Hg;Gf; fhuzkhf  Gtp mr;rpd; Row;rpia js;shlr; nra;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp (QhapW ghijapy;) gpd; js;SfpwJ (precession of equinox) vd;gijf; fz;L gpbj;Jr; nrhy;ypatH. ,JNt madhk;rk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Mz;nlhd;Wf;F 50.291 MHf; nehbfs; (50.291 arc seconds per year) tPjk; 72 Mz;Lfspy; 1 ghif NtWghL Vw;gLfpwJ.  

gpioahd thdpay; fzpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; rupahd fzpak; (Nrhjplk;) vg;gbg; gpwf;Fk;? vd;gJjhd; ef;fPudpd; Nfs;tp.

mzpaj;ij mtH gy KidfspypUe;J fLikahfr; rhLfpwhH.

',uhrpfis Mz;-ngz; vdg; ghFgLj;jp trpag; nghUj;jk; ghHg;gJ mwptPdk;. ,uhrpfis Mz; ngz; vd;W vg;gbg; gpupj;jhHfs;? Nklk; njhlq;fp  kPdk; <whf tUk; gd;dpuz;L ,uhrpfspy; xw;iwg;gl tUk; ,uhrpfs; Mz; ,uhrpfs; vd;Wk; ,ul;ilg;gl tUk; ,uhrpfs; ngz; ,uhrpfs; vd;Wk; NrhjplHfs; gpupj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. ,g;gb xw;iw ,ul;il ghHj;Jg; gpupg;gJ  ve;jtpj tpjpf;fl;Lg;ghLk; (arbitrary) ,d;wpr; nra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. vy;yhk; fz;  ghHit njupahjtd; kidtpia mbj;j my;yJ ,Ul;liwapy; fWg;Gg; G+idiaj; Njba fijjhd;!

fzpaj;ij - fzpaHfis ef;fPud; frf;fpg; gpopfpwhH.

epiwag; gbj;J ef;fPud; nra;j Ma;Tk; -epWty;fSk; epkpHe;Nj epw;fpd;wd.

vjpHfhyj;jpy; fzpaj;ij (Nrhjplk;) vtNuDk; ,j;jid Mokhf Ma;T nra;thHfs; vd;gJ ma;aNk.

ngUk; Kaw;rp> fLk; ciog;G> mupa gzp.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L> fzpak; kf;fSf;F ,iof;Fk; jPq;fpid cuj;Jr; nrhy;fpwJ.

fzpaj;ij ef;fPud; ngha; vd;W nrhy;tjhy; ahUk; rpdk; mila Ntz;bajpy;iy - Vndd;why; ngha;ia ePq;fs; fzpak; vd;W nrhy;tjhy; mtH rpdk; mile;jpUf;fpwhH.

ehd; ef;fPud; gf;fNk!

mtH gilg;G -

mwpahikf;Fj; jPapLk; mdy; gpok;G.

rPHjpUj;jg; Gaypd; rPw;wk;.

cz;ikapd; Fuy;.

jkpopdj;ij vy;yhtifapYk; kPl;nlLf;fg; nghq;fpg; ghAk; mtH jkpOf;Fj; jiy tzq;Ffpd;Nwd;.

fhrp Mde;jd;

nrd;id>
jkpo;ehL
ij 29> 2006

mzpe;Jiu

nuhwd;Nuh efupy; ntsptUk; 'Kof;fk;' thu Vl;by; Vwf;Fiwa xd;wiu Mz;Lfshfr; Nrhjplg; Gul;L vDk; jiyg;gpy; njhlHr;rpahf ef;fPud; vOjpa 71 fl;Liufspd; njhFg;Ng ,e;Ehy;.

ehk; ,d;W 21 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; tho;fpd;Nwhk;. ehk; thOk; vy;iyaw;w mz;lk; mjd; Njhw;wj;jpypUe;J vt;tsNth khw;wk; mile;Jtpl;lJ. ,d;Wk; khw;wk; mile;J nfhz;NlapUf;fpd;wJ. ,d;iwa GJikfs; ehisa goikfshfyhk;. 'gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;' fhyj;jpd; Njit. mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk; md;whlk; tpaj;jFtz;zk; tsHfpd;wd. mwptpayhsHfspd; ,ilawhj Kaw;rpahy;> Gjpa Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;> gjpa Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfSk; kdpjidAk;> ,t;Tyfj;ijAk; khw;wk; milar; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. me;jtifapy; cyfk; vt;tsNth RUq;fptpl;lJ. cyfk;> ,aw;if gw;wpa fw;gidfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> khiafs; nky;y nky;y tpilngWfpd;wd.

G+kp rhHghd mjw;Ff; fpl;;ba #upad;> re;jpud;> kw;Wk; Nfhs;fs; Nghd;w thDlypfs; (heavenly bodies) tfpf;Fk; epiyfs;> vt;thW G+kpapd; fhyepiyfs; Nghd;w khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij mtjhdpj;j Nrhjpld;> xUgb NkNy Ngha;> thdpy; thDlypfs; tfpf;Fk; epiyfs;> kdpjdpd; tho;tpaiy epHzapf;fpd;wd vd;W ek;gp Nrhjplj;ij cUthf;fpdhd;. me;jtifapy; md;W jdf;Fj; njupe;j #upad;> re;jpud;> Rf;fpud;> Gjd;> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp Mfpa nka;thDlypfSk; mtd; fw;gid nra;j ,uhF> NfJ Mfpa epoy; clypfSk; nja;tPfj;jd;ik nfhz;L mUs; ghypf;Fk; ty;yik tha;e;jd vd;W $wp kf;fis ek;gr; nra;J Vkhw;wp te;jhd;> Vkhw;wp tUfpd;whd;.  

NrhjplHfspd; ,t; Vkhw;W tpj;ijfisj;jhd; Nrhjplg; Gul;L vdf; $wp ef;fPud; ,e;EhYf;F Nrhjplg; Gul;L  vd;w ngaiu itj;Js;shH. mJ kpfg; nghUj;jkhd ngaH vd;Nw ehd; fUJfpNwd;. 

Nrhjplk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. xd;W gps;is gpwf;Fk; Neuj;jpy thdpYs;s fpufq;fspd; epiyfisf; fzpj;jy;. kw;iwaJ fpufq;fspd; iyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gyd;fisf; $Wjy;.

,e;Ehypy; Mq;fhq;Nf NfhjplHfspd; fzpg;gpd; mbg;gilNa gpionad;W MrpupaH vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH. NrhjplHfs; 2>000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH thdpay; tpQ;Qhdk; mjd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;j nghOJ> thdpayhsHfs; ,t; mz;lj;jpd; ikak; G+kp vd;Wk;> mJ mirahg; nghUs; vd;Wk;> mijr; Rw;wp thdpYs;s fpufq;fSk; el;rj;jpuq;fSk; tyk; tUfpd;wd vd;Wk; fUjpj;jhd; md;W fpuf epiyfisf; fzpj;jhHfs;. Mdhy; mf; fUJNfhs; gpionad;gijg; 17 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j epf;fy]; NfhngHdpf;f]; vDk; Nghye;J ehl;ilr; NrHe;j  thdpayhsH (fj;Njhypf;f FUthfTk; ,Ue;jtH)  Kjd;Kiwahf #upaikaf; nfhs;ifia Kd;nkhope;jhH vd ,e;EhyhrpupaH vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whH. ,ijr; NrhjplHfs; ,d;Dk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpwhHfs; ,y;iy. tpsq;f Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfSkpy;iy. tpsq;fpj; jq;fs; fzpg;G Kiwapy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;aTk; KidfpwhHfspy;iy. ,tHfSila fzpg;gpd; gb fpuf kw;Wk; ,uhrp epiyfs; Nrhjplf; Fwpg;Ngl;bw;whNday;yhky; thdpy; my;y vd;w cz;ikia MrpupaH ,e;Ehypy; epWtpAs;shH.

Nrhjplg; gyd;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> mtw;iw vd;d mbg;gilapy;> gpwe;j Neuj;Jf; fpuf epiyfSld; njhlHG gLj;jyhk; vd;Wk;> xUtUf;fhd Nrhjpl gyd;fs;> NrhjplHfisg; nghWj;J Vd; khWfpd;wd vd;Wk;> $wpa gyd;fs; xUtUf;F tho;ehspy; mg;gbNa Vw;gLfpd;wdth vd;Wk; EhyhrpupaH tpdhTfpd;whH.

NrhjplHfs; $Wk; gyd;fs; FUl;L thf;fpy; my;yhJ kw;wg;gb gpioj;Jg; Nghfpd;wd vd;gij gy;NtW cz;ikr; rk;gtq;fisf; nfhz;L MrpupaH epWTfpwhH. njhlf;f fhyq;fspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy; FUkhNu NrhjplKk; nrhd;dhHfs;. me;jtifapy; FUkhHfs; nrhd;dtw;iw Njtthf;nfd kf;fs; gagf;jpNahL ek;gpdhHfs;. vdNt ,e;Jf;fspd; rkahrhukhfTk; fyhrhu mk;rq;fspy; xd;whfTk; Nrhjplk; ,lk; ngw;Wtpl;lnjd;W MrpupaH  $Wfpd;whH. NkYk; gak; fhuzkhfNt kf;fs; Nrhjplj;ijAk; NrhjplHfisAk; ehLfpwhHfs; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whH.

Nfhs;fSf;Fk; mjhtJ fpufq;fSf;Fk;> gpwf;Fk; gps;isf;Fk; cs;s Kbr;R vd;d vd;W Nfl;L Nrhjplk; gFj;jwptw;w %lj;jdk; vd;W gupfrpf;fpd;whH. ,e;Ehiy vOe;j khdj;jpy; MrpupaH vOjtpy;iy. mtH gy thdpay; tpQ;Qhd Ehy;fisAk; Vd; gy Nrhjpl Ehy;fisAk; gbj;J crhtp Ma;T nra;Jjhd; ,e;Ehiy vOjpAs;shH. mjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; Ehy; vq;fpDk; fhzf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

gFj;jwpitg; gug;gpa jpuhtpl ,af;f Kd;Ndhbfshd je;ij ngupahH> mwpQH mz;zh> rpq;fhuNtyH Nghd;wtHfsJ Mf;fq;fis ,sk; gpuhaj;jpy; gbj;jjd; fhuzkhfj;jhd; mwptpay; fz;Nzhl;lk; (scientific temperament) ,tUf;F  Vw;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkdf; fUJfpNwd;.

,e;Ehypy; Nrhjplj;ij kl;Lky;y> %lek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhfTk;  gagf;jp fhuzkhfTk; vk; kf;fspilNa gutyhf ,lk;  gpbj;Js;s  kdpjf; flTsH> mtjhu GUlHfs;> mw;Gjq;fs;> vz; rhj;jpuk;> th];J rhj;jpuk;> khe;jpuPfk;> gpy;yp #dpak;> Nga; gprhR Mfpatw;iw kiwe;j gFj;jwpthsH Vgpufhk; NfhT+H Clhf kWj;Js;shH.

,e;Ehy; Gyk;ngaH vkJ ,se;jiyKiwapdupd; eyd;fUjp Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopahf;fk; ngw;Wg; gjpf;fg;gLtJ ed;W. ,e;Ehy; %lek;gpf;iffs; mw;w> mwptpay; rhHe;j> gFj;jwpT gilj;j jkpo;;r; RKjhaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g epidf;Fk; xt;nthUtUk; fl;lhak; thq;fpg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,.Nt. nry;tuj;jpdk;

Kd;dhs; fy;tp mjpfhup (,yq;if)

nuhwd;Nuh

ij 21> 2006

tho;j;Jiu

epyitj; nja;tkhf tzq;fpa fhyKz;L. ,d;W nrt;tha;> Gjd;> epyh  vd;W xt;nthd;iwAk; kdpjd; myrp Muha;e;J epytpNy fhy; gjpj;J fy;iyj; Njhz;b vLj;J te;jhfptpl;lJ. ,Ue;jhYk; ek;kpy; gyH nra;tha; Njhrk;> rdp Njhrk; Nghd;wtw;iw ek;GtHfshfTk; FUg; ngaHr;rp vg;NghJ vd;W fzf;fpLgtHfshTk; tho;fpd;whHfs;. tho;e;jhy;$lg; gUthapy;iyNa! jq;fs; tho;itAk; cw;whH cwtpdHfs; tho;itAk; ghobj;Jk;  nry;tk;> kfpo;r;rpia tPzbj;Jk; Jd;gg;gLfpd;wdH! 

thdpay; vd;gJ mwpT rhHe;jJ – mz;lk; vg;gb vg;NghJ Njhd;wpaJ mJ vg;gb ,aq;FfpwJ vd;gijj; jpUj;jkhf Muha;fpwJ. Nrhjplk; vd;gJ KOf;f KOf;f Vkhw;Wtpj;ij! Vkhspfsplk; gzk; gwpf;fr; rpwe;j njhopy; Nrhjpl rhj;jpukhFk;.  ,ijj; je;ij ngupahH mtHfs; 1938 NyNa Nrhjpl Muha;r;rp vd;W Ehiy vOjp Fiwe;j tpiyf;Ff; nfhLj;J mjd; ngha;ikiag; gug;gpdhH. je;ij ngupahH vd;whNy KfQ; Ropf;Fk; itjPfHfNs Nrhjplj;ij ek;ghky; mjidf; fz;bj;jpUf;fpwhHfs;. ghujpahH> ,uhrhrp> fhkuhrH ,e;jg; gl;baypy; ,lk; gpbj;jtHfs;.

ma;ah ef;fPud; mtHfs; ,e;jr; Nrhjp;lj;ij mf;FNtW MzpNthwhfg; gpupj;J Mo;e;J myrpAs;shH.

xt;nthd;Wk; ed;F Muhag;gl;L tpsf;fkhf vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. vOgj;jpuz;L mj;jpahaq;fspy; ,t;thW myrp Muha;e;J vOjg;gl;l Ehy;fs; NtW VjhtJ ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gJ vdf;Fj; njupahJ. jkpopy; fl;lhak; ,y;iy.

Nkk;Nghf;fhff; $whky; midj;ijAk; fhuz fhupaq;fSld; vLj;Jf; fhl;bf; gy ,lq;fspy; mupa Nkw;Nfhs;fs; fhl;b midtUf;Fk; GupAk;gb vOjpAs;shH. ,jpNy xd;Wk; khaNkh ke;jpuNkh ,y;iy vy;yhk; je;jpuk;jhd; vd;gij jpwe;j kdj;NjhL gbg;gtHfs; ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thHfs;. vy;yhk; rupq;f> Mdhy; kdjpw;Fs;Ns xU gak; ,Uf;fpwNj vd;gtHfs; ,ijg; gbj;jhy; me;jg; gak; xU klik vd;gij czHthHfs;. Nrhjplk; xU Gul;L> mjw;Fr; nryT nra;Ak; nghUs; tPz; vd;gij ,ijtpl Mjhuj;Jld; nrhy;y KbahJ! Nrhjplj;Jf;F  tPzhFk; nryit vt;tsNth ey;y nray;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

cynfq;Fk; thOk; jkpo; kf;fs; Nrhjplj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;s Nkhfj;ijAk; mjw;fhfr; nrytopf;Fk; tPz; nryitAk; xopf;f ,e;j Ehy; fl;lhak; cjTk;. mtutHfs; ,jid thq;fpg; gbg;gJld; epd;Wtplhky; cwtpdHfSf;Fk;  ez;gHfSf;Fk; md;gspg;gha;f; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba Ehy; ,J MFk;.

,jpy; cs;s nra;jpfs; Nghd;W ,dp xUtuhy; ,t;tsT Mokhfj; njhFf;f KbahJ vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. MfNt ,e;j Ehy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; kw;w Kf;fpa nkhopfspYk; nkhopngaHf;f MHtyHfs; Kd;tu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;b ma;ah ef;fPud; mtHfl;F ed;wpAk; tho;j;Jk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. Nrhjplk; xope;j tho;Nt ey;tho;thFk;!

md;gd;

kUj;JtH Nrhk. ,yf;Ftd;
rpfhNfh
mnkupf;fh
khrp 26> 2006

EhyhrpupaH 

jpU. ef;fPud; aho;g;ghzk>; nfhOk;Gj;Jiwapy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ ,aw; ngaH jq;fNtY. je;ijahH ngaH NtYg;gps;is.

ef;fPud; jdJ njhlf;ff; fy;tpia nfhOk;Gj;Jiw kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpYk; caH fy;tpia Rz;bf;Fsp gup.Nahthd; fy;YhupapYk; gbj;J Kbj;jhH.

1951 Mk; Mz;L mur Nritapy; vOj;juhfr; NrHe;jhH. 1956 ,y; jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk; ,yq;if ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtwpaijj; njhlHe;J jkpo; mur CopaHfsJ ,Uf;if neUf;fbf;F MshdhJ. rpq;fstiug; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; nfhz;l murhq;f nghJ vOJtpidQH rq;fk; (GCSU) jkpo; CopaHfisf; if fOtp tpl;l epiyapy; mtHfsJ cupikfSf;Fg; Nghuhl jpU. f. rpthde;jRe;juk; mtHfs; jiyikapy; 1959 Mk; Mz;L murhq;f vOJtpidQH rq;fk; (AES) njhlf;fg;gl;lJ. jpU. ef;fPud; mjd; njhlf;f cWg;gpduhfTk;> nray;FO cWg;gpduhfTk; rq;fj;jpd; ntspaPlhd vOr;rp jpq;fs; Vl;bd; MrpupauhfTk; gpd;dH nghJr; nrayhsuhfTk; (1964 - 66) gzpahw;wpdhH.

1962 ,y; jkpo;Kiwj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l ,tH jPtpu jkpo;g;gw;whsUk; gFj;jwpthsUk; MthH.

1966 Mk; Mz;L aho;g;ghz khefurigapy; fzf;fhsuhf epakdk; ngw;whH. ,uz;L Mz;L fhyk; gjpy; MizahsuhfTk; flik Mw;wpdhH. ,e;jf; fhy fl;lj;jpNyNa 13 ,yf;fk; cUgha; nrytpy; aho;g;ghz re;ij (Model Market)  fl;Lk; gzp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1968 ,y; Gyikg; gupR ngw;W gHkpq;fk; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; 2 Mz;Lfs; gbj;J  ACCA   (UK) ,Wjpf; fzf;fpay; NjHT vOjpg; gl;lk; ngw;whH.

ef;fPudpd; Mf;fq;fs; ma;k;gJfspy; ,Ue;J Rje;jpud; fpoik Vl;by; njhlHe;J ntspte;jd. mjpy;  'vkJ tuyhW' vd;w ePz;l njhlH fl;Liu (1964 - 1965) ,d;ndhUtH ngaupy; ntspte;jJ. Rje;jpud; gjpg;gfj;jpd; ,d;ndhU jpq;fs; ntspaPlhd RlH Vl;bd; MrpupauhfTk; (1978 - 1980) gzpahw;wpdhH.

jkpo;j; Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;NjhLk; murpay; jiytHfNshLk; kpf neUf;fkhd <LghL itj;jpUe;j ,tH 1980 ,y; ierPupah> gTr;rp khepy fzf;fha;Tj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; Kjd;ikf; fzf;fha;thshuhfr; NrHe;jhH. gpd;dH 1987 ,y; fdlhTf;Fg; Gyk; ngaHe;j ,tH A.A. Jamal Associates (Chartered Accountants)  epWtdj;jpy; gzp Gupe;jhH. mNj Neuk; CGA (Canada) NjHTf;Fg; gbj;J 1991 Mk; Mz;L fzf;fpaypy; gl;lk; ngw;whH.

cyfj; jkpoH ,af;fj;jpd; Jizj; jiytuhf 10 Mz;Lfs; njhlHe;J gzpahw;wpdhH. fdba jkpoh; rq;fq;fspd; Nguitapd;  (FACT) jiytuhfTk; gy Mz;L gzp Mw;wpdhH.

cyfj;jkpoh; Vl;by;  jkpo;j; Njrpaj;Jf;F cuk; NrHf;Fk; tifapy; fpoik NjhWk; mtH vOjp te;j murpay; gyif> rq;fg; gyif ,uz;Lk; mtiu xU rpwe;j murpay; Ma;thsuhfTk;> ,yf;fpathjpahfTk; ,dk; fhl;baJ.

fle;j 10 Mz;L fhyhkhf KONeu vOj;jhsuhfg; gzpahw;Wk; ,tH ,q;F ntspahFk; Kof;fk;> ek;ehL> <oehL> <oKuR> Kunrhyp Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; gy EhW murpay;> tuyhW> ,yf;fpak;> gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; jpwdha;Tf; fl;Liufs; Mfpatw;iw ef;fPud;> fPud;> jpUkfs;> ,e;jpu[pj;; Nghd;w GidngaHfspy; vOjpAs;shH. ,jpy; xy;fhg; Gfo; njhy;fhg;gpak;> fpa+gh gazf;fl;Liu> Nrhjplg; Gul;L> rhjp kjg; Ngia tpul;ba rpj;jh;fs;> RdhkpAk; RthkpAk;;> khkpahh; tPl;by; %d;W rhkpahh;fs;> jkpopir (Kof;fk;) rq;fk; toHj;j jkpo;> fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; filrp kd;dd; =tpf;fpuk ,uhrrpq;fd; (<oehL) jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; jkpopy; topghL (<oKuR) Mfpa njhlh; fl;Liufs; gbg;NghH gyuJ ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wd. ek;ehL Vl;by; ntspte;j ehd;jhz;lh Mj;jhS vd;w FW ehty; cz;ikr; rk;gtq;fis mbg;gilahf itj;J vOjg;gl;l gilg;ghFk;.  

Mq;fpy nkhopapy; jdJ ,aw; ngaupy; vOjpa #lhd murpay; fl;Liufs; TamilCanadian, Tamil Nation, Tamil Sangam, TIS Nghd;w ,iza jsq;fspy; ntspte;Js;sd.

,jw;FKd;dH ,tH vOjpa jkpoH jpUkzk; vd;w Ehy; ntspte;jpUe;jhYk; Nrhjplg; Gul;L kl;LNk xU KOikahd Ma;T Ehyhf ntsptUfpwJ.

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Nrhjplg; Gul;L vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjpa Kjy; fl;Liuia Kof;fk; fpoik Vl;by; ntspte;j nghOJ mjid mLj;j ehd;F my;yJ ma;e;J fpoikfspy; Kbj;J tplyhk; vd;Nw ehd; Kjypy; epidj;Njd;. mJ 70 fpoikfs; tsUk; vd;gij ehd; rw;Wk; vjpH ghHf;ftpy;iy.

rpW gUtjpy; VidNahHfisg; NghyNt ehd;  kpfTk; rka ek;gpf;if cilatdhfNt ,Ue;Njd;. NfhapYf;Fj; jtwhJ NghNtd;. Nfhapy; kzp mbg;gJ> jz;NlRtuH Jhf;FtJ>  Nfhapy; G+e;Njhl;lj;Jf;Fj; jz;zPH ,iwg;gJ Nghd;w njhz;Lfs; nra;tjpy; Kd;Df;F epw;Ngd;. ey;YhH nfhb Vwpdhy; gy ehs;fs; ele;Nj nrd;W KUfidf; Fk;gpl;Lj; jpUk;GNtd;. fr;rhd; fliy thq;f tPl;by; jUk; 25 rjj;jpy; tbthd flTs; glq;fis thq;fp tUNtd;.

CHf; Nfhapy; mUr;ruhf ,Ue;j (1948 - 50 ) itutehjf; FUf;fsplk; rkw;fpUjKk; gbj;Njd;. Mdhy; mJ ePbf;ftpy;iy.

f.ngh.j. (rhjhuz)  NjHT (1950) vOJtjw;Fg; NghF Kd;dH fhiy NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W> fpzw;wpy; ms;spf; Fspj;J  Kl;Lf;fha;j; Njq;fha; mbj;Jg; gps;isahiuf;  Fk;gpl;Nld;. Njq;fha; rup ghjpahf cile;jhy; mJ NjHtpy; ntw;wpf;F mwpFwp! Nfhzy; khzyhf cile;jhy; Njhy;tpf;Ff; fl;bak;! mg;gbnahU ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. 

ehd; fy;ypy; cilj;j Njq;fha; Nfhzy; khzyhfNt cile;jJ. mJ nfl;l 'rFdk;” vd;W epidj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;. vd;Dld; mNj NjHit mNj ehspy; vOj ,Ue;j cwtpdH xUtH mbj;j Njq;fha; ey;y tz;zkhfr; rupghjpahf cile;jJ. mjd; nghUs; mtUf;Fj; NjHtpy; ntw;wp vd;gjhFk;!

NjHT KbTfs; te;j nghOJ gup. Nahthd; fy;Yhup mwptpj;jy; gyifapy; mbNad; ngaH cl;gl 3 khztuJ ngaNu ntw;wp vd;wpUe;jJ. vQ;rpa 117 khztUk;  Njhy;tp!  mjpy; Njq;fha; rup ghjpahf cilj;jtUk; xUtH MthH! fy;Yhup Kjy;tH J.T. mUshde;jk; mtHfSf;F me;jg; ngWNgWg; gl;baiy ek;g Kbatpy;iy. vq;Nfh jtW ele;Jtpl;ljhf epidj;jhH.

flTSf;F ehd; ifA+l;Lf; nfhLj;j filrpj; Njq;fha; mJNt MFk;.  mjd; gpd; ,d;Wtiu xU gFj;jwpthsdhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpNwd;.

jpUkzj;jpd; nghOJ 'rhjfk;” ghHf;ff; $lhJ vd;W fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;Njd;. jkpo;Kiwj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;Nld;. ,uz;L khiy> ehY Ngr;rhsH> gj;Jj; jpUf;FwSld; jpUkz tpoh  ,dpJ epiwNtwpaJ. kiwe;j ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdH jpU. m. mkpHjypq;fk; mtHfs; jpUkz tpohTf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fp elj;jp itj;jhH.  

rpW tajpy; vdJ %isapy; Nga; gprhR> gpy;yp #dpak;> nfhs;spthy; gprhR> $Ltpl;Lf; $L ghAk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; fij> Ntjhsk; KUf;f kuj;jpy; Vwpa fij KjypaitNa jpzpf;fg;gl;ld. fhy; epyj;jpy; glhJ miyAk; Nga;fs;> Gspakuj;jpy; thrk; nra;Ak; Kdp> Ntg;g kuj;J itutH> Rliyapy; muprpg; nghup nghWf;Fk; Fwsp>  ,uj;jpdk; ff;Fk; MWjiy ehfghk;G Nghd;w fijfs; vdf;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld. CHf; Nfhapy; Gwj;jpy; Xq;fp tsHe;J epd;w ghiy kuj;jbapy; ngupa Gijay; ,Ug;jhfTk; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ!

gs;spapy; gbf;Fk; NghNj MW ghfk; nfhz;l ghujf; fijia ,uty; thq;fpg; gbj;J Kbj;Njd;. ,uhkhazk;  (ciueil) tPl;by; ,Ue;jJ. mjpy; ,uhk - ,uhtz Nghiu tUzpf;Fk; fhz;lj;ij kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gbg;Ngd;. me;j mfitapy; ,uhkd; vdJ kdf; fl;bypy;  “flTs; mtjhu” khfTk; ,uhtzd; 'muf;f' dhfTk; mkHe;J nfhz;ldH.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; kuj;jpd; gpd;dhy; xspe;jpUe;J thypiaf; nfhd;w ,uhkd; vdf;F xU Nfhioahfj; njd;gl;lhd;.  mt;thNw #Hg;gdifapd; KiyiaAk; %f;ifAk; ,uhkd; jk;gp ,yf;Ftd; mupe;J mtis %sp Mf;fpaJ vdf;F mehfupfkhfg; gl;lJ.  

fy;Yhupapy; gbf;Fk; nghONj ngupahH> NguwpQH mz;zh> fiyQH> ehtyH ,tHfsJ jpuhtpl-gFj;jwpTf; nfhs;ifahy; <Hf;fg; gl;Nld;. md;W ntspte;j jpuhtplehL> kd;wk;> Kunrhyp> jpuhtpld;> fhQ;rp> Homeland, njd;wy; Kjypa VLfisAk; ngupahH> mz;zh> fiyQH> ehtyH> fz;zjhrd; KjypNahH  vOjpa Ehy;fs;> fl;Liufs; midj;ijAk; jtwhJ gbj;Njd;. ,tw;wpy;  mz;zh vOjpa fk;gurk;> jP gutl;Lk;> V jho;e;j jkpofNk! nrhHf;fthry;> jk;gpf;F Nghd;w Ehy;fs; vdJ kdjpy; gFj;jwpTf; fUj;Jf;fis tpijj;J gyj;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd.

mz;zh fij trdk; vOjp ntspte;j Ntiyf;fhup> (1948) fiyQupd; guhrf;jp (1952) ebfNts; vk;.MH. ,uhjh ebj;j ,uj;jf;fz;zPH (1954) Mfpa jpiug; glq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; 12 Kiwf;F Nkyhfg; ghHj;jpUg;Ngd;.

jpUf;Fws;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ghujpahH> ghujpjhrd; ghly;fs; vd; kdijf; ftHe;jd. xOf;fj;ij  typAWj;Jk; jpUf;Fws; vd; tho;f;ifiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;j ngupJk; cjtpaJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nghw;wpa fhjYk; tPuKk; fy;tpAk; nghUSk; ngUkpjKk; vd;idj; jkpoH ehfupfk; gw;wpg; ngUikg;gl itj;jd.

fhyg; Nghf;fpy; flTs;> Nfhapy;> Fsk;> Nrhjplk;> ifNuif> ml;lkp etkp> ,uhF fhyk;> Nga; G+jk;> gpy;yp #dpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vdf;F ,Ue;j ek;gpf;if mw;Wg; Nghapw;W! Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs; ,d;iwa fy;fp> rhz;by;ad; vOjpa tuyhw;Wg; Gjpdq;fs; Nghd;wit vd;W fz;L nfhz;Nld;. 

Nrhjplg; Gul;il vOjj; njhlq;fpa gpd;dNu xU tpy;yq;fkhd  ghlj;ij ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lij  czHe;Njd;. vdNt Kjy; Ntiyahf Nrhjplk;> thdpay; gw;wpa gy jkpo; Mq;fpy Ehy;fis  tpiyf;F thq;fpg; gbj;Njd;. ,iza jsj;jpy; Nrhjplk;> thdpay; njhlHghd Vuhskhd fl;Liufis mr;nrLj;J xU khztd; NjHTf;Fg; gbg;gJ Nghy; gbj;Njd;. nrhy;yg; Nghdhy; Ehy;fspYk; ghHf;f ,iza jsNk vdf;Fg; NgusT ifnfhLj;jJ. thdpay; gw;wpa ,iza jsq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; (565>000) ghHj;J kiyj;Jg; NghNdd;.

gs;spapy; gbf;Fk;  khztUf;fhfg;  Gifg;glq;fNshLk; tiuglq;fNshLk;  vOjg;gl;l thdpay; ghlq;fisg; gbj;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ vspjhf ,Ue;jd.

Nrhjplj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,yf;fpdk;> njir> ,uhrp> tPL> ghtk;> Nfhrhuk;> cr;r ePr;rk;> ghHitfs;> re;jpu gyd;> #upa - re;jpu Xiufs;>  gQ;rtpj epiyfs; Kjypatw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sg; gy ehs;fs; vLj;;jd.

Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; njhlHghd ma;aq;fis kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; gy NrhjplHfsplk; Nfl;Lj; njupe;J nfhz;Nld;. 

,jdhy;> njhlf;fj;jpy; Fog;gkhf ,Ue;j Nrhjplk; - thdpay; ,uz;ilAk; gpd;dH ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. 

,iza jsj;jpy; gpwe;j Mz;L> ehs;> Neuk;> ,lk; (FWf;Ff; NfhL> NeHf;NfhL ) ,tw;iwf; nfhLj;jhy; ma;e;J tpdhbapy; Nrhjpl nkd;nghUs; rhjfk; (ethk;rk; cl;gl) fzpj;Jf; nfhLj;JtpLk;.

gpwe;j Mz;il khw;wpdhy; rpy Nfhs;fspd;  epiy khWtijg; ghHj;Njd;. gpwe;j  Neuj;ij $l;bf; Fiwj;jhy; tupirahfj; Njhd;wp kiwAk; gpwg;G ,yf;fpdk;> gpwg;G ,uhrp> gpwg;G el;rj;jpuk; khWtijf; ftdpj;Njd;. Vd; mt;thW khWfpd;wd vd;gij ,e;j Ehiyg; gbf;Fk; nghOJ njupe;J nfhs;tPHfs;.

jpwe;j kdj;NjhLjhd; Nrhjplj;ijg; gbj;Njd;. gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;dH mjpy; ,Ue;j nfhQ;reQ;r ek;gpf;ifAk; Kw;whfg; Ngha;tpl;lJ. 

Nrhjplk; rup> NrhjplHfs;jhd; gpioahff; fzpj;Jr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;? ,J gyH vd;dplk; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tp MFk;.

vdJ tpil  'Nrhjplk; fl;b vOg;gg;gl;Ls;s mbj;jsNk jtwhdJ vd;gjhFk;.  gy Nfhb fy; njhiytpy; cs;s Nfhs;fs;> gj;J> EhW> Mapuk; xsp Mz;LfSf;F mg;ghy; cs;s ,uhrpfs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; Gtpapy; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijiag; ghjpf;f topNa ,y;iy! mg;gbapUf;f mjd; mbg;gilapy; ve;jg; ngupa nfl;bf;fhur; NrhjplDk;  vt;tsT El;gkhff; fzpj;Jg; gyd; nrhd;dhYk; mJ gpioahfNt ,Uf;Fk;! Nrhjplk;> ,y;yhj CUf;Fg; Nghfpw top nrhd;dtd; fijahFk;.

ehk; thOk; Gtp QhapW FLk;gj;jpd; eLtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ> mirahky; ,Uf;Fk;  Gtpia QhapW cl;gl Vida Nfhs;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;w mbg;gilapNyNa Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjd; mbg;gilapNyNa rhjfk; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; cz;ik mJtd;W..  GtpAk; Vida Nfhs;fSNk Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. NkYk; ehk; thOk; Gtpf; Nfhs;  Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;jpy; Kw;whf tpLgl;Lg; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L Kofj;jpYk; jkpo;ehjk; ,izajsj;jpYk; ntspte;J nfhz;bUe;j Ntis

mjw;Fg; ngupa MjuT gbg;Nghuplk; ,Ue;J fpilj;jJ. mJ> ,j; njhliu vOjp Kbf;fj; Jhz;LNfhyhf mike;jJ. 

fl;Liufs; xt;nthd;iwAk; vOjg; gy ehs;fisr; nrytopj;Js;Nsd;.

Nrhjplg; Gul;il Ehy; tbtpy; nfhz;Ltu KbT nra;j nghOJ ehd; Kd;G vOjpatw;iwg; gl;lwptpd; mbg;gilapy; gy Kiw kPs; ghHit nra;J nrg;gdpl;Nld;. mt;thW nra;aTk; gy jpq;fs;fs; vLj;jd.

,e;j Ehypy;  rpy tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis  tpyf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jhy; NrHj;Js;Nsd;.  Nrhjplk; jkpouJ rhj;jpuk; my;y. ,J tlnkhopf;Fk; Ntj fhy MupaUf;Fk; cupaJ. vdNt mjid Kw;wpYk; jdpj; jkpopy; vOj Kbatpy;iy. Kbe;j kl;Lk; vOj Kaw;rpj;Js;Nsd;.

Nrhjplk; gw;wp vOJk; nghOJ Fog;gk; Vw;glhJ ,Uf;f tpz;kPid el;rj;jpuk; vd;Wk;> Xiuia ,uhrp vd;Wk;> Nfhs;fisf; fpufq;fs; vd;Wk;  Qhapiwr; #upad; vd;Wk;> epyhitr; re;jpud; vd;Wk;> KOepyh  my;yJ ctTkjpiag;  gTHzkp vd;Wk;> Fw;wj;ijj; Njhrk; vd;Wk; vOjpAs;Nsd;.

Mdhy;> thdpay; gw;wp vOJk; nghOJ Kbe;jsT Jha jkpopy; vOjpAs;Nsd;.  tUlk;> jpdk; Nghd;w nrhw;fis ePf;fp Mz;L> ehs; vdf; Fwpj;Js;Nsd;. NkYk; N[hjplk;> uhrp> e\;\j;jpuk;> Nk\k;> up\gk;  Nghd;w tlnkhopr; nrhw;fisj; jkpo; xypg;gLj;jp cs;Nsd;. 

fpNuf;f Mq;fpyg; ngaHr; nrhw;fspd; cr;rupg;Gr; rupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf ,uz;nlhU fpue;j vOj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;Nsd;. NkYk; gpwH $w;iw Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lk; nghOJ mtHfsJ nfhLe;jkpio khw;whJ mg;gbNa ifahz;Ls;Nsd;.

vdJ ez;gH jpU. rz;Kfk; Ffjhrd; ifnaOj;Jg; gbiag; xg;G  Nehf;fpg; ghHj;Jg; gy tlnrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jdpj; jkpopy; vOj cjtpdhH.  ,yf;fzg; gpiofs; fistjw;Fk; if nfhLj;jhH. mtUf;F vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

EhYf;F xU Kd;Diu Njitg;gl;l NghJ vd; fz; Kd; epd;wtH jkpoPo muritg; ghtyH fhrp Mde;jd; MthH. mtH md;id jkpio capUf;F capuhff; fhjypf;Fk; ghtyH! mtUf;F vdJ neQ;rhHe;j ed;wp.

,e;j Ehiy vOjpajd; jiyaha Nehf;fk; jkpo; kf;fis Kilehw;wk; tPRk;  %l ek;gpf;ifr; Nrw;wpy; ,Ue;J kPl;L mtHfisg; gFj;jwpT kzk; fkOk;  khspifapy; FbapUj;JtNj MFk;!

Fwpg;ghfj; jpUkz fhyj;jpy; rhjfk; ghHf;Fk; gof;fj;ijj; jkpo;kf;fs; Kw;whff; iftpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ vdJ ngU tpUg;ghFk;.

mbj;jsk; gpioahf cs;s xU Nghypr; rhj;jpuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fzpf;fg;gLk; rhjfj;ij itj;Jj; jpUkzg; nghUj;jk; ghHj;J jpUkzk; nra;tJ gFj;jwpTf;F xt;thj nrayhFk;. cyfpy; 13 ,yf;f tif tpyq;Ffs; cz;nld;fpwhHfs;. Mdhy; khe;jDf;Nf MwhtJ mwpthd gFj;jwpT ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; gyH mjidg; gad;gLj;j kWf;fpd;wdH.

fy;tp> moF> nry;tk;> Fzk;> eil> Fb Mfpa nghUj;jq;fs; Mz; -ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; ,ilapy; mike;jpUe;Jk; fpufg; nghUj;jk; el;rj;jpug; nghUj;jk; ,y;iy vd;W $wp me;jj; jpUkz ,izg;G Gwe;js;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngupa nfhLikahFk;.

mNj Ntis gpioahd Nrhjplj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; kdg; nghUj;jk; ,y;yhj Mz; - ngz; ,izf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

gd;dpuz;L nghUj;jj;jpy; 11 nghUj;jk; rup te;J nra;j jpUkzk; Kwpe;J Ngha;tpl;ljhf xU NrhjplH vOjpAs;shH. ,J $lf; Fw;wkpy;iy. NrhjplHfspd; gps;isfNs jpUkzk; Kbj;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; ifk;ngz;zhfp cs;sdH. ,J rhjfk; ghHg;gjpy; ve;jg; nghUSk; ,y;iy vd;gjw;F ey;y rhd;whFk;.

vdf;Fj; njupar; rhjfg; nghUj;jk; ,y;iy vd;gij kPwpj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;NlhH Foe;ij Fl;bfNshL kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.  mNj rkak; nghUj;jk; ghHj;Jr; nra;J itj;j jpUkzq;fs; rpy kzg;gpuptpy; my;yJ kzKwptpy; Kbe;Js;sd!

jpUkzk; ntw;wp ngWtJ jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; kzkfd; - kzkfs; ,UtuJ iffspNyNa NgusT jq;fp cs;sJ. mtHfsJ jha; je;ij cw;whH cwtpdH gq;F rpw;wsNt ,Uf;Fk;.

NkiyehLfspy; Nrhjplk; ghHg;NghH ,Uf;fpd;wdH. Mdhy;> mJ nghOJ Nghf;Ff;fhfg; ghHf;fg;gLgit MFk;. mtHfs; jq;fs; Sun sign  ia  (gpwg;gpd; nghOJ #upad; epd;w ,uhrp) mwpe;J nfhs;tNjhL Nrhjplk; gw;wpa mtHfsJ MHtk; epd;W tpLfpwJ. jpUkzk; nra;aKd;dH Nrhjpluplk; rhjfq;fisf;  nfhLj;Jg; nghUj;jk; ghHf;Fk; tof;fk; Nkiy ehLfspy; ,y;iy.

Vd; jkpo;f; fpwpj;jtuplKk; rhjfk; fzpf;Fk; tof;fNkh rhjfg; nghUj;jk; ghHf;Fk; gof;fNkh ,y;iy.

rhjfk; ghHf;Fk; tof;fk; ,e;Jj; jkpoHfsplk; kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ. vd;d fhuzk;?

Nrhjplk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; xU $whf cUthd rhj;jpukhfTk;.  ,Uf;F> aRH> rhkk;> mjHtzk; vd;w ehy;Ntjj;ijg; nghUs; mbg;gilapy; MW mq;fq;fshf (Ntjhq;fk;) tFj;J mjpy; fHkfhz;lj;jpy;  nrhy;yg;gLk; fUkq;fspd; mEl;lhdj;Jf;Fupa fhyj;ijj; epUzak; nra;Ak; Kiwf;F  N[hjp\k; (NrhjplKk; fzpjKk;) vdg; ngaupl;Ls;sdH. vQ;rpa mq;fq;fs; rpi\ (cr;rupg;G) tpahfuzk; ( ,yf;fzk;) re;j]; (rPH) epUj;jk; (nghUs;) fy;gk; (fpupif) vd;gdthFk;. 

Nrhjplj;ijr; #upad; Kjyhd 18 ,Ubfs; ,aw;wpajhf ma;jPfk;. mjid vy;NyhUk; vspjpy; GupAkhW RUf;fp vOjpatH tuhfkpUfH MthH.

,t;thW Nrhjplk; Ntjj;NjhL Kbr;Rg; Nghlg;gl;L>  ,e;J kjj;jpd; gpupf;f Kbahj xU $whf ,Ug;gjhNyNa ,e;jr; Nrhjpl ek;gpf;if ,e;Jf;fsplk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

vdNt>  Nrhjplk; Nghd;w %l ek;gpf;ifia xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; ,e;Jf;fsJ Nfhapy;> Fsk;> NjH> jPHj;jk;> nrhHf;fk;> eufk;> rpWnja;t topghLfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cs;s kpF ek;gpf;ifia xopf;f Ntz;Lk;. vJ Nghnyd;why; Esk;ig Kw;whf xopf;f mJ cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lq;fis xopg;gJ Nghd;W! 

vdNt> rkak; gw;wpa vdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gbj;J tpl;Lr; rPwhky; rpdf;fhky; ehd; nrhy;tjpy; nka;g;nghUs; ,Uf;fpwjh ,y;iyah vd;gij Mw mkur; rpe;Jj;Jg; ghHf;FkhW Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

rpq;fs - gTj;jHfs; Nrhjplk;> ehb ghHg;gjpy;iyah? vdf; Nfl;fyhk;. rpq;fstH gTj;jHfshf kjk; khW Kd;dH itjPf kjj;jtuhf  ,Ue;jikNa mjw;F VJthFk;. Gj;jH Nrhjplj;ij kpUf rhj;jpuk; (Animal science) vd vs;sp eifahbAs;shH vd;gJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.

mupJ mupJ khdplg; gpwtp mupJ vd;W jkpo;kfs; mt;itahH nrhd;dJ Kw;wpYk; cz;ik MFk;.  ,e;jg; gpwtpiaj; Jd;gk; vd;W vz;zhJ> clk;ig ,opntd;W js;shJ> tho;f;ifia KOikahfTk;> gaDs;sjhfTk; thof; fw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Jd;gj;ijf; Fiwj;J ,d;gj;ijg; ngUf;f ey;topapy; ,iltplhJ Kaw;rp nra;Aq;fs;. Kaw;rp jpUtpidahf;Fk; vdg; GyNthH nrhd;dJ ngha;nkhop ,y;iy!

jkpoUf;F ,iwahz;ik gilj;j muR xd;W ,y;yhjjhy;  khztHfsJ fw;if newp FKfha mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; tFf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,g;nghOJs;s fw;if newp njhopiy ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. itaj;jpy; tho;thq;F thOk; top vd;d vd;gijg;  gs;spf;$lj;jpy; ahUk; ghlkhfr; nrhy;ypf; nfhLf;gjpy;iy. ,jdhy; ePHtopg; g^ck; Giz Nghyg; gyuJ tho;f;if mike;J tpLfpwJ.

vg;gb cly; Neha; jPu kUe;J cz;z  Ntz;LNkh mNj Nghy; %lek;gpf;if  Nghd;w FKfha Neha;fs; jPug; gFj;jwpT vd;w kUe;ij cl; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Vida ,dq;fNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ mwptpay; jsj;jpy; jkpoH kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpAs;sdH. 

,J fhuzkhfNt mwptpaypd; ,d;wpaikahj; Njitia ,e;j Ehy; neLfpYk; tw;GWj;jp vOjpAs;Nsd;.

xt;nthU ehSk; tPl;ilf; $l;bf; Fg;igfis mfw;wpj; Jg;guT nra;fpNwhk;.  jz;zPupy; Fspj;J cly; mOf;ifg; Nghf;fpg; Gwj; Jha;ikg; Ngzpf;  nfhs;fpNwhk;. kdjpy; cs;s rhj;jpuf; Fg;igfisAk; rka mOf;ifAk;  mfw;wp mfj; Jha;ik Ngz ehk;  Vd; gpd; epw;f Ntz;Lk;?

jpUts;StH Mf;fpa jpUf;Fws; xU KOikahd tho;T Ehy; MFk;.  jkpoHfs; mjidj;  jq;fs; tho;f;iff; ifNalhfTk; tho;f;if topfhl;bahfTk; nfhs;jy; Ntz;Lk;.  gFj;jwpNthL thoj; jpUf;Fws; cWjpahf cjTk;.

jpUf;Fws; top tho KbAk; thoyhk; vd;gjw;F ehDk; vdJ kidtp gps;isfSk; NgusT rhd;whf ,Uf;fpNwhk;! ey;y FLk;gk; xU gy;fiyf; fofk; vd;w Gul;rpf; ftpQH ghujpjhrdpd; nghd;nkhopf;F mikaTk; tho;fpNwhk;.

tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; gy rpf;fy;fis mtpo;g;gjw;F Ntz;ba topKiwfisAk; EZf;fq;fisAk; ts;StH RUq;fr; nrhy;yp tpsq;f itj;Js;shH.

ey;y vz;zk;> ey;y rpe;jid> ey;ywpT> ey;tpid> ew;fhl;rp>  eak;gl ciuj;jy;> gFj;Jz;L tho;jy;> ,irgl ,Uj;jy; cq;fs; tho;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uf;fl;Lk;! md;G> mUs;> mwd; cq;fs; topghlhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;!

,e;j Ehiyg; gbj;J tpl;L mjw;F mzpe;Jiu vOjpa ez;gH jpU. ,yq;ifaDf;F vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. vd;idg; NghyNt mtUk; xU mg;gOf;fw;w gFj;jwpthsH MthH.

,e;j ,lj;jpy; Nrhjplg; Gul;Lj;  njhliu Kof;fj;jpy; xd;wiu Mz;L fhykhf vdJ md;Gf;Fupa Kof;fk; MrpupaH jpUKUfNte;jd; (jpU) kw;Wk;  Kof;fk; nghWg;ghrpupaH thdjp (md;gurp) ,UtUf;Fk; vdJ csk; fdpe;j ed;wp. vdJ vz;zj;Jf;Fk; vOj;Jf;Fk; Kof;fk; tbfhyhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ.

Nrhjplg; Gul;il ntspapl;ljhy;  Kof;fk; ,uz;nlhU tpsk;guq;fis ,oe;jJk; cz;L.  

taypy; ey;y tpisr;riy tpUk;Gk; fkf;fhud; kz;iz Mo cOJ> cau tuk;G fl;b> vUtpl;L> ey;y tpij ney; Njb tpijj;J> fis gpLq;fp> cupa fhyj;jpy; mWtil nra;a Ntz;Lk;. FKfhaKk; mg;gbNa MFk;. ey;y gFj;jwpTf; fUj;Jf;fis tpijj;J> %lek;gpf;if vd;w fis gpLq;fp> mwpitg; ngUf;fpdhy; kl;LNk jdp khe;j tho;T rpwf;Fk;. jdp khe;j tho;T rpwe;jhy; FKfhak; Kd;NdWk;.  ,e;jg; gzpapy; jq;fis KOikahf <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;LtUk; gFj;jwpT ,izaH jpU - md;gurp ,UtUf;Fk; vdJ  tho;j;Jf;fs;. 

Kof;fk; NghyNt jkpo;ehjk; ,izajsj;jpy; Nrhjplg; Gul;ilj; njhlHe;J ey;y Kiwapy; ntspapl;l jk;gp fuDf;Fk; vdJ ed;wp cupj;jhFf.

xUtuJ tho;f;ifapd; ntw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mtuJ kidtp ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhy;tH.  vdJ tho;f;ifiag; nghWj;jstpy; ,e;jg; nghd;nkhop EhW tpOf;fhL cz;ik MFk;.

vdJ vOj;Jg; gzp ahtw;Wf;Fk; if nfhLf;Fk; vdJ JiztpahUf;F vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. vd;idf; fUj;NjhL ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mk;kk;kh (khkp) vdf;F Ntz;ba kUe;J Kjy; tpUe;J tiu Fwpg;gwpe;J ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; kf;fs;> kUkf;fs;> Ngug;gps;isfs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;. 

Kbthfr; rhjp rkakw;w rq;f fhyNk (Kw; gFjp) jkpouJ nghw;fhyk; vd;gJ jkpowpQH fUj;jhFk;. me;jg; nghw;fhyk; ehis kyu ,Uf;Fk; jkpoPoj;jpy; kPz;Lk; gpwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vd; Mir. vd; Mir tpiutpy; edthFk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.  

,d;gNk ve;ehSk; Jd;gk; ,y;iy!

ef;fPud;

           cs;Siw

Gul;L             jiyg;G                                gf;fk;

1         mwptpaYk; NrhjplKk;;

2         kz;izf; ft;tpa NrhjplHfs;!

3         Nrhjplk; Nghyp mwptpay;

4         ,uhF NfJ Nfhs;fs; mofhd fw;gid!

5         jhq;fSk; Fok;gp kw;wtHfisAk; Fog;Gk; NrhjplHfs;!

6         Gjd; Nfhs; mypahk;! vg;gbf; fz;L gpbj;jhHfs;?

7         ,uz;L Nrhjpl KiwfSk; rupahf ,Uf;f KbahJ!

8         Nfhs;fspy; 'ght”g; gl;l rdp!

9         #upad; rdp xUtUf;nfhUtH guk vjpupfshk;!

10        Nrhjpl ek;gpf;iff;Ff; fhuzk; gak;!

11        gbg;Ngh gl;lNkh ,y;yhj NrhjplH!

12        Nrhjplk; jid ,fo;!

13        NrhjplHfNs! rpy vz;fs; nra;j ghtk;jhd; vd;d?

14        Gtpapd; Kjy; tpQ;Qhdp ahH?

15        MupaH NjtH! jpuhtplH ,uhl;rjH!

16        NrhjplUf;Fg; gjpy; kUj;Jtiu ehLq;fs;!

17        Foe;ij Mzh? ngz;zh? vd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; ,y;iy!

18        ,J cdf;Fg; gpwe;j Foe;ij my;y!

19        Nrhjplk; ,Ul;L miwapy; fWg;Gg; G+idiaj; NjLk; FUld; fij!

20        jpUkzk; Mapuq;fhyj;Jg; gapH

21        ma;e;jpy; ehY gq;F rhjfq;fs; gpioahff; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd!

22        fhjYf;Fg; ghil fl;bf; nfhy;y epidf;Fk; je;ij!

23        NrhjplUf;Nf vkdhfg; Ngha;tpl;l Nrhjplk;!

24       “mwptpy;yhjtHfSf;F ,d;gkpy;iy" vd;gJ <rDila tpjp!

25        gz;ila kdpjDf;Ff; fz;lnjy;yhk; flTs;fs;!

26        kio nga;tpg;gjw;Fg; gpuhzpfSf;Fj; jpUkzk;!

27        tpz;izg; gw;wpa mr;rNk Nrhjplk;!

28        ,uhrpfs; ntWk; fw;gid cUtq;fNs!

29        Nrhjplg; Gul;Lg; Nghy; nja;tPfKk; Gul;Lj;jhd;!

30        mwptpay; tsHr;rpf;Ff; fpNuf;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

31        Gfo; ngw;w fpNuf;f thdpayhsHfs;

32        re;jpu #upa fpufzq;fs;

33        NrhjplHfspd; Mrhd; njhykp

34        NfhngHdpf;fd; Gul;rp (Copernicun Revolution)

35        Gtpiakl;Lky;y kdpj kdijAk; miraitj;j kdpjH

36        N[hrpaj;jhy; nfl;Nld;!

37        ,we;J Nghdtiu capNuhL ,Uf;fpd;whH vd;w NrhjplH!

38        ',aw;ifapd; %ytpjpia' fz;Lgpbj;j nfg;yH

39        tpz;iz 'Qhdf;' fz;zhy; ghHj;j fypypNah!

40        jpUr;rigahy; capUld; vupf;fg;gl;l GWhNdh!

41        <Hg;G tpiriaf; fz;Lgpbj;j epA+l;ld;

42        ,e;jpa thdpay; tuyhW

43        Gfo; ngw;w thdpayhsH Mupagl;lH

44        ,e;jpa fhyf; fzpg;Gfs;

45        rq;f fhy thdpay;

46        vupkPd; tPo;e;jJ fz;L fyq;fpa GytH

47        XiufSk; tpz;kPd; $l;lq;fSk;

48        Nfhs;fSf;Fk; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijf;Fk; cs;s Kbr;R vJ?

49        ,e;jpahtpd; fpsp NrhjplHfs;!

50        NrhjplHfis Vkhw;Wk; fpufq;fs;!

51        uh[pt; fhe;jp gjtpf;F thwJ epr;rak;!

52        %f;Filgl;l NrhjplHfs;!

53        nrt;tha; rptg;G vdNt mJ Aj;jfhud;?

54        ,g;gb ,Ue;jhy; Vd; ,g;gbnay;yhk; mikfpwJ?

55        jkpo; ehl;bd; mLj;j “Kjy;tH” u[pdp

56        ngha;r; rhj;jpug; Nga;fs; nrhy;Yk; thHj;ijfs;!     

57        Nrhjplk; vd;gJ ntWk; Fg;ig!  

58        Nrhjplj;jhy; jPikNa md;wp ve;j ed;ikAk; ,y;iy!           

59        xNu Neuj;jpy; gpwe;j ,UtuJ Fzhk;rq;fs; xNu khjpupahf ,y;iy!

60        kuzg; gLf;ifapy; Nrhjplk;

61        Nfhs; epiy xNu khjpup ,y;iy!

62        mtjhuq;fis mk;gyg;gLj;jpa lhf;lH Vg;ufhk; NfhT+H

63        NrhjplKk; ifNuifAk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fr; rhgf;NfL!

64        Vkhspfspd; jiyapy; kpsfha; miuf;Fk; NrhjplHfs;!

65        gpwg;Gf;Fk; ngaUf;Fk; vz;Zf;Fk; njhlHNg ,y;iy!

66        Md;kPfKk; mwptpaYk;!  

67        nkhl;le; jiyf;Fk; Koq;fhYf;Fk; Kbr;Rg; Nghl KbahJ!  

68        vq;fsJ vjpHfhyk; vq;fs; iffspNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ

69        gps;isNa ,y;yhjtUf;Fg; gps;isfshy; rpf;fy;!  

70        vid ehb te;j Nfhs; vd; nrAk;!    

71        Nrhjplk; vd;gJ %lj;jdk;! mwptpay; cq;fs; %yjdk;!

mwptpay;> thdpay;> njhopy;El;gk;> jfty; njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;wit ,d;W kf;fsJ tho;f;if Kiwiaj; jiyfPohf khw;wp mikj;Js;sd. Mz;lhz;L fhykhf Ntjthf;fhf ek;gp te;j kjek;gpf;iffis Ml;lk; fhz itj;Js;sd.

xU fhyj;jpy QhapW> epyh> Nfhs;fs;> tpz;kPd;fs; (el;rj;jpuq;fs;)> fpufzk;> mz;lntsp> ,b> kpd;dy;> fhw;W> Gay;> kio> nts;sk;> epyeLf;fk;> vupkiy> fly;nfhe;jspg;G Mfpa ,aw;if epfo;Tfs;> ,aw;ifr; rPw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fz;L Mjp kdpjd; gae;J eLq;fpdhd;. mtw;iwj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j nghq;fy;> gilay;> capHg;gyp nfhLj;J topgl;lhd;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;j mr;rk; jUk; ,aw;ifia Ml;Ltpf;f rfy ty;yik gilj;j cyfpaw;wpahd; (fUj;jh) xUtd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fw;gid nra;J mjw;Ff; flTs;> ,iwtd;> nja;tk;> Njtd;> gpuk;kk; vdg; gythW ngaupl;lhd;.

kdpjd; Ngrj; njupe;j gpd;dNu flTs;g; ngaHfisf; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;! ,d;Dk; ed;whfg; Ngrj; njupe;j gpd;dNu jj;Jtk; vd;w ngaupy; flTs; gw;wpa fw;gidf; fijfis cUthf;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

flTspd; rpdj;ijj; jzpf;fTk; mUisg; ngwTk; JhgjPg epNtjdq;fs;> Mly; ghly;> Nks jhsk;> NjH jpUtpoh> rupif fpupif vdr; rlq;Ffis kdpjd; cUthf;fpdhd;.

flTsH ,Uf;f ,lk; Ntz;lhkh? Nfhapy;> Fsk;> NfhGuq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;bdhd;. mjpy; mk;G> tpy;> Nty;> ths;> fj;jp> #yk;> fij> rf;fuk;> jz;L Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L kpUfq;fis Ntl;ilahb tho;e;j jd; Kd;NdhHfs; cUtpy; rpiyfis tbj;J itj;jhd;. jhd; nra;tJ Nghd;W me;jr; rpiyfisf; Fspg;ghl;b> Mil cLj;jp> Mguzk; G+l;b> gilay; nra;jhd;. jdf;F kidtp kf;fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghyj; nja;tq;fSf;Fk; kidtp kf;fisf; fw;gp;j;Jj; jpUkztpohf;fs;> gpwe;j ehs; nfhz;lhl;lq;fs;> Ntl;ilj; jpUtpohf;fs; Mfpatw;iw elj;jpdhd;.

Ntl;ilahbg; gpiof;fTk; cOJ gapupl;L thoTk; tpUk;ghj xU Nrhk;Ngwpf; $l;lk;> jq;fis thdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; flTsUf;Fk; epyj;jpy; thOk; kdpjHfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jufHfs; vd;Wk;> flTis trg;gLj;jp> tpUk;gpaij tpUk;gpathW ngw;Wj; juj; jq;fsplk; ke;jpuk; je;jpuk; ae;jpuk; Nghd;w Mw;wy; ,Ug;gjhfr; nrhd;d G+rhupfs>; FUkhHfs; mjw;fhd rlq;Ffis elj;jp itj;jhHfs;.

ehsiltpy; rupif fpupif> G+ir> gpuhHj;jid> gf;jp> Kf;jp vd tpupe;J flTs; vd;w fw;gidr; nrhy;ypidr; Rw;wp cyf kjq;fSk; rpf;fyhd jj;Jtq;fSk; Njhd;wpd.

,d;W kdpjd; gy; fiyfisAk; fw;W Kd;Ndwp> ,aw;ifapd; kHkq;fisj; njupe;J nfhz;L mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; mlf;fp MsTk; fw;Wf; nfhz;L tpl;lhd;. Md nghOJk; guk;giug; gof;fj;jhy; ,e;jg; nghUsw;w ek;gpf;iffisAk; rlq;FfisAk; fw;NwhUk; fy;yhNjhUk; xU Nruj; njhlHe;J nra;J tUfpd;wdH.

capupayhsH rhHy;]; lhHtpdpd; (Charles Darwin – 1809-1882) gbkyHr;rpf; fUJNfhs; (Theory of Evolution) ePHtho;td> epyj;jpy; CHtd> NkNy gwg;gd Nghd;w capupdq;fs; jhkhfNt Njhd;wpd> mit ,d;Ws;sJ Nghy ahuhYk;     rhHy;]; lhHtpd;

gilf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gij epWtpaJ.                            

NkYk;ehk; fhZk; capupdq;fspd; cUtk; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj tutpy;iy. mit xU fy (single cell) capupapw; njhlq;fp ,ilawhj khw;wk;> gbKiw tsHr;rp> kyHr;rp> ,dg; ngUf;fk;> ,lg; ngUf;fk;> ,aw;ifj; NjHT (natural selection) epyj;jpd; jd;ik> #oy; Kjypatw;Wf;F Vw;g tho;f;ifj; Njitia epiwT nra;jy; fhuzkhf cUkhw;wk; mile;J te;Js;sd.                     Fuq;fpy; ,Ue;J kdpjd;

,d;W ehk; fhZk;> kuk;> nrb> nfhbfs; flypy; ,Ue;J fiuapy; tpOe;j rpW rhjhisapd; gbkyHr;rp MFk;.

kdpjid vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; mtd; “KOrhff; flTshy; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy> kz;zpd; nrOikahy; xd;W $b cz;lhd capuZf;fspd; gbkyHr;rpNa (gupkhz tsHr;rpNa) kdpjd;. mjhtJ G+r;rpaha;> GOtha;> ej;ijaha;> kPdha;> gwitaha;> Fuq;fha; tsHe;J ,Wjpapy; mtw;wpd; jpUj;j cUtkha; kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd;” vd lhHtpd; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL%yk;epWtpdhH.                                                                                                       

kdpjd; CHtd epiyiaf; fle;J ehY fhyhy; elf;Fk; Fuq;F epiy va;jpg; gpd;dH tise;j KJif NeH epkpHj;jp ehY fhy;fspy; ,uz;ilf; iffshfg; gad;gLj;jp kPjp ,uz;L fhyhy; elf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhz;L kuf; nfhg;GfSf;Fg; gjpy; Fbir fl;b rpw;rpy fUtpfisr; nra;J thog; gy ,yl;rk; Mz;Lfs; vLj;jJ vd lhHtpd; tpsf;fpdhH.

cyfj;ijAk; mjpYs;s capHfisAk; flTs; gilj;jhH> miuFiwahf my;y xt;nthd;iwAk; KOjhfNt gilj;jhH> mNj Nghy; MwwpT gilj;j MizAk; ngz;izAk; flTNs gilj;jhH vd;Wk; kjq;fSk; kjthjpfSk; nrhy;yp te;j gilg;Gf; Nfhl;ghl;il lhHtpdpd; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL jfHj;J vwpe;jJ.

lhHtpdpd; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL capupdq;fs; jk; epiy Ngw;Wf;fhfg; NghuhLfpd;wd> ,Wjpapy; jFjpAs;sit kl;LNk jg;gpg;gpiof;fpd;wd (The Struggle for Existence and Survival of the Fittest) vdf;$wpaJ.

lhHtpd; gy Mz;Lfs; ehLehlhfr; nrd;W Ma;T nra;J vOjpa capupdq;fspd; %yk; (The Origin of Species) vd;w Ehy; 1859 ,y; ntspte;jNghJ> kdpj tuyhw;wpy; mJtiu fhyKk; mtpo;f;fg;glhj gy Kbr;Rf;fs; mtpo;f;fg;gl;ld. .capupdq;fspd; %yk; Kjy; gjpg;G KOJk; (1>250 gbfs;) xNu ehspy; tpw;W Kbe;jd. .cyfk; fz;buhj xU rpe;jidg;Gul;rpia 230 gf;fq;fs; nfhz;l me;j Ehy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjw;F Kd;dH 1842 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;ifj; NjHTf; Nfhl;ghL (Theory of Natural Selection) vd;w rpW Ehiy vOjpntspapl;lhH. lhHtpd; gbkyHr;rp gw;wp nkhj;jk; 18 Ehy;fs; vOjpdhH.

lhHtpd; 1874 Mk; Mz;L kdpjd; Fuq;fpypUe;J gbkyHr;rp ngw;wtd; (Man is the developed monkey) vdg; gy rhd;Wfs; %ykhf vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhH.

lhHtpdpd; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL kjthjpfs; kj;jpapy;> Fwpg;ghfr; nry;thf;Fg; gilj;j fpwpj;jt kjthjpfs; kj;jpapy;> jpifg;igAk; tpag;igAk; mr;rj;ijAk; cUthf;fpaJ. .gukz;lyk; gw;wpAk; nrhHf;fj;ijg;gw;wpAk; eufj;ijg;gw;wpAk; NgrpAk; vOjpAk; te;j kjFUkhHf;Fr; nrhy;yp khshj rpdk; Vw;gl;lJ. .lhHtpDk; mtH vOjpa EhYk; gyj;j fz;ldj;Jf;Fk; vjpHGf;Fk; cs;shfpaJ. kjthjpfs; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fLikahf vjpHj;jhHfs;. ‘mz;lk;> mjpy; mlq;fpa cyfk; midj;Jk; flTshy; gilg;fg;gl;lit mjid kWg;gtHfs; rhj;jhdpd; mtjhuq;fs;’ vd vd;idf; fhjypf;fpwhah?        MaH tpy;gNghH]; (Bishop Wilburforce)  
                              fLikahff; Fw;wk;rhl;bdhH.

capupdq;fspd; %yk; vd;w Ehy; Ehy; ntspte;j MW khjj;Jf;Fs; (A+d; 30> 1860) ele;j nrhw;Nghupy; MaH tpy;gNghH]; gpd;tUkhW NgrpdhH-

“kjpg;Gf;Fupa kfhrdq;fNs! guk gpjhtpd; ngauhy; ehd; cq;fis xd;W Nfl;fpNwd;> rhj;jhdpd; mtjhukhd rhHy;]; lhHtpd; ePq;fnsy;yhk; Fuq;fpypUe;J Njhd;wpatHfs; vd;W nfhQ;rKk; ehf; $rhkhy; $wpapUf;fpwhd;. ePq;fNs nrhy;Yq;fs;? cq;fisf; fhy;NkYk; Njhs;NkYk; Nghl;Lr; rPuhl;b tsHj;j cq;fSila ghl;ld;khHfSk; Kg;ghl;ld;khHfSk; Fuq;Ffsh? ,ij ePq;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwPHfsh?

Fuq;fpypUe;J Njhd;wpa kdpjd; ,j;jid ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ve;jtpj gbkyHr;rp nfhs;shky; mg;gbNa ,Uf;fpd;whd;? Vd; mtDf;F ,d;Dk; xU nfhk;Ngh> xU ,wf;ifNah> xU thNyh my;yJ NtW vJTNk cz;.lhftpy;iy? Fuq;fpd; gbkyHr;rp kdpjd; vd;why; kdpjdpd; gbkyHr;rp vd;d?

,tw;iw vy;yhk; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHf;fhky; ek;ikg; gilj;j Mz;ltid Vsdk; nra;tJ vj;jid ngupa ghtk; vd;gij ePq;fs; czutpy;iyah?”

,t;thW nrhy;yhly; nra;fpd;;w kjthjpfs; xd;iw kwe;J tpLfpd;whHfs; .cyfk; flTshy; gilf;fg;gl;lJ vd;why; flTisg; gilj;jtH ahH vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ. mtH ahuhYk; gilf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why; ,aw;ifapd; nray;fspy; fhuzk; (VJ) ,d;wp tpisT (fhupak;) ,y;iy vd;gjhy; flTSk; gilf;fg;gl;ltNu vd xg;Gf; nfhs;s Ntz;b NeupLk;.

,e;Jfisg; nghWj;jstpy; lhHtpdpd; gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL xd;Wk; Gjpajy;y> mjid khzpf;fthrfH xd;gjhk; Ehw;whz;bNyNa nrhy;yptpl;lhH vd;whHfs;. khzpf;fthrfH mg;gb vd;djhd; nrhd;dhH?

Gy; Mfpg; G+lha;g; GOtha; kuk; Mfpg;
gy; kpUfk; Mfpg; gwitaha; ghk;G Mfp
fy;yha; kdpjuha;g; Ngaha;f; fzq;fsha;
ty; mRuH Mfp Kdptuha;j; Njtuha;r;
nry;yhm epd;w ,j;jhtu rq;fkj;Js;
vy;yhg; gpwg;Gk; gpwe;J ,isj;Njd;………(rptGuhzk;)

vd khzpf;fthrfH ghba rptGuhzj;ij Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lfpd;whHfs;. Mdhy; ,e;jg; ghlypy; gbkyHr;rp nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. Vw;fdNt gilf;fg;gl;l capupdq;fs; khwp khwpg; gy gpwg;Gg; gpwe;J ,isj;jijNa khzpf;fthrfH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

tp\;Z vLj;j gj;J mtjhuq;fspy; Kjy; ma;e;J mtjhuq;fshd kPd; (kr;rk;)> Mik ($Hkk;)> gd;wp (tuhfk;)> thkdk; (Fs;sd;)> ghjp kdpjd; ghjp kpUfk; (eurpq;fk;) gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; fhl;LfpwJ vd;gJ jpupGthjk; MFk;.

vJ vg;gb ,Ug;gpDk; ,d;W gbkyHr;rpf; Nfhl;ghL epWtpaJ Nghy; Fuq;fpy; ,Ue;Jjhd; kdpjd; Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gij mwptpayhsHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs;.

Vwj;jho ,uz;lhapuk; Mz;Lfshf mz;lk;gw;wp mup];Njhl;ly;> gpshl;Nlh> njhykp KjypNahH vOjp itj;j Nfhl;ghLfis NfhngHdpf;f];> nfg;yH> fypypNah fypyp> ma;rf; epA+l;ld; Nghd;w thdpayhsHfs; jiyfPohf khw;wp mikj;jhHfs;! Fwpg;ghf NfhngHdpf;f]; mz;lj;jpd; ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;j Gtpia vLj;Jtpl;L me;j ,lj;jpy; Qhapiw itj;jNghJ fpwpj;Jt kjj;jpd; mbj;jsNk Ml;lk; fz;lJ. fpwpj;jt kjFUkhHfs; gijj;Jg; NghdhHfs;! Xb xspa ,lkpd;wpj; jtpj;Jg; NghdhHfs;!

,aw;gpayhsH my;Ngl; mapd;];jPdpd; (Albert Einstein ) nghJ rhHGf; Nfhl;ghL ( General Theory of Relativity) ,aw;gpaypy; Gul;rpfu khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mz;lj;jpy; Mff;$ba Ntfk; xspapd; Ntfj;ij tpQ;r KbahJ> gUg;nghUSk; Mw;wYk; kjpg;gpy; xg;ghdit> xd;W kw;nwhd;whf khwf; $bait vd;w mtuJ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; ,aw;gpay; tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jp ,aw;ifapd; Kbr;Rf;fis mtpo;f;f cjtpaJ.

mwptpay; fz;L gpbj;j ePuhtp> kpd;dhw;wy;> mZrf;jp njhopy;j;Jiwapy; jiy fPo; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd. mr;Rae;jpuj;jpd; fz;L gpbg;G (fpgp 1450) fy;tp xsp gue;Jgl;l mbj;jl;Lg; nghJ kf;fisAk; nrd;wila top tFj;jJ.

kpjptz;bfs;> CHjpfs;> njhlHtz;bfs;> fg;gy;fs;> Mfha tpkhdq;fs; Nghf;Ftuj;ij Jupjg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jPuhj Neha;fs; vdf; fUjg;gl;l ePupopT> vYk;GUf;fp> njhONeha; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fzg;gLj;j kUe;Jfs; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nfhs;is Neha; (plague) mk;ik> ,sk;gps;is thjk;> Ff;fy;> njhz;il mow;rp (diphtheria) Nghd;w Neha;fSf;Fj; jLg;G Crp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L mit Kw;whfj; jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gjpatif ney;> NfhJik czT cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

,tw;why; kdpjdJ nghJNkdp mfit caHe;Js;sJ. nghJNkdp tUtha; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

thndhyp> jpiug;glk;> njhiyNgrp> njhiyefy;> njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdp> tpz;fyq;fs; jfty; Gul;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sd.

mwptpay; fz;L gpbj;j VTfizfs;> tpz; xlq;fs;> ,uhl;rj njhiyNehf;fpfs; ,aYyfpd; (mz;lj;jpd;) GjpHfis mtpo;f;fTk; kdpjid epyhtpy; ,wf;fTk; top tFj;Js;sd.

Mdhy; jkpoHfs; xUGwk; mwptpay; fz;L gpbj;jtw;iw mDgtj;jpf; nfhz;L kWGwk; Nrhjplk; Nghd;w %lek;gpf;iffspy; %o;fpg; Ngha;f; fplf;fpd;whHfs;. gy Nfhb fw;fSf;F mg;ghy; cs;s nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp Mfpa Nfhs;fisg; ghHj;J eLq;Ffpd;whHfs;. mtw;why; Njhrk; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W gae;J Njhrk; ePq;fr; rhe;jp nra;fpd;whHfs;.

jkpoHfs; ehs; Nfhs;> el;rj;jpuk; ghHf;fhky; ve;j ey;y epfo;itAk; njhlq;Ftjpy;iy. gpwe;j gps;isf;Fg; ngaH itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whYk; gQ;rhq;fj;ijg; ghuhky;> vz;rhj;jpuk; ghHf;fhky; nra;tjpy;iy. mwptpay; fz;L gpbj;j kfpOe;Jit thq;fptpl;L Kjy; Ntiyahf mjw;Fj; Njq;fha; cilj;Jj; jpUl;b fopf;fpd;whHfs;. mijf; fz;L gpbj;j mwptpayhsHfisNah> mij cw;gj;jp nra;j njhopyhsHfisNah xU fzkhtJ ed;wpNahL epidj;Jg; ghHg;gjpy;iy.

jpUkzk; vd;why; Nfl;fNt Ntz;lhk;. gbg;gwptpy;yhj Nrhjpluplk; Mz; - ngz; ,UtuJ rhjfq;fisf; fhl;bg; nghUj;jk; ghHf;fhky; jkpoHfs; tPl;by; jpUkzk; eil ngWtjpy;iy. gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gbj;j mwptpay; gl;ljhupfs; $l ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fy;y. nghUj;jk; ghHj;Jr; nra;j jpUkzq;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jijf; fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; gbg;gpid gbf;fhJ nrf;Fkhl;ilg; Nghy; cuiyr; Rw;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;whHfs;.

“jkpo; kf;fs; vUikfisg; Nghy vg;NghJk; <uj;jpNyNa cl;fhUfpd;whHfs;> <uj;jpNyNa elf;fpd;whHfs;> <uj;jpNyNa gLf;fpd;whHfs;.  <uj;jpNyNa rikay;> <uj;jpNyNa czT> cyHe;j jkpod;  kUe;Jf;Ff; $l mfg;glkhl;lhd;” vd kfhftp ghujpahH kdk; nehe;J $wpa thHj;ijfs; EhW Mz;Lfs; fopj;Jk; rupahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd!

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; kdpjdJ kdNk fhuzpahFk;. kdkJ nrk;ikahdy; ke;jpuk; Njitapy;iy.

vd;gJ kfhftp ghujpahupd; ngha;ah nkhop.

Nrhjplk; Nghd;w %lek;gpf;ifapd; Cw;whf ,e;jpa Jizf; fz;lNk tpsq;FfpwJ. Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; Nghy; my;yhJ mq;F kj ek;gpf;ifAk; Nrhjpl ek;gpf;ifAk; xd;NwhL xd;W gpupf;f KbahjthW gpd;dpg; gpize;J fplf;fpd;wd.

,e;jpahtpy; ele;j Kj;jug;Gf; fpupf;nfl; Nghl;bapd; NghJ Nrhjpl rhj;jpupfs; filtpupj;jhHfs;.

cyff; fpz;zj;Jf;fhd  JLg;ghl;lg; Nghl;bapy;  ,e;j Kiw  ,e;jpahjhd; ntw;wpthif #Lk; vd vjpHT$wy; (M&lk;) nrhd;d mj;jid gpugy NrhjplHfSk; kz;izf; ft;tpdhHfs;. nra;jpahsHfs; 16 Mk; Ehw;whz;by; tho;e;j gpugy NrhjplH neh];ulhikf; (Nostradamus) $l tpl;L itf;ftpy;iy. mtH #rfkhf  cyff; fpz;zj;ij ,e;jpah ifg;gw;Wk; vdf; fzpj;Js;shH  vd;W 'fub' tpl;lhHfs;. me;jr; nra;jpf;Ff; nfhLj;j jiyg;G  'Nfhg;ig ,e;jpa mzpf;F> neh];ulhk; fzpg;G' vd;gjhFk;.

'xU ,sturH (nfhy;fj;jh ,sturH fq;Fyp) Mgpupf;fhtpy; elf;Fk; xU Nghupy; (cyff; fpz;zg; Nghl;b) XH ,isatNuhL (rr;rpd; my;yJ Nrtf;) ,ize;J me;jg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;W kfpo;r;rp milthH.'

ahH ,e;j neh];ulhk;? epA+l;lid> khHf;Nfhdpia> vbrid> mapd;];jPidj; njupahNjhH $l ,e;j neh];ulhik mwpe;J itj;jpUf;fpd;wdH.

neh];ulhk; (1503-1566) A+j ,dj;jtH. njd; gpuhd;]; ehl;bd; Saint Remi vd;w khfhzj;jpy; gpwe;jtH. mtuJ ,aw;ngaH Michel de Nostredame vd;gjhFk;. mjid ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; Nostradamus vd khw;wp itj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (2)

Inquisition vd;w rka jz;lidf;Fg; gae;J fj;Njhypf;f kjj;Jf;F neh];ulhkpd; FLk;gk; khwpaJ.  rpW gpuhaj;jpNyNa jdJ ghl;ldhuplk; ,Ue;J fzf;fpay;> thdpay;> Nrhjplk; Mfpa ghlq;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhz;lhH. gpd;dH kUj;Jtuhfg; gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;W 1525 ,y; njhopy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhH. mg;NghJ njd; gpuhd;rpy; ,lk; ngw;w nfhs;is Neha;f;F  (plague) Mshd gpzpahspfSf;F kUj;Jtk; nra;jhH. GJikahd Kiwapy; kUj;Jtk; nra;J gyiuf; Fzg;gLj;jpajhy; mtH xU ifNjHe;j kUj;JtH vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;lhH. ,jd; tpisthf mtuJ ngaH kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ed;F mwpKfk; MdJ.

neh];ulhk; jdJ vjpHT$wiy ehd;F tupfs; nfhz;l ftpij tbtpy; (quatrains) vJif NkhidNahL vOjpdhH. mg;gbg; gj;J EhW ftpijfis vOjpdhH.  mjw;F mtH itj;j  ngaH  Centuries. ,e;jr; nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUs; Ehw;whz;L my;y. ntWkNd EhW ftpijfs; vd;gJ nghUs; MFk;.

mtH ifahz;l eil G+lfkhf (kiwnghUshf) ,Ue;jJ. Ntz;Lk; vd;Nw ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f> ,j;jhyp nkhopr; nrhw;fisg; GFj;jp vOjpdhH. gbg;gtHfis kaq;f itf;FkhW nrhw;fisAk; nrhw;fspd; vOj;Jf;fisAk; khw;wpAk; vOjpdhH. jd;id xU #dpaf;fhud; my;yJ ke;jputhjp vd;W kw;wtHfs; fzpf;ff; $lhnjd;gjw;fhfNt mg;gbr; nra;jjhfr; nrhy;fpwhHfs;.

,e;j Ehypy; 16 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J cyfk; KbAk; tiu eilngwg; Nghfpw epfo;r;rpfis vjpHT$wy; $wpdhH. cyfk; fpgp 3797Mk; Mz;L Kbtile;J tpLk; vd;gJ mtuJ vjpHT$wy; MFk;!

vy;yhtw;iwAk; G+lfkhf vOjp itj;jjhy; mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;jtHfs; mtw;iwj; jq;fs; jq;fs; trjpf;F Vw;g jpupj;Jk; tisj;Jk; nghUs; nfhz;lhHfs;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf Hisler vd;w nrhy;iyg; gpd;te;jtHfs;  Hitler vdg; nghUs; nfhz;lhHfs;. Black vd;w nrhy; KNrhypdpiaf; Fwpg;gjhfg; nghUs; nfhz;lhHfs;.  ,g;gb neh];ulhk; vOjpatw;iwj; jq;fs; trjpf;F Vw;wthW frf;fp> jpupj;J> tisj;Jg; nghUs; nfhz;lhHfs;.   

nrg;njk;gH 11 (2001) Mk; ehs; epA+NahHf; efupy; cs;s tzpff; NfhGuq;fs; jhf;fp mopf;fg;gl;ljy;yth? mJgw;wp  neh];ulhk; M&lk; $wpapUf;fpwhuh? vd;gij mwpa vy;NyhUk; mtH vOjpa Centuries  Ehiyg; Gul;bdhHfs;. vd;d tpag;G? mjpy; gpd; tUkhW vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ>

Two steel birds will fall from the sky on the Metropolis
The sky will burn at forty-five degrees latitude
Fire approaches the great new city
Immediately a huge, scattered flame leaps up
Within months, rivers will flow with blood
The undead will roam earth for little time.

,uz;L v/Fg; gwitfs; thdj;jpy; ,Ue;J jiyefH kPJ tpOk;
thdk; ehw;gj;ije;J ghif FWf;Ff; Nfhl;by; vupAk;
jP me;jg; ngUefuj;ij mz;kpf;Fk;
clNd rpjWz;l ngupa jPr; Rthiy NkNy gha;e;njOk;
rpy khjq;fSf;Fs; MWfspy; FUjp XLk;
kbahj khe;jH nrhw;g fhyk; cyfpy; miye;J jpupthHfs;.

%f;fpy; tpuiy itf;fpwPHfsh? neh];ulhk; vt;tsT ngupa Nrhjpl rpfhkzp> Nrhjpl Qhdp> Nrhjpl tpw;gd;dH vd kiyf;fpwPHfsh? nrg;njk;gH 11ia vt;tsT Jy;ypakhf vjpHT$wy; nrhy;ypapUf;fpd;whH vd;W jpiff;fpwPHfsh?

nfhQ;rk; nghWq;fs;> ,J XH ,ilr; nrUf;fy;. ahNuh xU FWk;Gf;fhud; njhlH tiyaj;jpy; ,jid vOjp itj;J tpl;lhd;. neh];ulhk; vOjpa vjpHT$wy;fspy; fhzg;gl;l tupfisj; jpUb ,e;jg; ghliyg; Gide;Jtpl;lhd;.  neh];ulhk; ,uz;L v/Fg; gwitfisg;gw;wp vq;FNk Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mJ Kw;W KOjhd fw;gidNahL $ba ,ilr; nrUf;fy; MFk;. 

,d;ndhd;iwAk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. neh];ulhkpd; vjpHT$wy;fs; ehd;F  tupnfhz;l ftpij. ,jpy; MW tupfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJ kl;Lk; my;yhky; ,J vOjg;gl;lJ 1654 Mk; Mz;L vd;w Fwpg;G NtW Nghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; neh];ulhk; 1566 ,y; ,we;J NghdhH!  

,d;Wk; ,e;j Mrhkpapd; ngaiu itj;Jg; gyH gpioj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whHfs;. mtiug;gw;wp vOJfpw Ehy;fs; cyfk; KOJk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fpy; tpw;gidahfpd;wd.

cyff; fpz;zg; Nghl;b gw;wp gpugy cs;SH NrhjplH  xUtH  Ke;jpupf; nfhl;ilNghy vy;NyhiuAk; Ke;jpf; nfhz;L xU NtWgl;l Kbitr; nrhd;dhH.

,Wjp Ml;lj;jpy; =yq;fhTk; nfd;ahTk; Nkhjpf; nfhs;Sk; vd;Wk; mjpy; nfd;ah mzp ntw;wp ngWk; vd;Wk; fpufq;fsJ epiyiaj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpj;J vjpHT$wy; nrhy;ypapUe;jhH.

,e;jr; nra;jpia Ntiy nkdf;fpl;L ,q;Fs;s jkpo;j; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; cyff; fpz;zg; Nghl;bfs; gw;wp Ma;T nra;j XH Ma;thsH Fwpg;gpl;lhH. eifr; Ritf;fhfr; nrhd;dhNuh njupatpy;iy Mdhy; ahH me;jg; gpugy NrhjplH  vd;gij kl;Lk; mtH nrhy;ytpy;iy.

,e;jpa mzp ,e;jKiw cyff;  Nfhg;igf;Fg; Gwg;gLk; Kd;dNu KO ehLk; ahfk;> G+ir> Nfhkk;> rhe;jp> mUr;rid> rpwg;G mgpNrfq;fs; vd;W mkspg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa mzpapd; ntw;wpf;fhfr; rpw;WhH Kjy; Ng&H tiu Ntw;Wikapd;wp Nfhapy;fspy; rpwg;Gg; G+irfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Ehw;wpnal;Lf; Flq;fspy; ghyhgpNrfk; vy;yhk; ty;y gps;isahUf;Fr; nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpyH jpUg;gjpapy; nkhl;il NghLtjhf NeHj;jp itj;jhHfs;. ,tw;why; Nfhapy;fSf;F ey;y tUkhdk;. mUr;rfHfs; fhl;bYk; ey;y kio!

',d;dpd;d fhuzq;fshy; ,e;jpahTf;Fj;jhd; ntw;wp' vd;W vy;yhr; NrhjplHfSk; fzpg;Gr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. 'rdpf;fpoik gpw;gfy; 1.30 kzpapy; rdp Xiu elf;fpwJ.... vdNt Kjypy; JLg;ngLj;J MLk; mzp ntw;wp ngWk;......' ,g;gbAk; XH vjpHT$wy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.  

xU NrhjplH JLg;ghl;lk; xspgug;ghfpf; nfhz;bUe;j njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bf;F NeH vjpupy; FU gfthd; (tpahod;) glj;ij itj;Jg; G+ir nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhH.  ,e;jpa mzpf;Ff; FUgfthd; mUshrp  toq;FthH  vd;W mtH ek;gpaNj mjw;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;. Nghl;b KbAk;tiu FU gfthd;  glj;Jf;Fk; njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;bf;Fk; ,ilapy; ahiuAk; FWf;Nf elf;ff;$l mtH mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; FUgfthdJ rf;jp jilgl;Lg; Nghkhk;!

Mdhy; ,e;jpah-mT];jpNuypah ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,Wjpg; Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpa mzp nty;Yk; vd;W NrhjplHfs; fpuf epiyfis itj;Jj; Jy;ypakhff; fz;pj;Jr; nrhd;d vjpHT$wy; gpioj;J tpl;lJ! ahfq;fs;> G+irfs;> mUr;ridfs;> mgpNrfq;fs; Mfpatw;why; fpufq;fisNah flTsiuNah tpiyf;F thq;fr; NrhjplHfshYk; gf;jHfshYk; Kbatpy;iy!

JLg;ghl;lk; Nghd;w tpisahl;by; jpwikahd mzp ntw;wpngWk; vd;gJ nghJ tpjp MFk;. gj;jpy; xd;gJ Kiw jpwikahd mzpNa nty;Yk; tha;g;G cz;L. gj;jpy; xUKiw Gweilahfj; jpwikahd mzp Njhw;ff; $Lk;.

,e;jpa-mT];jpNuypah ,Wjpg; Nghl;bapy; mT];jpNuypa mzpf;Nf nty;Yk; tha;g;G ,Ue;jJ. Vnddpy; mJ Mba Kd;ida Ml;lq;fs; mj;jidapYk; ntw;wp ngw;wpUe;jJ. mjhtJ njhlHe;J 16 Ml;lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw;W te;jpUf;fpwJ. ,Wjp Ml;lj;jpy; mJ Njhw;wpUe;jhy; mJ Gweilahf ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ekPgh ,e;j Kiwjhd; Kjd; Kjypy; cyff; fpz;zj;Jf;fhd Nghl;bapy; fye;J nfhz;lJ. mJ Mba vy;yh Ml;lq;fspYk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ. mjw;F Kf;fpa VJ jpwik kw;Wk; gl;lwpT ,d;ik MFk;. mjd; Njhy;tpia ve;jf; FUgfthdhYk; khw;wptpl KbahJ.

,d;ndhU NrhjplH mnkupf;f - ,uhf; rz;il njhlq;fp ,uz;lhk; ehs; rz;il epd;WtpLk; vd;W fzpj;Jr; nrhd;dhH. tof;fk;Nghy; mJTk; gpioj;J tpl;lJ. ,ij vOJk;NghJ ( khHr;R 2003) 15 ehs;fshfg; NghH njhlHfpwJ.

nrd;idapy; trpf;Fk; MH.Nf. gftjpuh[; vd;w th];J epGzH ‘njypg;gjp’ mjpHTfisf; nfhz;L  JLg;ghl;lk;  cl;gl ahUila ntw;wp Njhy;tpiaAk; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;f KbAk; vd;W xU GJf; fubia mtpl;L tpl;bUf;fpd;whH.

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (3)

NrhjplH> xUtd; gpwe;j Neuj;jpy; ,g; Gtpiar; Rw;wpf; fpof;Fk; Nkw;Fkhf NkYk; fPOkhf thd tPjpapy; glHe;Js;s  12 tpz;kPd; (.,uhrp) kz;lyq;fs;> 12 ,uhrp tPLfs; kw;Wk; thd tPjpapy; tyk; tUk; 9 Nfhs;fs; (fpufq;fs;) 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa gyd; nrhy;fpd;whH.  

Mdhy; th];J epGzH xU kdpjdpd; ed;ik jpd;ik> eyk; eykpd;ik>  caHT jho;T> nry;tk; tWik vy;yhtw;iwAk; mtd; FbapUf;Fk; tPl;;bd; mikg;G> thry;> jpir KbT fl;LfpwJ vd;fpd;whH.  

'xU kdpjdpd; ed;ik jPikia mtH FbapUf;Fk; tPl;bd; th];J mikg;G epHzapf;fpwJ vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd g+Ht cz;ikahFk;. Foe;ijr; nry;tk; ,y;yhky; NghtJ> kdepiy ghjpj;j MNzh> ngz;Nzh ,Ug;gJ> jPuhj Neha; gPbj;jpUg;gJ> jpUkzj; jilfs; cUthFtJ> gbg;G ke;jepiy vd;W ,d;Dk; gy;NtW jPikfs; th];J Fiw ghLs;s tPl;bdhy; Vw;gLk;. mjw;F me;j tPl;bd; Fiwfisr; rhp nra;tJ kpf Kf;fpak;.  

mNjNghy; Mz;ltd; ciwAk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; th];J Fiwfs; ,Ue;jhy; me;jf; Nfhapy; vt;tsT nghpjhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpwg;Gg; ngwhj epiyapy;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.  

th];J FiwAs;s ,lq;fspy; mkHe;J nra;Ak; njhopy;fSk; el;lj;jpy; jhd; KbAk;. rpdpkhg; gl mYtyfj;jpw;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;. njd;dpe;jpaj; jpiug;gl njhopyhsH rk;Nksdk; (ngg;rp)> ];lz;l; a+dpad;> mguh[pj; gl epWtdk;>  eld ,af;FdH yypjhkzp> iluf;lH b.gp. fN[e;jpud; Nghd;w gy;NtW gpugy jpiuAyfpdhpd; tPL> mYtyfk; rhpahd th];J Kiwapy; khw;wp;f; nfhLj;jpUf;fpNwd;.  gl mjpgHfs; gp.vy;. Njdg;gd;> iluf;lH b. uhN[e;jH  Nghd;wtHfSf;F MNyhrid toq;fp ,Uf;fpNwd;.

,J jtpu ,yq;if> rpq;fg;g+H> kNyrpah Nghd;w ntspehl;by; cs;stHfSk; MNyhrid ngw;Ws;sdH. Nfush> Me;jpuh> fHehlfh> Kk;ig Nghd;w khepyq;fSf;Fk; Nehpy; nrd;W th];J fzpj;Jj; je;jpUf;fpNwd;.

,Jtiu th];J gw;wp 3 Gj;jfq;fs; vOjp ,Uf;fpNwd;. ,e;jg;  Gj;jfq;fis mz;zh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; fl;llf; fiyg; ghl E}y; jpl;lj;jpy; NrHg;gjw;fhd Muha;r;rpapy; cs;sJ.  tpiutpy; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; th];J Gj;jfk; ntsptu ,Uf;fpwJ.   

,J jtpu njypgjp (telepathy) Kiwapy; mjpHTfisf; nfhz;L ntw;wp> Njhy;tpiaf; fzpf;Fk; KiwiaAk; fz;L gpbj;jpUf;fpNwd;. mT];jpNuypah> ,e;jpah Nkhjpa fphpf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; mT];jpNuypah n[apf;Fk; vd;W Kjy; ehNs fzf;fpl;Lg; gpugy  gj;jphpif MrphpaH xUthplk; $wpNdd;. mjd;gbNa mike;j NghJ me;jg; gj;jphpif MrphpaH vd;id mioj;Jg; ghuhl;bdhH."

'Mz;ltd; ciwAk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk;  th];J Fiwfs;  ,Ue;jhy; me;jf; Nfhapy; vt;tsT nghpjhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpwg;Gg; ngwhj epiyapy;jhd; ,Uf;Fk;' vd;W ,e;j th];J NrhjplH nrhy;tJ cz;ikahdhy; vy;yhk; ty;y> vy;yhk; njupe;j> vq;Fk; epiwe;j Mz;ltd; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; Nfhapypd; th];J rupapy;iy vd;why; me;jf; Mz;ltDf;Nf "rf;jp" (power) ,Uf;fhJ!

th];J Njhjplupd; $w;Wg;gb fdlhtpy; Nfhapyhf khwpa gz;lfrhiyfspYk;> gioa rhuhaf; Fjq;fspYk; vOe;jUsp ,Uf;Fk; flTsUf;F ve;j Mw;wYk; ,Uf;f tha;g;Ng ,y;iy!

,J njupahky; tPzhf mbahHfs;  ,e;jf; Nfhtpy;fspy; vOe;jUsp mUs;ghypf;Fk; flTsHf;F Mw;wy; ,Uf;fpwnjd ek;gp mUr;rid> Muhjid> mgpNrfk;> NjH> jpUtpoh nra;J jq;fs; gzj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; gho; nra;fpd;whHfs;!

NkYk; 'xU kdpjdJ ed;ik jPikia mtd; FbapUf;Fk; tPl;bd; th];J mikg;G epHzapf;fpwJ vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd g+Ht cz;ik ahFk;" vd;W $Wtjd; Nehf;fk; jdJ th];J Nrhjplj;ij kf;fs; kj;jpapy; re;ijg; gLj;jNt MFk;. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; Ntjk;> cgepljk;> gftj; fPij Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,d;iwa mwptpay; cz;ikfs; vy;yhk; $wg;gl;Ls;sd vd;W NgRtJk; vOJtJk; xU tof;fhf (fashion) khwptpl;lJ. mwptpay; Nrhjplk; (scientific astrology) vd;w nrhw;nwhlH rHt rhjhuzkhfr; NrhjplHfshy; gad;gLj;jg; gLfpwJ!

'mNahf;fpaHfSf;F ehl;Lg;gw;Wj;jhd; filrpg; Gfyplk;'  ("Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel" ) vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; nrhy;thHfs;. mJ Nghyr; Nrhjplg; Gul;lHfSf;Fk; mwptpay;jhd; filrpg; Gfyplkhf ,Uf;fpwJ!   

ghtk; NrhjplH> mtUf;F 'tpQ;Qhd G+Ht cz;ik' vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njupahky; ,Uf;fpwJ. mwptpaiy ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;.  

Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay;> capupay;> %yf;$W capupay; (Moleculr biology)   fzpjk; Nghd;w Jiwfis MuhAk; ,aw;if mwptpay; xd;W. ,J ty;ypd mwptpay; (Hard Sciences) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J fle;j 200 Mz;LfSf;Fs; nrk;ikg;gLj;jg; gl;ljhFk;.

kw;wJ khDltpay;> gbkyHr;rp capupay; (evolutionary biology) r%ftpay;> njhy;nghUspay;> nka;apay;> tuyhW> nghUshjhuk; Nghd;w  kdpj r%fj; Jiwfisg; gw;wp MuhAk; r%f mwptpay;. ,J nky;ypd mwptpay; (Soft Sciences) vd;W ngaH ngWk;. 

Ma;Tfshy; nka;g;gpf;fg; glf;$ba Ma;T Kiwiar; r%ftpaYf;Fg; nghUj;Jk; NghJ mJ r%f mwptpay; (Social Sciences) vd;w jFjpiag; ngWfpwJ.  

ty;ypd mwptpay; vd;gJ mwptpayhsHfs; jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; ePz;l fhyk; xU nghUisNah epfo;itNah $He;J mtjhdpj;J Kiwg;gb MA;T nra;J ek;gj;jFe;j> Kuz;glhj> tpjpf;fl;Lg;ghLs;s xU Nfhl;ghl;;il (theory) my;yJ tpjpiag; ngUk;ghYk; fzpj mbg;gilapy; cUthf;FtjhFk;. $He;J mtjhdpj;jy; vd;gJ xU nghUisNah my;yJ epfo;r;rpiaNah tpUg;G ntWg;gpd;wpj; jpwe;j kdj;NjhL Mo;e;J ghHj;J VJf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kl;Lk; KbT vLg;gjhFk;. mg;gbahd mwptpay; Kiwik ma;e;J gbfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

    1) xU epfo;it my;yJ epfo;Tfis $He;J mtjhdpj;Jg; ngwg;gLk; juTfisj; jpUj;jj;NjhLk; (accuracy) nka;ikNahLk; (objectivity) Vuz mbg;gilNahLk; (logical) tiug;gLj;jy;.

    2) xU epfo;it tpsf;Ftjw;F xU GidNfhis (hypothesis) cUthf;Fjy;.

    3) ,aw;gpaypy; GidNfhs; fzpj mbg;gilapy; mikf;fg;gLk;.

    4) vLNfhisg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;it vjpHT$wy; nra;jy;.

    5) vjpHT$wiyr; Rje;jpukhd jdpj;jdp Nrhjid %yk; rupgpio ghHj;jy;.

nky;ypd mwptpay; mt;thW ,y;iy. Ehw;Wf;F EhW tpOf;fhL rupahf ,Uf;fhJ. Ma;T$lq;fspy; my;yhJ ngUk;ghYk; kdpjdJ gl;lwpT> kdTzHr;rp ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa nky;ypay; mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfs; tFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;F SigmundFreud mtHfsJ cstpay; gFg;gha;Tfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. lhHtpdpd; gbkyHr;rp Nfhl;ghL $l nky;ypd mwptpaiyr; rhHe;jJjhd;.

xU vil $ba Fz;ilAk; vil Fiwe;j Fz;ilAk; (cannon ball) xU NfhGuj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L fPNo Nghl;lhy; mit ,uz;Lk; xNu Ntfj;jpy; fPo; Nehf;fp tPo;e;J xNu Neuj;jpy; jiuiaj; njhLk; vd;gJ xU mwptpay; cz;ik. ,jid Kjd; Kjypy; vz;gpj;Jf; fhl;batH fypypNah fypyp (Galileo Galilei ) vd;w thdpayhsH. ,tH ,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;jtH. Gfo;ngw;w  gprh rha;e;j NfhGuj;jpy; (Leaning Tower of Pisa) Vwp epd;W ,e;j Ma;itr; nra;jhH vd;W $Wfpd;whHfs;.

Gtp; <Hg;G tpir ( force of gravity) nghUs;fis mtw;wpd; vil vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; xNu Ntfj;NjhLjhd; fPo;Nehf;fp ,Of;fpwJ. ,jw;Fg; Gweil fpilahJ. fypypNah nra;J fhl;ba Ma;it ehDk; ePq;fSk; nra;jhYk; mNj Kbitg; ngwKbAk;. mjw;fhfr; rha;e;j  NfhGuj;jpNyh  my;yJ rpvd; NfhGuj;jpNyh (CN Tower) Vw Ntz;bajpy;iy. tPl;by; xU Njhlk;goj;ijAk; xU vYkpr;rk; goj;ijAk; itj;Nj mjid cWjpg; gLj;jyhk;.

ePz;l fhykhf mk;ik Neha; flTspd; Nfhgj;jhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;Wjhd; kf;fs; ek;gp te;jhHfs;. mk;ik Neha; vd;w ngaH fhuzg; ngaH MFk;. 'mk;khshr;rp' apd; rpdj;jhy; mJ Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W jkpoHfs; ek;gpajhy; me;j Neha;f;F me;jg; ngaH #l;lg;gl;lJ. mijg; Nghf;f mtHfs; fz;L gpbj;j kUe;J G+rhupiaf; nfhz;L Ntg;gpiy mbg;gJ> mk;kd; Nfhapy;fspy; FspHj;jp nra;tJ> nghq;fy; nghq;fpg; gilg;gJ KjypaitahFk;.

Mdhy; vl;Ntl; n[dH (Edward Jenner) vd;w kUj;JtH me;j Neha;  ‘variolation’ vd;w xUtif itwrpdhy; (Virus) Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fz;L gpbj;jhH. mJ kl;Lky;y> mNj itwrpd; tPupaj;ijf; Fiwj;J mjid Crp %yk; nrYj;jpdhy; kdpjHfSf;F me;j Neha; tuhky; jLf;fyhk; vd;w mwptpay; cz;ikiaAk; fz;L gpbj;jhH.    

NrhjplH gftjpuh[; th];J rhj;jpuk; 'tpQ;Qhd G+Ht cz;ik' vd;gijf; fz;lwpa ve;j Ma;T $lj;jpy; vg;NghJ Ma;T elj;jpdhH? vj;jid Mz;Lfs; elj;jpdhH? mjd; ngW NgWfs; vd;d?

,e;jr; NrhjplH xU Vkhw;Wg; NgHtop> vq;Nfh xU  Fbirapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L  gbahj ghkukf;fis Vkhw;wp tapW tsHf;fpd;whH vd;gjpy;iy. mg;gb ,Ue;jhy; 'ghtk; kdpjH gpioj;Jg; Nghfl;Lk;' vd;W tpl;L tplyhk;!

Mdhy; ,d;W jkpo;ehl;by; fpuf NrhjplHfs;> th];J NrhjplHfs; fzpj;Jf; $Wtij itj;Jj;jhd; Ml;rpNa elf;fpwJ!

,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhup nrd;idapy; cs;s gok;ngUk; fy;Yhup. md;iwa nrd;id khfhz Mq;fpy murpdhy; ngz;fSf;F kl;LNk njhlf;fg;gl;l fy;Yhup MFk;.  nkhj;jk; 123 Mz;L goik tha;e;jJ. Nkl;Lf;Fb my;yJ gzk; gilj;j ngw;NwhHfsJ gps;isfs; gbf;Fk; fy;Yhup my;y> rhjhuz tPl;Lg; gps;isfs; gbf;Fk; fy;Yhup.

Mdhy; me;jg; gok; ngUk; fy;Yhupf;F th];J NrhjplHfshy; Mgj;J te;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpo;ehL muR mij ,bj;Jtpl;L me;j ,lj;jpy; jiyikr; nrayfk; kw;Wk; rl;lrig tshfk; fl;lj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.

jiyikr; nrayfk; fl;l NtW ,lk; ,y;iyah? ,Uf;fpwJ. Kjypy; gioa khky;yGuj;ij mz;ba ,lj;jpNyNa jiyikr; nrayfk; fl;Ltjhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dHjhd; flw;fiu mUfpy; cs;s ,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhup njupthdJ.

Kd;ida Kbtpy; Vd; jpBH khw;wk;? neUf;fb epiwe;j nrd;id efiu tpl;L tpl;L GwefHg; gFjpapy; jiyikr; nrayfj;ijf; fl;LtJjhNd? mJjhNd mwpT ehzakhd nray;? mij tpLj;J Vd; Kjyikr;rH n[ayypjh ,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhupia ,bj;Nj jPUNtd; vd;W gpbthjk; gpbf;fpd;whH?  

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (4)

Kjyikr;rH n[ayypjhtpd; gpbthjj;jpw;F th];J NrhjplHfspd; mwpTiuNa VJ MFk;.

'Nfhl;il cq;fSf;F ,uhrpapy;iy> Nfhl;ilf;Fg; Nghfpw topapy; mz;zh rkhjpAk; vk;[pMH rkhjpAk; ,Uf;fpd;wd> mit ey;y rFdq;fs; my;y> Koptsj;Jf;F Mfhjit> ,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhup ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; th];J rhj;jpug;gb ,d;ndhU jiyikafj;ijf; fl;b mq;F FbNaWq;fs;' vd;W th];J NrhjplHfs;  $w %lek;gpf;iffspy; Cwpg;Nghd n[ayypjh khky;yGuk; gf;fkhf jiyikafj;ijf; fl;Lk; jdJ Kd;ida Kbitf; iftpl;L ,uhzp Nkup fy;Yhupia ,bj;J mq;F jiyikafk; fl;l KbT nra;jhH.  

n[ayypjh Nfhl;ilf;Fg; Nghtnjd;whYk; ,uhF fhyk; akfz;lk; ghHj;Jj;jhd; fpsk;GfpwhH.  

,uhF fhyk; akfz;lk; ,uz;Lk; xt;nthU ehSk; ,lk;ngWtjhy; ,uhF fhyk; akfz;lk; Kbe;jgpd;dH my;yJ njhlq;F Kd;dH Kjyikr;rH Nfhl;ilf;Fg; Nghfpd;whH! 

.,q;Fs;s Nfhapy; xd;W thndhypapy; fpoik NjhWk; rka epfo;r;rp elj;JfpwJ. mjpy; Ngrpa xUtH ',uhF fhyj;jpy; mk;ghSf;F mUr;rid nra;jhy; mjw;F kw;iwa fhyj;ijtpl mjpf gyd; cz;L' vd;W gug;Giu nra;jhH.  

cz;ik vd;dntd;why; rdp Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ> tpaho Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ> nrt;tha; Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ> ehf Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ mtw;iw ePf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mUr;rid nra;a Ntz;Lk; rhe;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;J kjk; nrhy;tJ ghku kf;fisg; gaKWj;jpg; gzk; gwpf;fNt MFk;!   

n[ayypjh Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ug;gjhy; mtH Neuk; gpe;jpf; Nfhl;ilf;Fg; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; jkpof mur CopaHfs; mg;gbf; fhyk; jho;j;jpg; Nghf KbahJ. Nghdhy; tpsf;fk; Nfl;L xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fg; glyhk;.  my;yJ rk;gsj;jpy; ntl;L tpoyhk;. vdNt mg;gbg;gl;NlhH ,uhF fhyk; akfz;lk; Nghd;w Nrhjplg; Gul;Lfis ek;gpdhYk; filg;gpbf;f KbahJ!  

,uhF fhyk; ghHj;jhy; tpkhdk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfs; vd;dhtJ? ey;y fhyk; tpkhdk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nrit elj;JgtHfSf;F ,uhF fhyj;jpy; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy! 

Kw; fhyj;jpy; thDhHjp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. NgUe;Jfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,d;W Nghy; ehL tpl;L ehNlh> fz;lk; tpl;Lf; fz;lNkh nryT (gazk;) nra;tjpy;iy. Mf kpQ;rpdhy; mLj;j CUf;F khl;L tz;bapy; my;yJ Fjpiu tz;bapy; Ngha; te;jhHfs;. 

mtHfsJ tho;f;if KiwAk; Ntwhf ,Ue;jJ. Fiwe;j Njitfs;. Fiwe;j Neu ciog;G. ,jdhy; Neuk; kpr;rk; ,Ue;jJ. fkf;fhuHfs; Mz;by; ma;e;Njh MNwh khjq;fs; cOJ> vUtpl;L> tpijj;J> fis gpLq;fp> mWtil nra;J> #L kpjpj;J ney;iy tPL NrHj;j gpd;dH mLj;j gUt kiof; fhyk; tUk; kl;Lk; tPl;by; Xa;thf ,Ue;jhHfs;. vdNt mtHfSf;F ,uhF fhyk; akfz;lk;> ml;lkp etkp ghHf;f NeukpUe;jJ.  

mjdhNyNa 'ml;lkpapy; njhl;lnjy;yhk; ehrk;' vd;w gonkhopNa gpwe;jJ.  

irt rka FutHfspy; xUtuhd jpUQhdrk;ge;jH ehSf;Fk; NfhSf;Fk; vjpuhf mtustpy; Gul;rp nra;jpUf;fpd;whH.  

kJiuia Mz;l ghz;bad; khwtHkd; mupNfrup vd;w $d;ghz;bad; Kd;dH irt rkaj;jtdhf ,Ue;J gpd;dH rkz rkaj;ijj; jOtpatd;. mtd; Jiztp kq;ifaw;furpahH rptnewpiag; gpd;gw;wpdhH. ghz;baidr; rkz rkaj;jpd; gpbapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;f vz;zpa kq;ifaw;furpahUk; mikr;rH Fyr;rpiwahUk; jpUQhdrk;ge;juJ cjtpia ehbdhHfs;. ghz;behl;Lf;F vOe;jUs Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtUf;F miog;G tpLj;jhHfs;.  

me;j miog;ig Vw;W jpUQhdrk;ge;jH ghz;behL nry;yg; Gwg;gl;lhH. mg;nghOJ mtNuhL cld; ,Ue;j mg;gH 'rk;ge;jg;gpuhNd! rkzH rhkhdpaHfs; my;yH. ,sikapy; ehd; mtHfs; gpbapy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;J kPz;ltd;. mtHfs; ke;jpu je;jpuq;fis ehd; mwpNtd;. ePq;fs; Nghf Ntz;lhk; ehd; NghfpNwd;' vd;whH. 

Mdhy;  rk;ge;jH mjw;F ,zq;fhky; 'ehNd ghz;behL nrd;W kd;did kPz;Lk; irtdhf;fp kPSNtd;' vd;W ciuj;jhH.  

',d;W ehSk; NfhSk; $lr; rup ,y;iy. MfNt kJiug; gazk; Ntz;lhk;' vd;W ehTf;furH kPz;Lk; jil nrhd;dhH.  

mijf; Nfl;l rk;ge;jH 'NtAW Njhsp gq;fd; tplKz;l fz;ld;' vd;W njhlq;Fk; NfhsW gjpfj;ijg; ghbaUspdhH.

'vd; rpe;ijapy; rptd; Fbnfhz;bUf;Fk;nghOJ xd;gJ Nfhs;fSk; vd;id VJk;  nra;a KbahJ. ftiyapy;yhky; vdf;F tpil jhUq;fs;' vd;W $wp tpilngw;Wr; rk;ge;jH ghz;b ehl;il Nehf;fp nryT Nkw;nfhz;lhH.  

xd;gJ Nfhs;fSk; vd;id VJk; nra;ahJ vd;W rk;ge;jH mbj;Jr; nrhd;dij ,d;iwa irtrkaj;jtH gpd;gw;Wtjhf ,y;iy. xUNtis 'vd; rpe;ijapy; rptd; Fbnfhz;bUf;fpwhd;' vd;W rk;ge;jH nrhd;dJNghy; mtHfshy; Jzpe;J nrhy;y KbahJ ,Uf;fpwJ NghYk;! 

,uz;L ghk;G vd;gJ ,uhF NfJ Nfhs;fisg; Fwpg;gd. cz;ikapy; mit tpahod;> rdp Nghy; Nfhs;fs; my;y. ntWkNd NrhjplHfspd; mofhd fw;gid. Ntj fhy Nrhjplj;jpy; ,uhF NfJ gw;wp ve;jf; Fwpg;Gk; ,y;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy;jhd; mit NrHf;fg;gl;ld. ,Ue;Jk; ,e;jf; fw;gidf; Nfhs;fSf;Fg; gbj;jtHfs; gbahjtHfs; vd;w NtWghbd;wp midtUk; gae;J rhfpd;whHfs;.                                                      ,uhF NfJ

n[ayypjhtpd; murit (M];jhd) NrhjplH ahH vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupAk;. mtuJ ngaH cd;dp fpU\;zd; gzpf;fH. mtuJ nrhe;j CH njd; Nfushtpy; cs;s ky;yGuk;. nghJthff; Nfusk; ‘kiyahs’ ke;jputhjpfSf;Fg; ngaH Nghd khepyk;. ,tH 'm\;lkq;fsha gpu];dk;' vd;w Nrhjplf; fiyapy; ty;Yduhk;. 'xU kdpjuJ Ngr;R> cil> eil> ghtid' Nghd;wtw;iw itj;Jg; gyd; nrhy;fpd;whH. 

'mk;khTf;Fg; gr;ir epwk;jhd; ,uhrp' (nghUj;jk;) vd;W ,e;jr; NrhjplH nrhd;djhy; ,g; nghOJ n[ayypjh vq;Nf NghdhYk; gr;irr; NriyiaNa cLf;fpwhH. mtH Nghfpw ,lnky;yhk; gr;ir epwj;jpy; gjhijfs;. gr;ir epwj;jpy; myq;fhu tisTfs;. gr;ir epwj;jpy; tpupg;Gf;fs; vd vq;Nf ghHj;jhYk; xNu gr;ir epwk;jhd;. mjpKf ,iza jsj;jpw;Fk; gr;ir epwk; jPl;bAs;shHfs;.

cd;dp fpU\;zd; gzpf;fHjhd; FUthA+H mg;gDf;F ahid xd;iwj; jhdk; nfhLf;FkhW n[ayypjhTf;F mwpTiu toq;fpatH. n[ayypjhTk; mg;gbNa xU ahidf; Fl;b xd;iw ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH FUthA+Hf; NfhapYf;Fj; jdJ capHj; Njhop rrpfyhNthL nrd;W jhdk; nfhLj;jhH.

,g;Nghnjy;yhk; Kjyikr;rH n[ayypjh gw;wpr; nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; tUk; nra;jpfs; mtH jdJ Njhop rrpfyhTld; ,d;d NfhapYf;Fr; nrd;W rhkp Fk;gpl;lhH> ,d;d rhe;jp nra;jhH> ,d;d mgpNrfk; nra;jhH> ,d;d ahfk; nra;jhH> ,d;d jl;riz nfhLj;jhH vd;gjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,J gw;wpg; gpd;dH vOJNtd;.

NrhjplH gftjpuh[;pjhd; n[ayypjhtpd; th];J Nrhjpluh vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. Mdhy; mtUf;Fg; ngupa ,lj;Jj; njhlHGfs;  ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ kl;Lk; ed;whfj; njupfpwJ. mz;ikapy; mtuJ 52 MtJ gpwe;j ehs; kpfr; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. gpwe;j ehisnahl;b Nf.Nf. efH ky;b tpdhafH Nfhapypy; rpwg;Gr; G+ir nra;ag;gl;lJ.  

vOj;jhsH tyk;Ghp [hd;> mitj; jiytH fhspKj;J> mtuJ kidtp kNdhfhp> mtuJ cwtpdHfs;> njhopy; KidtHfs; MfpNahH gftjpuh[pf;F Neupy; nrd;W tho;j;Jf; $wpdhHfs;.

,tHfspy; xUtH kl;Lk; vdf;Fg; gof;fk; MdtH. mtH nrhw;rpj;jH tyk;Gup [hd; MthH. jkpo;g; gilg;ghspfs; fofk; ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH elj;jpa ftpQH fhrp Mde;jd; ftpijj; njhFjp ntspaPl;L tpohtpy; fye;J nfhz;L xU kzp Neuk; mUikahfg; NgrpdhH. ftpQH fhrp. Mde;jd; ghujp> ghujpjhrDf;F xg;ghd xU ftpQd; vd;W thdshtg; Gfo;e;jhH. mtH Ngrp Kbj;jJk; ,d;Dk; nfhQ;rk; NgrpapUf;fyhk; vd;gJ Nghy; ,Ue;jJ. mt;tsT ,dpikNahLk; eifr;RitNahLk; NgrpdhH.  

nrhy;yhz;ik kl;Lk; my;yhJ mtuplk;  vOj;jhz;ikAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vOgJ Gj;jfq;fSf;F Nky; vOjpapUf;fpd;whH. ,tw;wpy; ftpijfs; (13) rpWfijfs; (7) ehty;fs; (8) fl;Liufs; (44) mlq;Fk;. mtH vOjpa gpuhHj;jidg; G+f;fs; vd;w Kjy; Ehy; fdlhtpYk; ntspaplg; gl;lJ.  

mz;ikapy; tyk;Gup [hd; jd; ifg;gl>  jdJ fbjj; jiyg;gpy;  n[ayypjhtpw;F xU kly; tiue;jpUe;jhH. mjpy; 'Nfhs;epiy fhuzkhfTk; #o;epiy fhuzkhfTk; ehd; mk;khit tpl;Lg; gpupa Neupl;lJ. vd;id kd;dpj;J kPz;Lk; cq;fNshL vd;idr; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW gzpNthL Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpNwd;' vd;W vOjg;gl;bUe;jJ.  

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (5)

kdpjHfSf;F cly;eyf; FiwT> njhopiyj; njhlq;Fk; NghJ my;yJ nra;fpw njhopypy; gpd;dilT Vw;gLk; NghJ Nfhs;fs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa epidg;G tUfpwJ. 'fpufk; rupapy;iy> vjw;Fk; Fwpg;igr; rhj;jpupahuplk; fhl;LNthk;' vd rhjfj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L NrhjplHfsplk; XLfpwhHfs;. 

nkj;jg; gbj;j mNj Neuk; fpwpj;jtuhd tyk;Gup [hd; 'Nfhs; epiy fhuzkhfTk; #o;epiy fhuzkhfTk; ehd; mk;khit tpl;Lg; gpupa Neupl;lJ...' vd;W vOJk; nghOJ kw;wtHfis Nehtjpy; gadpy;iy.  

tyk;Gup [hd;  ekJ vk;[pMH ehNsl;bd; Mrpupauhf ePz;l fhyk; gzpGupe;jtH. xU ehs; Kjyikr;rH vk;[pMiu re;jpf;f Nfhl;ilf;F  jhdpaq;fp tz;bapy; NghdhH. 'vg;gb te;jPHfs;?" vd;W Nfl;ljw;F "jhdpaq;fp tz;b" vd;W gjpy; te;jJ.  vk;[pMH mijf; Nfl;Ltpl;L ekJ vk;[pMH gw;wp mtNuhL ciuahbdhH.

mLj;j ehs; mYtyfj;Jf;F te;jpUe;j tyk;Gup [hDf;F xU 'mjprak;' fhj;jpUe;jJ. mYtyf thrypy; xU Gj;jk; Gjpa khUjp tz;b. 'mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wf; fof cj;jpNahf ehNsl;bd; MrpupaH Xl;Nlhtpy; gazk; nra;tJ mofhf ,Uf;fhJ' vd;W vk;[pMH epidj;j fhuzj;jhy; Gjpa tz;bnahd;iw thq;fp mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhH. vk;[pMH xUtNu mg;gbr; nra;af; $batH. kw;wtHfSf;F gzk; ,Ue;jhYk; kdk; tuhJ.

fdlhtpw;F te;j fhyj;jpy; tyk;Gup [hd; rd; njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; tzf;fk; jkpofk; epfo;r;rpia elj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jhH. mjd; %yk; xt;nthU ehSk; mjpfhiy Ntisapy; NjkJuj; jkpo; XiriaAk; jkpo; kzj;ijAk; jkpoH ,y;yq;fs; NjhWk; jtotpl;lhH. Vwj;jho 10 Mz;Lfs; njhlHr;rpahf ele;j me;j epfo;r;rpf;F kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ey;y tuNtw;G ,Ue;jJ. 

,g;gbg;gl;l xU mwpTg;gpiog;ghsH gj;jhk;grypahd th];J rh];jpup gftjpuh[papd; gpwe;jehs; tpohtpy; Vd; fye;J nfhz;lhH vd;gJ Gupatpy;iy.   vy;yhk; me;ff; Nfhs;fspd;  'NfhshW' fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;!  

NrhjplH rhjfj;ijg; ghHj;J rhjffhuUf;Ff; fpuf Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;fpd;whH. th];J rhj;jpup mtdJ tPl;ilg; ghHj;J mjd; mikg;gpy; Njhrk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;fpd;whH. 

mg;gbnad;why; fpufq;fs; el;ghf ,Ue;J tPl;bd; mikg;Gg; gifahf ( ePrkhf) ,Ue;jhy; me;j kdpjdJ 'jiytpjp'ia vJ jPHkhdpf;fpwJ? my;yJ kWgf;fkhff; fpufq;fs; Nflhf ,Ue;J tPl;bd; ,uhrp ed;ikahf ,Ue;jhy; me;j kdpjuJ jiytpjpia vJ jPHkhdpf;fpwJ? NrhjplH ek;Gk; fpufq;fsh my;yJ th];J NrhjplH ek;Gk; th];J tPlh?  

mnkupf;fhtpy;> fdlhtpy; tpz;iz Kl;Lk; fl;llq;fs;> njhopw;$lq;fs;> mLf;Fkhb tPLfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fl;b itj;jpUf;fpd;whHfs;. mz;zhe;J ghHj;jhy; fOj;J typ vLf;Fk;. ,itnay;yhk; th];J rhj;jpug;gb fl;lg; gl;litah?

cyfg; gzf;fhuHfs; gl;baypy; Kd;tupirapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Microsoft epWtdH Bill Gates jdJ njhopw; $lj;ijAk; tPl;ilAk; th];J rhj;jpuk; ghHj;jh fl;b ,Uf;fpwhH? mJjhd; mtuJ ntw;wpapd; ,ufrpakh? mtuJ nrhj;jpd; ngWkjp 5>300 Nfhb m. nlhyH! mtuJ tPl;ilf; fl;lr; nrythd njhif 93 kpy;ypad; m. nlhyH!

th];J rhj;jpuk; ghHf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; NehAk; nfhb fl;bg; gwf;Fk; NghJ Nkw;Fyf ehLfspy; nry;tKk; nropg;Gk; nfhopf;fpwNj! mJ vg;gb? 

XH ,e;jpadpd; nghJNkdp mfit 55 kl;Le;jhd;. Nkw;F ehLfspy; ,J 80 Mf ,Uf;fpwJ.  

XH ,e;jpadJ nghJNkdp (nghJNkdp) Mz;L tUtha; 550 m.nlhyH kl;LNk. Nkw;F ehl;Lf;fhudpd; nghJNkdp tUtha; 24>000 m.nlhyH MFk;! 

cyfpy; njhONeha;> vYk;GUf;fp Neha;> Aids Neha; Kjypatw;why; gPbf;fg;gl;ltHfs; njhif ,e;jpahtpNyNa kpf mjpfkhf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ!  

                   ,uhrp kz;lyq;fs; (Constellations)            

,q;Fs;s Nfhapy; FUf;fs; xUtH thndhyp xypgug;gpy; ',g;Nghnjy;yhk; Nrhjplk; ngha; vd;W rpyH $Wfpd;whHfs;. Mdhy; xUtH gpwe;j fhyj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; Jy;ypakhfj; njupe;J nfhz;L mjd;gb rhjfj;ijf; fzpj;jhy; Nrhjplk; Ehw;Wf;F EhW cz;ik' vd;W mbj;Jr; nrhd;dhH.

gpwe;j fhyj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; Jy;ypakhfj; njupe;J nfhz;L mjd;gb rhjfj;ijf; fzpj;jhy; Nrhjplk; Ehw;Wf;F EhW cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;tJ rupahdhy;> me;jf; fhyj;ijAk; Neuj;ijAk; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;fr; NrhjplHfSf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;jjh? mjw;fhd fUtpfs; ,Ue;jjh? FUf;fs; ifapy; fl;bapUf;fpw kzpf;$L  nts;isad; fz;L gpbj;jJ> Ntjfhy ,UbfSk; KdptHfSk; fz;L gpbj;jjy;y. nts;isf;fhud; kzpf;$l;ilf; fz;L gpbj;j gpd;Ng vq;fSf;F Neuj;ij kzp> kzpj;Jsp> tpehb vdj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;fj; njupe;jJ.                

mjw;F Kd;dH gfy;  vd;why; mbase;Jk;> ,untd;why; tpbnts;sp Nghd;w thdj;J tpz;kPd;fisg; ghHj;Jk; mz;zsthf Neuj;ijf; fzpj;jhHfs;.  

NkYk; xU Foe;ij gpwe;j rupahd Neuk; vJ? me;jf; Foe;ij fUtpy; cUthd Neukh? gpwf;Fk;NghJ jiy my;yJ fhy; Gtpapy; njhl;l Neukh? njhg;Gs; nfhb mWf;fg;gl;l Neukh? Foe;ij Kjy; %r;Rtpl;l Neukh? Foe;ijapd; Kjy; 'Fth Fth' mOifr; rj;jk; Nfl;l Neukh? ,jpy; ve;j Neuk; rupahd Neuk;? 

xU kUj;Jtkidapy; ,uz;L %d;W kzpj;Jsp  NtWghl;by; gpwe;j ,ul;ilf; Foe;ijfspd; rhjf gyd;  xd;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ fy;tp> nry;tk;> njhopy;> cly; eyk; Nghd;wit xNu khjpup ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ  jpUkzk;> ,wg;Gg; Nghd;wit xNu Neuj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb vq;NfahtJ elf;fpwjh? mJ rhj;jpakh? 

NrhjplHfs; rhjf ‘gyid’ gpd; tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahf itj;Nj fzpf;fpwhHfs;. 

    (m) ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;jpd; (Zodiac) ,UGwKk; fhzg;gLk; 12 ,uhrpfs;.

    (M) ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;ijg; gpupg;gjhy; tUk; 12 ,uhrp tPLfs;;.

    (,) ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;ij tyk; tUk; 9 Nfhs;fs;. 

    (<) ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;jpd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs;.  

gd;dpuz;L ,uhrp kz;lyq;fSk; (tpz;kPd; $l;lq;fs;) ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;jpd; (,uhrp tl;lj;jpd;) ,UGwKk; (8 ghif vy;iyf;Fs;) fhzg;gLk; el;rj;jpuq;fis xd;NwhL xd;W nraw;ifahf ,izj;Jg; ngwg;gl;l el;rj;jpuf; $l;lq;fshFk;.

gd;dpuz;L tPLfSk; (Houses) 360 ghif nfhz;l fw;gidahd ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;ijr; nraw;ifahf 12 My; gpupg;gjhy; ngwg;gLfpwJ. gd;dpuz;L vd;gJ kdpjd; jpq;fspd; my;yJ Qhapwpd; ,af;fj;ij itj;Jg; ngwg;gl;l vz;zhFk;.  

Mjp kdpjd; tpz;zpy; QhapW nry;Yk; ghijia (,uhrp tl;lj;ij) mz;zhe;J ghHj;j NghJ rpy tpz;kPd; njhFjpfs; my;yJ $l;lq;fs; mtdJ fz;fSf;F Nklk; (ML) ,lgk; (vUJ) kpJdk; (Mz; ngz; cUtk;) flfk; (ez;L) rpk;kk; (rpq;fk;) fd;dp (ngz;) Jyhk; (juhR) tpUr;rpfk; (el;Ltf;fhyp) jDR (tpy;) kfuk; (flw;Fjpiu) Fk;gk; (Flk;) kPdk; (,ul;ilkPd;) Nghd;W fhl;rpaspj;jd. vdNt ,uhrp vd;gJ thd tPjpapy; kdpjd; jd; Cdf; fz;zhy; ghHj;j tpz;kPd; njhFjpfSf;F mtd; nfhLj;j fw;gid cUtkhFk;. fpNuf;fnkhopapy; Zodiac vd;w nrhy;Yf;F tpyq;Ffs; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.

,e;j el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fs; rpy jdp el;rj;jpuq;fd; MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf rpj;jpiu> Rthjp> Mjpiu el;rj;jpuq;fs; jdpj; jdpahdit. mit KiwNa Kj;J (pearl) ePyf;fy; (sapphire) Jsrpkzp (bead) Nghd;w rhay; cilad. ngUk;ghyhd tpz;kPd;fs; 3>4>5>6 vz;zpf;ifAila el;rj;jpuq;fis xd;NwhL xd;Wld; tpjpf;fl;Lg;ghbd;wp (arbitrary) njhLg;gjd; %yk; cUthf;fg; gl;litahFk;. fhHj;jpifg; ngz;fs; MW NgH vd;gjhy; mJ 6 tpz;kPd;fs; nfhz;lit vd;gJ nrhy;yhkNy tpsq;Fk;. rja el;rj;jpuk; kl;Lk; 100 tpz;kPd;fs; nfhz;lJ. ,Ugj;NjO el;rj;jpu kz;lyj;jpYk; nkhj;jk; 192 tpz;kPd;fs; kl;LNk,Uf;fpd;wd.                            fhHj;jpif tpz;kPd;

cz;ikapy; ,e;j tpz;kPd; njhFjpfs; (el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fs;) gy;yhapuk; xsp Mz;LfSf;F mg;ghy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpy tpz;kPd;fs; fz;Zf;F mUfUNf fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilapy; gy;yhapuk; xsp Mz;L ,ilntsp ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

njhiyT fhuzkhf ,e;j tpz;kPd; $l;lq;fs; mirahjJ Nghy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; cz;ikapy; mit vkJ QhapW tpz;kPd; Nghy Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd!

QhapW tpz;kPidr; Rw;wptUk; Nfhs;fs; rpy Nfhb iky;fs; njhiytpNyNa Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. mjdhy; mtw;wpd; mirT fz;Zf;Fj; njupfpwJ.

,jd; fhuzkhfNt Nrhjplk; tpz;kPd;fs; mirtjpy;iy vd;Wk; Nfhs;fs; mirfpd;wd vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.

vLj;Jf; fhl;lhf rpk;k ,uhrpf;fhuH rpq;fj;Jf;F cs;s %Hf;f Fzq;fisAk;> tpUr;rpf ,uhrpf;fhuH el;Ltf;fhypf;Fupa nfhl;Lk; Fzq;fisAk; nfhz;bUg;gH vd;W nrhy;tJ mwptPdkhFk;.

,uhrp tl;lj;jpy; (Zodiac) 27 el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fs; kl;Le;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wjh? ,y;iy vd;fpd;whHfs; thdpayhsHfs;. mtHfs; fzf;Fg;gb el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 88 MFk;. mg;gb vd;why; 27 el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fis kl;Lk; itj;Jg; gyd; nrhy;tJ vg;gbr; rupahf ,Uf;Fk;? vg;gb mwpT ehzakhf ,Uf;Fk;?

mJ kl;Lky;y> vkf;Fj; njupe;j mz;lj;jpy; (Known Universe) Vwj;jho 36>000 Nfhb ghy;kz;lyq;fs; (galaxies) ,Uf;fpd;wd vdTk; Xt;nthU ghy; kz;lyj;jpYk; 10>000 - 20>000 Nfhb tpz;kPd;fs; (stars) fhzg;gLfpd;wd vdTk; thdpayhsHfs; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;! kdpjdJ Cdf; fz;fSf;F 6>000 el;rj;jpuq;fs; kl;LNk njupfpd;wd!

vkJ QhapW FLk;gk; ,Uf;Fk; ghy;kz;lyk;  ghy;top my;yJ ghy; tPjp (Milky Way) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jg; ghy;kz;lyk; mjd; ikaj;ij mr;R Mff; nfhz;L Rw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. QhapWk; mjd; Nfhs;fSk; ,e;jg; ghy;kz;lyj;ij Vwj;jho kzpf;F 864>000 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; Rw;wptUfpwJ! ,t;thW xUKiw Rw;wptu 22 Nfhb Mz;Lfs; Mfpd;wd.

,e;j mz;lk; ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; vd;Dk; %d;W msTfSk; fhyk; vdg;gLk; XH msTk; Mf nkhj;jk; ehd;F mstPLfs; (Four dimensional Space - Time) nfhz;ljhFk;.

,t; mz;lk;  vy;iy my;yJ KbT mw;wJ vd;Nw epA+l;ld; cl;glg; ngUk;ghyhd mwptpayhsHfs; vz;zpdH. NguwpQH mapd;];jPd; ,t; mz;lj;jpy; NeHf;NfhL vd;gNj fpilahJ vy;yhk; tl;lq;fNs vd;fpd;whH.

,t; mz;lj;Jf;F vy;iy ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Vd; fUj KbahJ? mg;gb vy;iy cs;sjhff; fUjpdhy; mjw;F mg;ghy; vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;w gaq;fuf; Nfs;tpf;F tpil $w Ntz;b te;JtpLk;!

,t; mz;lj;jpd; Muk; 35>000>000>000> xsp Mz;Lfs; (336 Nfhb Nfhb fpkP) MFk;. Muj;jpd; ePsj;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L mz;lj;jpd; tpl;lk;> rw;wsT> Gwg;gug;G Mfpatw;iw ePq;fNs fzf;fplyhk;.

mz;lj;jpd; tbtk; xU ,l;yp tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwjhk;> mjhtJ eLtpy; gUj;Jk; tpspk;gpy; rw;W nkype;Jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; xd;gJ  Nfhs;fspy; (etf;fpufq;fspy;) xd;whd Qhapiwf; (#upaid) Nfhs;fs; gl;baypy; NrHj;jpUg;gJ rupay;y. QhapW Nfhsy;y - mJ Ra xsp gilj;j xU tpz;kPd; MFk;. jpq;fs; (re;jpud;) Nfhsy;y - mJ Gtpiar; Rw;wptUk; xU Jizf; Nfhs; MFk;.  ,y;iy mJ Nfhs;jhd; vd;W thjpl;lhy; tpahoidr; Rw;wptUk; 45 Jizf; Nfhs;fisAk; rdpiar; Rw;wp tUk; 31 Jizf; Nfhs;fisAk; Nrhjplf; fzpg;gpy; NrHf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJNt Kiw> mJNt tha;ik MFk;. gpd; Vd; NrhjplHfs; mtw;iwr; NrHf;ftpy;iy? 

xd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; ,uhFTk; NfJTk; fw;gid my;yJ epoy; Nfhs;fs; vdg; ghHj;Njhk;. me;jf; Nfhs;fs; kw;wf; Nfhs;fisg; Nghy; Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tuhky; NeH vjpHj;jpirapy; vjpH ePr;ry; NghLtjhfr; nrhy;fpd;wdH. ,J ntWk; fw;gidNa. ,e;jf; fw;gidf; Nfhs;fis  itj;Jr; rhjfj;ijf; fzpj;J mjd; mbg;gilapy; 'gyd;' nrhy;tJ vg;gbr; rupahf ,Uf;f KbAk; vd;gJ njupatpy;iy! mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; thdpayhsHfs; fz;L gpbj;j neg;jpA+d;> GSl;Nlh> A+Nud]; Nghd;w Nfhs;fisAk; ,e;jpa NrhjplHfs; fzf;fpy; vLg;gjpy;iy.  

kdpjdJ tho;f;ifia mtd; gpwe;j kz;Zk; mtidr; Rw;wpAs;s #oYk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. mtd; %r;RtpLk; fhw;W> mtd; Fbf;Fk; jz;zPH> mtd; cz;Zk; czT> cLf;Fk; cil> thOk; ciwtplk;> jl;g ntl;gk; mtid ntFthfg; ghjpf;fpd;wd. 

Mdhy; Nrhjplk; ,e;jg; Gtpia mwNt iftpl;L tpl;lJ. vd;d fhuzk;? 

(m) Gtp; cUz;il tbtkhf ,Ug;gJ>

(M) Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; 23½ ghif rupe;jpUg;gJ> kw;Wk;

(,) Gtp jdJ mr;rpy; jd;idj;jhNd Rw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mNjNtis QhapiwAk; Rw;wptUtJ>

(<) Gtp nrt;tha;> Gjd; Nghy; xU Nfhs;.  

Gtp cUz;il vd;gJ NrhjplHfSf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gjhNyNa Gtpia ,uz;ahl;rfd; ghahfr; RUl;bf; nfhz;LNgha;f; flypy; xspj;J itj;jhd; vd;w Guhzf; fijia GuhzpfHfs; vOjp itj;jdH. fliyg; ghahfr; RUl;bdhd; vd;why; vjd; kPJ epd;W RUl;bdhd;? Gtpia vg;gbf; flypy; xspf;f KbAk;? fly; Gtpapy;jhNd ,Uf;fpd;wJ!

jl;ilahd Gtpia MjpNrld; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L epw;fpd;whd; vd;W vOjp itj;jhHfs;. me;j MjpNrlid ahH my;yJ vJ jhq;fpf; nfhz;L epw;fpd;wJ vd;gijg;gw;wp mtHfs; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHj;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy! 

Gtp Qhapw;iwr; Rw;wp tUtJ kl;Lky;y mJ 23½ ghif mjd; mr;rpy; xU gf;fk; rha;e;J (ecliptic) ,Uf;fpw gbahy;jhd; gUtq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.   

,d;W cyfpy; ,uz;L tpjkhd Nrhjpl Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. xd;W Nkw;Fyf Nrhjplk; kw;wJ ,e;jpa Nrhjplk; MFk;. rPdHfSf;Fj; jdpahd Nrhjpl Kiw ,Uf;fpwJ. mt;thNw ,dj;Jf;F ,dk; ehl;Lf;F ehL ntt;NtW Nrhjpl Kiwikfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

Nkw;Fyf Nrhjpl Kiw ntg;g ,uhrptl;lk; (Tropical Zodiac)   vd;Wk; ,e;jpa Nrhjpl Kiw  tpz;kPd; ,uhrptl;lk; (Sidereal Zodiac)  vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiz cLkz;lyk; (el;rj;jpuf; $l;lq;fs;) mtw;wpd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; QhapW cl;GFe;J ntsptUk; (cz;ikapy; QhapW cl;GFtJ ,y;iy.  Gtpjhd; cl;GFe;J ntsptUfpwJ) fhyk;> mJ vLf;Fk; ehs;fspd; vz;zpf;if> mJ flf;Fk; ghifapd; msT> Nkw;Fyf (ntg;gkz;ly) Nrhjplf; fzpg;gpy; QhapW cl;GFe;J ntsptUk; fhyk;> ,Wjpahf ,e;jpa (el;rj;jpu) Nrhjplf; fzpg;gpy; QhapW cl;GFe;J ntsptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

                                QhapWk; ghy; kz;lyq;fSk;

,e;j ml;ltiz xt;nthd;Wk; 30 ghiif nfhz;l nraw;ifahd ,uhrpfSf;Fk; (Signs) cz;ikahd ghy;kz;lyq;fSf;Fk; (Constellations) njhlHNg ,y;iy vd;gijj; Jyhk;gukhff; fhl;LfpwJ! ,uhrpr; rf;fuj;jpd; ghijapy; cs;s 17.75 ghif nfhz;l ghk;ghl;b (Ophiuchus) cL kz;lyj;ijr; Nrhjplk;  fzf;fpy; vLg;gij Kw;whf tpl;Ltpl;lJ.  ,e;j cLkz;lyj;ij Qhapwpd; gpd;Gyj;jpy; nehtk;gH 30 - bnrk;gH 17 tiu thdj;jpy; ghHf;fyhk;.

Nkw;Fyf - ,e;jpa NrhjplHfs; thdj;jpy; xU Nfhis itg;gjw;Fk; thdpayhsHfs; mNj Nfhis itg;gjw;Fk;  NtWghL cs;sJ. NkNy fhl;ba ml;ltizg;gb xf;NjhgH 24 ,y; thdpay; mbg;gilapy; #upad; fd;dp ,uhrpapYk;> Nkw;Fyf Nrhjplj;jpy; tpUr;rpf ,uhrpapYk; ,e;jpa Nrhjplj;jpy; Jyh ,uhrpapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ!

1979 Mk; Mz;L ,uhrp kz;lyq;fspd; juT

NkYk; Nkw;Fyf Nrhjplf; fzpg;Gf;Fk; ,e;jpar; Nrhjpl fzpg;Gf;Fk; 23 ehs;fs; NtWghL (madhk;r NtWghL) ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa Nrhjplf; fzpg;Gf;Fk; cz;ikahf QhapW (Gtp) GFe;J ntsptUk; fhyf; fzpg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; 1-7 ehs; NtWghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU 2 kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F xU ,uhrpahf mbthdj;jpy; 12 ,uhrpfSk; Njhd;wp kiwtjhy; ,e;jpa Nrhjplf; fzpg;gpd; gb vOjg;gLk; rhjfq;fs; 100 tpOf;fhL gpioahd ,uhrpfs;> gpioahd el;rj;jpuq;fisf; fhl;Lk; vd;gJ nts;splkiy. Nfhs;fisg; nghWj;jstpy; mtw;wpd; ,Uf;if gpiog;gjw;Fk; tha;g;G ,Uf;fpwJ. xU ehspy; Nfhs;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; flf;Fk; njhiyitAk;> xt;nthU el;rj;jpughjj;ijf; flf;f vLf;Fk; fhyj;ijAk; fPo;f; fz;l ml;ltiz fhl;LfpwJ.

                        Nfhs;fspd; Xl;lk;  

NrhjplHfs;  gpwf;Fk; Neuj;jpy; 2 kzpj;Jsp NtW gl;lhNy rhjfk; gpioj;JtpLk; vd;fpwhHfs;. mg;gb vd;why; 1-7 ehs;fs; gpiof;Fk; nghOJ rhjfk; vOJk; fljhrpf;Nf ngWkjp ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;! Nrhjplk; vt;tsT Gul;L vd;gjw;F ,J tYthd rhd;whFk;.  

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (6)

thdpaYf;Fk; Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;Jf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlHG cz;L. Nrhjpl rhj;jpuj;jpd; gbKiw tsHr;rpNa thdpayhFk;.

Nrhjplk;> thdkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhs;fs;> ,uhrpfs;> ,uhrp tPLfs;> el;rj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; Gtpapy; gpwe;j kdpjDf;Fk; 'Kbr;R' g; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;f mwptpay;  mz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; (Gtp ePq;fyhf) jplg;nghUs; - Mw;wy;> gq;fPL> Mf;f mikg;G> ,aw;nghUs; epiy> mirTfs;> Xl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gbKiw tsHr;rp Mfpatw;iw mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;J fzpj;Jf; nfhLj;jJ. (The science which investigates all the matter-energy in the universe: its distribution, composition, physical states, movements, and evolution.)

,uz;L ehs;fSf;F Kd; Gjd; Nfhs; (Mercury) Gtpf;Fk; QhapWf;Fk; ,ilapy; NeHf; Nfhl;by; te;jJ. mg;nghOJ #upa fpufzk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; QhapNwhL xg;gpLk; nghOJ Gjd; Nfhs; kpfTk; rpwpaJ - mjd; tpl;lk; 4>800 fpkP kl;LNk. vdNt QhapWf;Fk; Gtpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyh NeHf; Nfhl;by; tUtjhy; Vw;gLk; #upa fpufzk; Nghy; ,J ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Gjd; Nfhs; xU nghl;Lg;Nghy; QhapW kPJ fhzg;gl;lJ. Gjd; Qhapiwf; fle;J mjd; gpd;Gwk; nry;y vLj;j Neuk; Vwj;jho 5 kzpj;jpahyk; MFk;.

Gjd; QhapWf;F kpf mz;ikapy; cs;s xU rpwpa NfhshFk;. mjd; Rw;Wg; ghij Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J 58 kpy;ypad; fpkP njhiytpy; cs;sJ. mJ Qhapiwr; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; 88 ehs; kl;LNk. mJ Rw;Wk; ghij Gtp Rw;wp tUk; ghijapd; jsj;jpw;F 7 ghif rha; Nfhzj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,g;gbr; rha;e;jpUg;gjhy; Qhapwpd; ghijiag; Gjd; Nfhs; fle;J nry;tijf; fhz;gJ mupjhf ,Uf;Fk;.  xU Ehw;whz;by; ,g;gbahd fpufzk; rPuw;w ,ilntspapy; nkhj;jk; 13 KiwNa ,lk; ngWfpwJ. mLj;j #upa (Gjd; ) fpufzk; nehtk;gH 8> 2006 ,y; ,lk; ngWk;.

,g;gb ,uhrptl;lj;jpy; (QhapW nry;Ykhg; Nghy; njupAk; tPjp) cs;s ,uhrp tPLfisf; Nfhs;fs; fle;J nry;tijg; ngaHr;rp (Transit) vd miof;fpd;whHfs;. ,e;jg; ngaHr;rp> Nfhs;fs; Qhapiwr; Rw;wptUk; Ntfj;ijg; nghWj;jJ MFk;.

,g;gbahd ngaHr;rpfisAk; mjdhy; Vw;gLk; fpufzq;fisAk; thdpayhsH jq;fsJ Ma;Tf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ NrhjplHfs; ehl;by; nfl;lJ elf;fg;Nghtjhfr; nrhy;ypg; ghku kf;fisg; gaKWj;JfpwhHfs;. Njhrk; ePq;ff; Nfhapy; Fsq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W Nfhs;fSf;F mUr;rid> mgpNrfk; kw;Wk; rhe;jp nra;AkhW Jhz;Lfpd;whHfs;. Fwpg;ghfg; ghg fpufq;fs; vd ek;gg;gLk; rdp> nrt;tha;> #upad;> ,uhF> NfJ Mfpatw;wpd; ngaHr;rpapd; NghJ Njhrk; cz;lhtjhfr; nrhy;yp kf;fis Va;f;fpwhHfs;.

re;jpu-#upa fpufzq;fs; ,uhF NfJ vd;w ,uz;L ghk;Gfs; mtw;iwf; ft;Ttjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W NrhjplHfs; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;. fpufzk; Kbe;j gpd;dNu Fspj;J KOfpr; rikf;fj; njhlq;f Ntz;Lk; my;yhtpl;lhy; cztpy; eQ;R fye;J tpLk; vd;W ghkukf;fs; mr;RWj;jg;gLfpd;whHfs;. fpufzk; gw;wpa mwpahik fhuzkhf vOfpd;w tPz; mr;rNk ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.

,e;jr; #upa  fpufzk; gw;wp ,k; KiwAk; vjpHT$wy; (M&lk;) nrhy;yr; NrhjplHfs; gpd; epw;ftpy;iy. mJ mtHfsJ tapw;Wg; gpiog;ghapw;Nw! 'Gjd; Nfhs; ey;y FLk;g tho;Tf;F Vw;wjy;y. fhuzk; mJ Mw;wy; ,y;yhj Nfhs;. cz;ikapy; mJ Nfhs;fspy;

myp MFk;. Gjd; Nfhs; khw;wk; ngUk;ghYk; rz;il rr;ruit Vw;gLj;Jk;. KbTfs; vLg;gijAk; mJ jLj;J tpLk;. mJjhd; ngz;fSf;F ,l xJf;fPL rl;l %yk; gw;wp ehlhSkd;wk; xU Kbit vLf;f Kbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ' ,g;gbr; nrhy;gtH yhy; gfJhH rh];jpup tpj;jpah gPlj;ijr; NrHe;j NrhjplH khgpNuk; c\h!  ,uhf; NghH tpiutpy; Kbe;jjw;Fk; (?) Gjdpd; 'nry;thf;Nf" fhuzkhk;.

Nrhjpl Ehy;fs; midj;Jf; Nfhs;fspd; gyj;ij tupirg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ Gjd; Nfhis ,Wjpapy; itj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

1. NfJ

2. ,uhF                                                                                                      

           Qhapiwf;flf;Fk; Gjd;                                                                                                                                                        

3. QhapW
. 4.jpq;fs;(re;jpud;)                                                                

5. nts;sp (Rf;fpud;)

6. tpahod; (FU)

7. rdp

8. nrt;tha; (mq;fhufd;)

9. Gjd; 

NkYk; GjDf;Fr; re;jpud; rj;JU> nrt;tha;f;Fg; Gjd; rj;JU. Njhy; rk;ge;jkhd Neha; Gjd; Nfhspdhy; Vw;gLkhk;. Vida Nfhs;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; gpd;tUkhW: 

QhapW - vYk;G njhlHghd Neha;

re;jpud; - FUjp njhlHghd Neha;

nrt;tha; - %is njhlHghd Neha;

tpahod; - jir> khkprk; njhlHghd Neha;

rdp - euk;G njhlHghd Neha;

nts;sp - tpe;J (Rf;fpyk;) fUKl;il (RNuhzpjk;) njhlHghd Neha;

,uhF NfJ - cly;> Fly; njhlHghd Neha; 

Ntbf;if vd;dntd;why; ,uz;L NrhjplHfs; xU rhjfj;ijg; ghHj;J xNu khjpupahd gyd;fis xNu Fuypy; nrhy;tjpy;iy. MSf;F Ms; khw;wp khw;wpr; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;. 

,e;jj; njhliug; gbj;J tpl;Lg; gyH ehd; vOJtijg; Nghw;wpAk; rpyH Jhw;wpAk; vOjpAs;sdH. New;Wk; vd;idf; fz;l xU ePz;l ehs; ez;gH 'NrhjplHfis kl;Lk; my;y> jq;fisr; rhkpfs; vd;W nrhy;ypf;nfhz;L fdlhtpw;F te;J Nrhjplk;> fhz;lk;> mUs;thf;F> gf;jp vd Vkhw;wpg; gzk; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L NghfpwtHfisg; gw;wpAk; vOJq;fs;' vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhH.  

,d;ndhUtH rhjfg; nghUj;jk; ghHg;gjhy; jpUkzg; Ngr;Rj; jilg;gl;L ngz;fSk; Mz;fSk; jpUkzk; ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk; ifaW epiyiaf; ftpijahf tbj;J mDg;gpAs;shH. ',jid mwpah kilaH ,q;Nf Fwpg;Gg; ghHj;J epw;fpd;whH' vdr; rpdj;NjhL ftpijia Kbj;jpUf;fpd;whH. 

ngaH Fwpg;gplhj xUtH kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; vdf;F mDg;gp itj;j klypy; vOjpapUg;gjhtJ- 

Nrhjplg; Gul;L fl;Liufis vOjp tUk; md;gUf;F>

fdk; nghUe;jpa MrpupaUf;Ff;$lhf vOJtJ>

jhq;fs; $wpa fUj;Jfis itj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ vdf;Fg; Gyg;gLtJ vd;dntd;why;> NrhjplkhdJ vg;gb vtw;iwnay;yhk; itj;Jf; fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gijj; Jsp$l mwpatpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.  

ehDk; xU fhyj;jpy; jq;fs; fUj;ijNa nfhz;bUe;Njd;. Mdhy; fle;j Kg;gJ tUlfhykhf Muha;r;rp nra;J gy cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpe;Js;Nsd;.

gpiog;Gf;fhfr; Nrhjplk; ghu;f;Fk; rpyiu itj;Jr; Nrhjplj;ij vil NghLtJ jtwhFk;. mj;Jld; Nrhjplj;ijg; gw;wp xd;WNk njupahky; mijg; gw;wp tpthjpg;gJ jtW. ,J fk;A+dprj;ijg; gw;wpj; njupahjtu;fs; mfuhjpapy; fk;A+dprj;ijg; gw;wpa miu Fiwahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ghu;j;J ,J jhd; fk;A+dprk; vd;W $WtJ Nghd;wJ. 

,e;j cjhuzk; Vd; vd;why;> fk;A+dpr rpj;jhe;jk; vt;tsTf;F tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhd xd;Nwh me;jsTf;Fr; NrhjplKk; tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhdNj. ,ijr; rkathjpfs; jq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; flTSld; gpd;dpg; gpizj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;. rkz kjj;ij xU Kiw Muha;r;rp nra;jhy; gpugQ;r ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp ed;F GupAk;.  

mLj;J> Nrhjplj;jpw;F Ma;T $lk; ,y;iy vd;W $w KbahJ. ehrh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f flw;gilapd; Astronomy Ma;tfq;fs;jhd; xU tpehbjhDk; gpioapy;yhJ Ma;Tfs; nra;J 'jp vgnkup];" (The Ephemeris) vd;Dk; Gj;jfj;jpy; 1900 - 2050 Mz;LfSf;Fupa fpuf epiyfisf; fzpj;J ntspapl;Ls;sd. mtw;whYk; kw;Wk; nru;kdpapYs;s Ma;T$lk; fzpj;J ntspapLk; juTfisAk; itj;Nj vj;jidNah Mz;Lfshfg; gQ;rhq;fk; fzpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

Gtpapy; gpwe;jtu;fs; ,e;jg; gpugQ;rj;jpd; %yfq;fshy; (elements) Mf;fg;gl;ltu;fNsahtu;. GtpahdJ ,e;jg; gpugQ;rj;jpd; <u;g;G tpirfSf;F cl;gLj;jg; gl;ljhFk;. mjhtJ GtpAk; Vida fpufq;fSk; #upaid xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. ,e;jg; gpugQ;rj;jpd; xt;NthH mirTk; Vw;fdNt 'GNwhfpwhk;" nra;agl;Ls;sJ.  

xt;nthU fpufj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU %yfj;jpd; rf;jpAs;sJ. xUtu; Gtpapy; gpwf;Fk;NghJ ,e;jg; gpugQ;rj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jf; fpufq;fspd; fjpu;fSk; mg; gps;isapd; clypy; gha;r;rg;gLfpwJ.

,J me;jg; gps;is Gtpapy; te;J mOk; Neuk; elf;fpwJ. mg;NghJ xt;nthU fpufq;fSk; Gtpapy; me;jg; gps;is gpwe;j ,lj;jpypUe;J mt;tf; fpufq;fs; ,Ue;j J}uq;fs;> Nfhzq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mt;tf; fpufq;fspd; %yfq;fspd; msT me;jg; gps;isapd; clypy; nrYj;jg;gLk;. mijg; nghWj;Nj mg; gps;isapd; Gj;jp kw;Wk; clw;$w;W tplaq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

gpd;G mNj fpufq;fs; Row;rpapy; nry;Yk;NghJ khWgLk; J}uq;fs;> Nfhzq;fisg; nghWj;J mt;tf; fpufq;fspdhy; gpwf;Fk; NghJ fpilj;j %yfq;fSf;Fk; mJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l fpufq;fSf;Fkpilapy; Xu; <u;g;G tpirahdJ MAs; KOtJk; te;J nfhz;NlapUf;Fk;. ,J tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhdjhFk;.

vdJ tpsf;fk; rpy Neuk; fhzhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; ehd; 30 tUlq;fs; ,ij Muha;e;Js;Nsd;. ,d;Dk; Njhz;lj; Njhz;lf; fpilj;Jf; nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ.

jw;NghJ vOjg;gLk; gQ;rhq;fq;fspy; cs;s gpiofisNa ehd; fz;L gpbf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kUj;Jt cyfpy; ,wq;fpg; ghu;j;jhy; mkhthir> gWtk; Nghd;w ehs;fspy; vt;tsT Ngu; re;jpu #upadpd; ghjpg;ghy; kUj;Jtkidfspy; mDkjpf;fg; gLfpwhu;fs; vd;gJ njspthFk;. fpufzq;fs; elf;Fk; fhyq;fspy; Njhl;lg; gapu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Ml;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;jhy; jhq;fNs mitfisg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOj Kw;gLtPu;fs;. jw;NghJ Neukpy;yhjgbahy; gpd;G ,J gw;wp tpthjpf;fpNwd;.

ehd; Kd;nghU fhyj;jpy; nra;jJNghy ntspapy; ,Ue;J ,g;gbahd mUikahd tpQ;Qhdj;ij tpku;rpg;gJ ,yFthdJ. Mdhy; cs;Sf;Fs; nrd;why; cz;ik tpsq;Fk;. ed;wp!' mtUf;F ehd; vOjpa tpil gpd;tUkhW:

ngaupy;yhj Nrhjpl Muha;r;rpahsUf;F!

tzf;fk;. Nrhjplj;ijg; gw;wp vdf;F xd;Wk; njupahJ vd;W nrhy;tijj; jpUg;gp cq;fisg; ghHj;Jk; kpf vspjhf vd;dhy; nrhy;y KbAk;.

Nfhs;fspd; jhf;fk; gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;j ePq;fs; Nrhjplj;jpd; Vida Jhz;fshd 12 ,uhrp tPLfs;> 12 ,uhrpfs;> 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs; %d;iwAk; Vd; tpl;Ltpl;;BHfs;?

'fk;A+dpr rpj;jhe;jk; vt;tsTf;F tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhd xd;Nwh me;jsTf;F NrhjplKk; xU tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhdNj' vd;W ePq;fs; nrhy;tij vd;dhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. nghJTlikr; (fk;A+dpr) rpj;jhe;jj;ijr; r%f mwptpay; vd;W nrhy;yyhNk nahopa mjid Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay; Nghd;w ,aw;if mwptpaNyhL (Physical sciences) NrHf;f KbahJ. (Gul;L 3)

fhHy; khHf;]; (Karl Marx) tFj;j nghJTlikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb nghJTlik cr;rfl;l tsHr;rpia mile;j gpd;dH mjd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Fk; muR jhdhf cyHe;J Ngha;tpLk; (withering of the state) vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mJ eilngwtpy;iy. mJ eilngwtpy;iy vd;gJ kl;Lky;y Nrhtpaj; ehl;by; nghJTlikj; jj;JtNk nrj;njhope;J tpl;lJ! me;j ehNl rpjWz;L Ngha;tpl;lJ!

NrhjplHfs; nrhy;Yk; vjpHT$wy;fs; gpiof;Fk; NghJ gopiag; 'gpiog;Gf;fhf' Nrhjplk; ghHf;Fk; NrhjplHfspd; jiyapy; Nghl;Ltpl;L kw;wtHfs; jg;gpf; nfhs;fpd;whHfs;. mjpy; ePq;fSk; xUtH MtPH!

NrhjplHfs; flw;ngUf;F (tides) re;jpudhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vdr; nrhy;fpd;whHfs;. mtHfs; Kd;itf;Fk; thjk; gpd;tUkhW:

    1) re;jpud; flw;ngUf;if cUthf;FfpwJ (rup)

    2) nts;sg; ngUf;Fr; re;jpud; Gtpapd; jz;zPiu ,Og;gjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ (NgusT rup Mdhy; KOJk; rupay;y)

    3) vdNt re;jpud; (kdpj) %isiag; ghjpf;fpwJ

flw;ngUf;F vjdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;w rupahd tpsf;fk; njupahj xUtUf;F ,e;j thjk; rupahfj; Njhd;Wk;.

re;jpudhy; flw;ngUf;F Vw;gLtjw;F mjd; nghUz;ik kw;Wk; GtpapypUe;J mjd; njhiyT Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk;. mJ kl;Lk; my;y> Gtpapd; mfyj;ijAk; mJ nghWj;jJ. cz;ikapy; xU ehspy; ,uz;L nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLfpwJ. mJ re;jpud; Gtpia ,Og;gjhy; Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ.

re;jpudpd; mfyk;> re;jpud; - Gtp ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhiy ,tw;NwhL kdpjdpd; mfyk; njhiy ,uz;ilAk; xg;gpl;lhy; Kd;idaJ kpf kpf mjpfkhdJ. ,jid cs;thq;FtJ tpy;yq;fk; vd;whYk; fzf;fpay; mbg;gilapy; kpfTk; rupahdJ.

mwptpay; ftdpj;jy;> fzpj;jy;> Ma;T Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Nrhjpj;jy; Kiwfisf; nfhz;lJ. Nrhjplk; mg;gbay;y. thdpay; xU mwptpay; vd;gjhy; rupahf vjpHT $wKbAk;. Nrhjplk; nrhy;Yk; vjpHT$wy; elf;fyhk; elf;fhkYk; tplyhk; vd;W xw;iw ,ul;il gpbg;gJ Nghd;wJ. cz;ikapy; Nrhjplk; gw;wp vJTNk njupahj rhjhuz kdpjdhYk; mg;gb xw;iw ,ul;il gpbf;f KbAk;!

%yfq;fisg; (elements) gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sPHfs;. Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; mz;lk; neUg;G (mf;fpdp) epyk; (G+kp my;yJ gpUJtp) fhw;W (thA) ePH ([yk;) thd; (Mfhak;) Mfpa 5 %yfq;fshy; kl;Lk; MdJ vd;fpwJ. mg;gbr; nrhy;yptpl;L mtw;iw ,uhrpfSf;F xJf;Fk; NghJ thd; (Mfhak;) xJf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;fhd VJ nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. rpy NrhjplHfs; thid kl;Lk; jDR ,uhrpf;F xJf;Ffpd;whHfs;. ;Nklk; njhlq;fp kPdk;’ tiuapyhd 12 ,uhrpfSf;Fk; fPo;f;fz;lthW %yfq;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.

         Nklk;> rpk;kk;> jDR    -  neUg;G

         ,lgk;> fd;dp> kfuk;    -  epyk;

         kpJdk;> Jyhk;> Fk;gk;  -  fhw;W

         flfk;> tpUr;rpfk;> kPdk; -  ePH

mjhtJ 1>5>9 ,yf;f ,uhrpfSf;F neUg;G> 2>6>10 ,yf;f ,uhrpfSf;F epyk;> 3>7>11 ,yf;f ,uhrpfSf;Ff; fhw;W. ,d;Dk; tpsf;fkhfr; nrhd;dhy; Nkl ,uhrpf;F neUg;G> ,lg ,uhrpf;F epyk;> kpJd ,uhrpf;Ff; fhw;W> flf ,uhrpf;F ePH vd;w tupirapy; xJf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk; vQ;rpa ,uhrpfSf;F mNj tupirapy; %yfq;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,uhrpfisg; NghyNt ,uhF> NfJ ePq;fyhf vQ;rpa 7 Nfhs;fSf;Fk; kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; %yfq;fs; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mq;fhufd; -  epyk;

re;jpud;   -   ePh

Rf;fpud;   -   ePH

Gjd;     -   fhw;W

FU      -   neUg;G

#upad;   -   neUg;G

rdp      -   thd;

,g;gb kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; %yfq;fis ,uhrpfSf;Fk; Nfhs;fSf;Fk; xJf;fptpl;L me;j ,uhrpfSf;Fk; Nfhs;fSf;Fk; me;j %yq;fspd; Fzq;fs; khl;Nlw;wg;gLfpd;wd.

fpNuf;f jj;Jtthjpahd mup];Njhl;ly; (fpK 384-322) Mfhaj;ijAk; (ether) NrHj;J mz;lk; ma;e;J %yfq;fshy; MdJ vd epidj;jhH. mz;lk; Nfhs; tbthdJ vd epidj;jhH. NkYk; mtH Gtp #upa FLk;gj;jpd; eLtpy; ,Ug;gjhf epidj;jhH. ntt;NtW epiwAs;s nghUs;fs; ntt;NtW Ntfj;jpy; Gtpapd; jiuapy; tpOk; vd;whH. %is vd;w cWg;G FUjpiaf; Fspur; nra;fpwJ vd ek;gpdhH. czHTfspd; ikak; cs;sk; vd;whH. Mapuj;J ma;e;EhW Mz;Lfs; ePbj;j ,e;j ek;gpf;iffs; ,d;W gpio vd vz;gpf;fg; gl;Ltpl;ld.

cz;ikapy; Gtpapy; 100 Fk; mjpfkhd %yq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mz;lKk; ,Nj %yq;fspdhy; Mditjhd;.

ePH> %yk; my;y. mJ 2 ePuf mZf;fSk; (2 Hydrogen Atoms) xU capuf mZTk; (1 Oxygen Atom) NrHe;j mZf;$Wj; (molecule) jpus; (compound) MFk;.

Nrhjplk; 12 ,uhrpfs;> 12 ,uhrp tPLfs;> 9 Nfhs;fs;> 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs; ,tw;wpd; mbj;jsj;jpNyNa fl;b vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. etf;fpufq;fspd; Ml;rptPL> cr;rtPL> ePr;r tPL> gif tPL> rk tPL> el;G tPL kw;Wk; MNuhfzk; mtNuhfzk;> m];jq;fNjhrq;fs;> ghHitfs;> Nfhzq;fs; MfpaitAk; fzpg;gpy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,ij ePq;fs; kWf;fpwPHfsh? Nfhs;fSk; ,uhrpfSk; Mz;> ngz;> myp> epyk;> ePH neUg;G> fhw;W> thd;> vd;W gFf;fg;gl;L mtw;Wf;F me;je;jg; nghUs;fspd; Fzq;fis khl;Nlw;WtJ mwptpay; ehzakh? ,tw;iw tpl NtW mbg;gil Nrhjplj;Jf;F ,Uf;fpwjh?

tpz;zpy; Nrhjplk; $Wk; 12 tPLfs; ,y;iy. mJ Nrhjplupd; rhjfj;jpy;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. gd;dpuz;L ,uhrpfSk; nraw;ifahf kdpjd; el;rj;jpuq;fis kdk; Nghd Nghf;fpy; (random) tpjpf;fl;Lg;ghbd;wpr; (arbitrary) NrHj;J cUthf;fpajhFk;.

ehrh thDapupay; epWtdj;jpy; (Astrobiology Institute of NASA ) Ma;T eilngWtJ cz;ikjhd;. Nrhjplj;Jf;Fk; thdpaYf;Fk; cs;s njhlHig Muha;tJ ,e;j mikg;gpd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. #upa-re;jpu fpufzq;fs; ,lk;ngWtijAk; thy;nts;spfs; Njhd;WtijAk; Kd;$l;bNa fzf;fpl;L ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; The Ephemeris vd;w Ehiy ntspapLfpwJ. Mdhy;> mNj ehrh ml;lkp etkp> ,uhF fhyk;> akfz;lk; ghHj;jh tpz;zpy; fyq;fis VTfpwJ? tpz;ntspr; nryTfis (gazq;fis) Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ? Njhrk; vd;W nrhy;yp ehrh rhe;jp VjhtJ nra;fpwjh? gpuhkzHfis itj;J ahfk; elj;Jfpwjh? rhjfk; ghHj;jh nts;isf;fhud; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;fpwhd;? epyhtpy; kdpjid ,wf;fpa ehrh ,g;NghJ nrt;tha;f; Nfhspy; kdpjid ,wf;f Kaw;rp nra;fpwJ. mjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf nrt;tha;j; jiuapd; ve;jg; gFjp kdpjd; gj;jpukhf ,wq;Ftjw;F Vw;wJ vd;gij Muha;fpwJ. ,t;thnwy;yhk; ehq;fs; VjhtJ nra;fpNwhkh?

“xt;nthU fpufj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU %yfj;jpd; rf;jpAs;sJ. xUtu; Gtpapy; gpwf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j gpugQ;rj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jf; fpufq;fspd; fjpu;fSk; mg; gps;isapd; clypy; gha;r;rg;gLfpwJ.

,J me;jg; gps;is Gtpapy; te;J mOk; Neuk; elf;fpwJ….mt;tf; fpufq;fs; ,Ue;j J}uq;fs;> Nfhzq;fs; Kjypatw;iwg; nghWj;Nj mt;tf; fpufq;fspd; %yfq;fspd; msT me;jg; gps;isapd; clypy; nrYj;jg;gLk;. mij nghWj;Nj mg; gps;isapd; Gj;jp kw;Wk; clw;$w;W tplaq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd” vd;W $WfpwPHfs;.

cq;fs; $w;W ,e;jf; Nfhs;fs; gw;wp kl;Lky;y Nrhjplk; fzf;fpy; vLf;Fk; el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fsJ njhiyT gw;wpa Qhdk; $l cq;fSf;Fj; JspAk; ,y;iy vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. “xUtu; Gtpapy; gpwf;Fk;NghJ ,e;j gpugQ;rj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jf; fpufq;fspd; fjpu;fSk; mg; gps;isapd; clypy; gha;r;rg;gLfpwJ” vd;gJ eilKiwr; rhj;jpak; mw;w epfo;r;rp MFk;. fhuzk; fpufq;fs;> tpz;kPd; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J xsp Ntfj;jpy; (xU tpehb 186>000 fy; my;yJ 300>000 fpkP) tUk; fjpH Gtpia cldbahf te;J NrUtjpy;iy. Neuk; fopj;Nj tUfpwJ.

    Gtp         -  re;jpud; 1.25 tpehb
    Gtp         -  QhapW 8.3 kzpj;Jsp
    QhapW      -  tpahod; 41.0 kzpj;Jsp
    QhapW      -  rdp 85.0 kzpj;Jsp
    QhapW      -  GSl;Nlh 5.5 kzp;

    QhapW      -  Alpha Centauri tpz;kPd; 4.24 xsp Mz;L
 

                  Qhapwpy;; ,Ue;J ,uhrpfspd; njhiyT

xU Foe;ij gpwe;j Neuj;ijr; rupahff; fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why; Fiwe;jJ Qhapwpd; fjpHfs; Gtpia te;J Nru vLf;Fk; 8 kzpj;JspiaAk; Gtp Neuj;NjhL $l;l Ntz;Lk;!

xU fijf;F ePq;fs; nrhy;tJ rup vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. ePq;fs; mjid vg;gbf; fz;L gpbj;jPHfs;?  ePPq;fs; ve;jf; fUtpfisf; nfhz;L Nfhs;fspd; fjpHfs; gpwf;fpw gps;is mOk; nghOJ clypy; gha;r;rg;gLtijf; fz;L gpbj;jPHfs;? mijf; fhl;l KbAkh? xU Foe;ij mOk;NghJ jhd; Nfhs;fspd; fjpHfs; mg;gps;isapd; clypy; gha;r;rg;gLfpwjh? mJ me;jg; gps;is fUtpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; Neuj;jpy; ,y;iyah? fhy; my;yJ jiy epyj;jpy; (,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; fl;bypy;) gLk; Neuj;jpy; ,y;iyah? Kjd; Kjyhff; Foe;ij %r;RtpLk; Neuj;jpy; ,y;iyah? cq;fs; fz;L gpbg;ig Vida NrhjplHfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whHfsh? NkYk; ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; Nfhs;fspd; gl;baypy; A+Nwd];> GSl;Nlh> neg;jpA+d; mlf;fkh? ,y;iy vd;why; Vd;?

ePq;fs; gps;is mOk; Neue;jhd; me;jg; gps;is gpwe;j Neuk; vd;fpwPHfs;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; nrhy;tijg; ngUk;ghyhd NrhjplHfs; xg;Gf; nfhs;skhl;lhHfs;. rpyH Foe;ij gpwf;;fpw Neuk; me;jf; Foe;ijapd; fhy; my;yJ jiy Gtpapy; gLk; Neuk; vd;fpd;whHfs;. ,d;Dk; rpyH gps;is gpwe;j Neuk; njhg;Gs;f; nfhb mWj;j Neuk; vd;fpd;whHfs;.

,t;thW gpwe;j Neuk; vJ vd;gjpNyNa NrhjplHfs; MSf;F Ms; jkf;Fs; khWgLfpwhHfs;!

rup Nghfl;Lk;. Nfhs;fspdhy; kdpjd; ghjpf;fg;glyhk; vd;W thjj;Jf;F itj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; ,d;d ,d;d fpufq;fspdhy; ,d;d ,d;d ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; vd;W ve;j mwpthsp fz;L gpbj;jhd;? vg;gb vg;NghJ fz;L gpbj;jhd;? ehk; thOk; Gtp> Nfhs;fs; xNu %yq;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lit vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. jpq;fSk; QhapWk; capupdq;fisg; ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gJ cz;ikjhd;. Mdhy; mit xNukhjpupj;jhd; capupdq;fisg; ghjpf;fpwJ. Nrhjplk; nrhy;tJ Nghy; xUtH gpwe;j Neuj;ij itj;J ntt;NtW tpjkhfg; ghjpg;gjpy;iy.

NkYk; #upad;> nrt;tha;> rdp> ,uhF> NfJ nfl;l Nfhs;fs; vd;Wk; #upad;> nrt;tha;> tpahod; Mz; vd;Wk; re;jpud;> Rf;fpud; ngz; vd;Wk; Gjd;> rdp myp vd;Wk;> tpahod;> nts;sp Rg Nfhs;fs; vd;Wk; #upad;> rdp> nrt;tha;> ,uhF NfJ ghg Nfhs;fs; vd;Wk; vjd; mbg;gilapy; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ?

mkhthir KOepyT (gTHzkp) ehs;fspy; kUj;Jt kidapy; mjpfstpy; Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpwJ vd;gij Ma;T nra;jNghJ mJ gpioahd KbT vd;gJ njupa te;Js;sJ. mJNghyNt kdepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; me;j ehs;fspy; mjpfsT ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhHfs; vd;gjpYk; cz;ikapy;iy. tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; $Ljyhf elf;fpwJ vd;gjpYk; cz;ikapy;iy. ,itnay;yhk; ghl;b fijfs;!

,d;W kUj;JtHfs; gpwg;ig Crp kUe;J nfhLj;J js;spg; NghLfpd;whHfs; my;yJ Kd;Df;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpd;whHfs;. mjdhy; Nkl  ,uhrpapy; gpwf;f Ntz;ba Foe;ij xd;wpy; kPd ,uhrpapy; my;yJ ,lg ,uhrpapy; gpwe;jhy; mjw;Nfw;g Nfhs;fspd; gyd;fs; clNd khwptpLkh? rpy Foe;ijfs; gpwf;Fk; NghNj cly; Cdkhfg; gpwf;fpd;wd. mJ vg;gb? vjdhy; Vw;gl;lJ?

xU Foe;ijapd; cly; eyk; kd eyk; ,uz;Lf;Fk; mjd; jha; je;ijauJ kugZf;fs; (genes) VJ vd;gNj mwptpayhsHfsJ KbthFk;. mg;gb my;y Nfhs;fs;jhd; VJ vd;W rhjpg;gJ klikahFk;. xU Foe;ijapd; jha; my;yJ je;ij my;yJ ,UtUNk vr;Itp (HIV) Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; vd;why; mtHfSf;Fg; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijf;Fk; me;j Neha; ,Ug;gJ 90 tpOf;fhL rhj;jpaNk. mJ NghyNt ePupopT Neha; cs;s jha; my;yJ je;ij my;yJ ,UtUf;Fk; gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijf;F ePupopT Neha; tUtjw;fhd rhj;jpak; 50 tpOf;fhl;;Lf;F Nky; ,Uf;fpwJ. mg;gbnad;why; ,e;j Neha;fs; jha; je;ijaH %yk; Vw;gLfpwjh? my;yJ Nfhs;fspd; Nfhshwpdhy; Vw;gLfpwjh?

,e;jg; Gtpjhd; kdpjidg; ghjpf;Fk; ngupa Nfhs; MFk;. gpd; Vd; NrhjplHfs; Gtpia tpl;L tpl;lhHfs;? <Hg;G tpir> Nfhs;fspd; mirT ,it thdpayhsH fz;L gpbj;j cz;ikfNsad;wpr; NrhjplHfs; fz;L gpbj;jit my;y. cyfk; jl;il tbtkhdJ> mJ mirtjpy;iy> mjidr; Rw;wpj;jhd; QhapWk; Vida Nfhs;fSk; Rw;Wfpd;wd vd;w mbj;jsj;jpd; kPJjhd; Nrhjplk; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ!

xd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; ma;e;Jjhd; cz;ikahd Nfhs;fs;. ,uhF NfJ fw;gid my;yJ epoy;f; Nfhs;fs;> jpq;fs; Jizf; Nfhs;> QhapW xU tpz;kPd;. Xg;Gf; nfhs;fpd;wPHfsh?

cyfpy; Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;F Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk;jhd; cq;fSf;F mfg;gl;ljh? jkpoHfspd; Ma;Tfs; ,g;gbahd ft;itf;F cjthjtw;wpy; nrytplg;gLtjhy; my;yth ePuhtpapy; Gl;L ,bag;gk; mtpg;gNjhL jkpoHfsJ fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; epd;W tpl;ld! cq;fSf;fhf ehd; cz;ikapNyNa foptpuf;fg;gLfpNwd;. cq;fs; nghd;dhd tho;f;ifapy; 30 Mz;Lfisr; Nrhjpl Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLj;jp kz;zhf;fp tpl;BHfs;!'

Nrhjplg; Gul;L (7)

xUtuJ rhjf gyd;fs; 12 ,uhrp tPLfs;> 12 ,uhrpfs;> 9 Nfhs;fs; 27 el;rj;jpuq;fs; ,tw;iw mbg;gilahf itj;Nj nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghHj;Njhk;.

,e;j xd;gJ Nfhs;fisg; nghWj;jstpy; ntg;gkz;lyr; NrhjplKk; ,e;jpa NrhjplKk; xj;Jg; Nghtjpy;iy.

ntg;g kz;ly Nrhjplj;Jf;Fk; ,e;jpa Nrhjplj;Jf;Fk; VO Nfhs;fNs (tpz;kPdhd QhapW kw;Wk; Gtpapd; Jizf; Nfhshd jpq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; Nfhs;fshf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L) nghJthf ,Uf;fpd;wd. mitahtd:

QhapW
Gjd;
nts;sp
re;jpud;
nrt;tha;
tpahod;
rdp

,tw;iwtpl ntg;gkz;ly Nrhjplk; gpd;tUk; Nfhs;fisAk; NrHj;Jf; Nfhs;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; gj;jhf caHj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

A+Nwd];
neg;jpA+d;
GSl;Nlh

,e;jpa Nrhjplk; ,uhF NfJ vd;w epoy; my;yJ fw;gidf; Nfhs;fisr; NrHj;J xd;gJ Nfhs;fshf (et Nfhs;fs;) caHj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

nfl;l Nfhs;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLk; ,uhFTk; NfJTk; ntg;gkz;ly Nrhjplj;jpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. mNj Neuk; A+Nud]; (1871)> neg;jpA+d; (1846) kw;Wk; GSl;Nlh (1930) Mfpa Nfhs;fs; ,e;jpa Nrhjplj;jpy; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. ,jw;Ff;Ff; fhuzk; ,e;j %d;W Nfhs;fSk; mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; thdpayhsHfshy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lNj.

NkYk; ntg;g kz;ly Nrhjplk;>  ,e;jpa Nrhjplk; fzf;fpy; vLf;Fk; 27 el;rj;jpu kz;lyq;fspy; xd;iwahtJ fzf;fpy; vLf;ftpy;iy!

vdNt ,e;j ,uz;L Nrhjpl KiwfSk; Nfhs;fisg; nghWj;jstpy; xd;Wf;F xd;W Kuz;gLfpd;wd. ntg;gkz;ly Nrhjplk; 10 Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gyd; nrhy;y ,e;jpa Nrhjplk; 9 Nfhs;fspd; mbg;gilapy; gyd; nrhy;fpwJ.

,uz;ilAk; ,uz;ilAk; $l;bdhy; $l;Lj;njhif ehyhfj;jhd; ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,uz;Lk; ,uz;Lk; ma;e;J vd;Nwh ,uz;Lk; ,uz;Lk; %d;W vd;Nwh nrhy;tJ jtwhfNt ,Uf;f KbAk;!

,g;NghJ  ehq;fs; ,Uf;Fk; QhapW FLk;gj;ijr; (Solar System) NrHe;j QhapW vd;w tpz;kPd;> Gjd;> nts;sp> Gtp> jpq;fs; vd;w Jizf;Nfhs;> nrt;tha;> tpahod;> rdp> A+Nudpa];> neg;jpA+d;> GNshl;Nlh Nfhs;fs; gw;wp thdpay; jUk; juTfisg; ghHg;Nghk;.

vkJ QhapW vkJ ghy; top kz;lyj;jpd; (Milky Way Galaxy) xU Xuj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. vkf;Fj; njupe;j mz;lj;jpy; (Known Universe) Vwj;jho 36>000 Nfhb ghy;kz;lyq;fs; (Galaxies) ,Uf;fpwJ vdTk; Xt;nthU ghy; kz;lyj;Jf;Fs;Sk; 10>000–20>000 Nfhb cLf;fs; (stars) fhzg;gLfpd;wdvdTk;NkNyghHj;Njhk;.                            QhapWFLk;gk;                                                                        

vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; fbfhu Ks;Sf;F vjpHjpirapy; (Counter clock-wise) Qhapiwr; Rw;wp (Orbit) tUfpd;wd. mt;thNw nts;sp> GSl;Nlh Mfpa ,uz;L Nfhs;fs; ePq;fyhf Vida Nfhs;fs; jq;fs; mr;rpy; vjpHj;jpirapy; Rod;W (rotate) nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; QhapW fpof;fpy; cjpj;J Nkw;Nf kiwtJ Nghy; vq;fs; fz;Zf;Fg; gLfpwJ. nts;sp GSl;Nlh Mfpa Nfhs;fs; kl;Lk; fbfhu Ks;spd; jpirapy; Roy;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,e;j ,uz;L Nfhs;fisAk; ,q;fpUe;J ghHj;jhy; mit Nkw;fpy; cjpj;J fpof;fpy; kiwtJ Nghy; njupAk;.

QhapWk; mt;thNw jd;idj;jhNd vjpHjpirapy; Rw;WfpwJ. Rw;w vLf;Fk; ehs; 25 (eLf;Nfhl;by;) MFk;. Mdhy; mJ thA el;rj;jpuk; vd;gjhy; Nfhs;fs; Nghy ,Wf;fkhfr; Rw;Wtjpy;iy. ,e;jj; juTfs; Ntjfhy KdptHfSf;Fj; njupahjit.   

fpNuf;fH Qhapiw Helios vd;Wk;> cNuhkHfs; Sol vd;Wk; mioj;jdH. xU ePuff; Fz;L ntbj;jhy; vd;d tpisT Vw;gLNkhmNj Nghd;w epiy xt;nthUtpehbAk; Qhapwpy; Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.

QhapW vd;w tpz;kPd; Gtpf; Nfhsj;jpy; thOk; capHfSf;F Mjhukhf tpsq;FfpwJ. Xg;gPl;lstpy; mJ Gtpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;sJ. QhapW tpahodpd; tpl;lj;ij tpl 10 klq;F ePskhdJ. Gtpapd; tpl;lj;ij tpl 109 klq;F ePskhdJ. Gtpiag; Nghy 13>000 ,yl;rk; Gtpfis QhapWf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;.

QhapW FLk;gk; (Solar System) 9 Nfhs;fisAk;> FWq;Nfhs;fs; (meteoroids) thy;kPd;fs; (comets) cs;spl;l Vuhskhd tpz;ntsp clypfis cs;slf;fpaJ. QhapWjhd; - QhapW FLk;gj;jpd; eLtpy; cs;sJ. Qhapwpd; <Hg;G tpirapdhNyNa (force of gravity) Gtp 940 kpy;ypad; fpkP ePskhd jdJ Rw;Wg; ghijapy; (orbit) xU tpehbf;F 20.79 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; Qhapiw tyk; te;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; Qhapiwr; Rw;WtJ NghyNt xl;L nkhj;j QhapW FLk;gKk; ghy; kz;lyj;ijr; Rw;wp cyh tUfpwJ.

QhapW jplg;nghUs; my;y. mJ xU thANfhsk;. mz;lj;jpy; nghUl;fs; jpuz;L QhapW FLk;gq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. NghJkhd mlHj;jp (density) ,Ue;jhy; khj;jpuNk me;jf; Nfhsplj;jpy; mZf;fs; ,ize;J fPypak; mZ cUthFk;. mg;NghJ ntspahFk; Mw;wNy xspahf khwpg; Gtpia te;jilfpwJ. Qhapwpy; 73.46 tpOf;fhL ePufk;> 24.85 tpOf;fhL fPypak; thA cs;sd. mjd; eLNt ,t;thAf;fspd; mlHj;jp ghjurj;ij tpl mjpfkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Qhapwpd; epiwaPHg;G tpirjhd; me;j thAf;Nfhsk; tl;l tbtpy; ek; fz;zpy; njupa itf;fpwJ.

Qhapwpd; ntg;gk; vkf;F Neubahf tUtjpy;iy. kiwKfkhfNt tUfpwJ. Qhapwpd; fjpH tPr;Rf;fs; tpehbf;F 1>86>000 iky; Ntfj;jpy; nryT nra;fpd;wd. ,e;jf; fjpHfs; Gtpapy; cs;s xU nghUspd; kPJ gLk;NghJ mit mjd; %yf;$Wfis ce;Jfpd;wd. mg;NghJ %yf;$Wfspd; Ntfk; $b ntg;gk; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.

rdp> tpahod; Mfpa Nfhs;fSk; QhapW Nghy thAf; Nfhs;fNs! vdpDk; Nghjpa epiwj;jpzpT milahjjhy; QhapW Nghy mtw;why; Rakhd xsp> ntg;gk; ,uz;ilAk; Vw;gLj;j Kbahky; FspHe;J tpl;ld. QhapW Njhd;wp 476 Nfhb Mz;L MfpwJ. mJ ,d;Dk; 500 Nfhb Mz;L ekf;nfy;yhk; Mw;wiy toq;Fk; vd;W vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mz;lj;jpy; QhapW FLk;gj;ij xj;j FLk;gk; vq;fhtJ ,Uf;fpwjh vd;W thdpayhsHfs; Ma;T nra;J tUfpd;whHfs;. mg;gbahd FLk;gq;fs; rpy fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd mwptpj;Js;shHfs;.

QhapW tpz;kPd; (sun)

tpl;lk; -  1> 391> 000 fpkP (864>325 fy;).

jpzpT (mass) -    1.99 x 10^30 fpfp GtpNahL xg;gpLk; NghJ 333>000 klq;F. ,J QhapW FLk;gj;jpd; nghUz;ikapy; 99.8 tpOf;fhL!

QhapW xsp Gtpia te;J mila vLf;Fk; Neuk; - 8.3 kzpj;Jsp  QhapW

tsp kz;lyk; - 73.46 tpOf;fhL ePufk;> 24.85 tpOf;fhL fPypak;

jd;idj; jhNd Rw;Wk; fhyk; - 25.6 ehs; (eLf;NfhL) 36 ehs; (JUtk;)

jd;idj; jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 119.57 fpkP (kzpf;F 7174 fpkP)

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 149>600.000 fpkP (93 kpy;ypad; fy;)

ghy; ntsp ikaj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhiyT - 25>000 xsp Mz;L

ghy; ntspiar; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 225 kpy;ypad; Mz;L

ghy; ntspiar; Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 217 fpkP (135 fy;)

ntg;gk; (Nkw;gug;G) - 9>900 ghif ghud;ifl; (Fahrenheit) (5500 ghif nry;rpa]; (Celsius)

ntg;gk; (cs; eLg;gFjp) - 10 -22.5 kpy;ypad; ghif ghud;ifl; (15>000K)

cq;fs; vil(Gtpapy; 200)  - Qhapwpy; 5>600 fNyh

Gjd; Nfhs; GtpNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ ma;e;jpy; ,uz;L gq;fhFk;. ,J Nfhs;fspy; ,uz;lhtJ rpwpa NfhshFk;. ,jpy; fhw;W kz;lyk; ,y;yhjjhy; capupdq;fs; thOk; tha;g;G ,y;iy.

tpl;lk; -  4>878 fpkP (3>031 fy;)

Nkw;gug;G -  %yfk; (rpypNfl;) nfhz;l Jhrpg; gilfshy; %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. rkntspfs;> Fopfs; nfhz;lJ.   

jpzpT (Gtp 1)  - 0.06

tspkz;lyk; - nky;ypa fPypak; (95 tpOf;fhL) kw;Wk; ePufk;.

ntg;gk; -  QhapW xspgLk; gf;fk; 950 ghif ghud;ifl; (510 ghif nry;rpa];) ,Uspy; ,Uf;Fk; gf;fk; -346 ghif ghud;ifl; (-210 ghif nry;rpa];;)

Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 87.96 Gtp ehs;

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; fhyk; - 58.67 Gtp                         Gjd;                                                         ehs;                                             

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 47.89 fpkP

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 77.30 kpy;ypad; fpkP (48.21 kpy;ypad; fy;)

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 57.97 kpy;ypad; fpkP (36.12 kpy;ypad; fy;)

cq;fs; vil (Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) -  Gjdpy; 75.6 fpNyh

Jizf; Nfhs; -        0

tisaq;fs; -        0

tisaq;fs; - 0

nts;spf; Nfhspd; msit itj;J mJ Gtpapd; ,ul;il vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ kl;LNk ,uz;Lf;Fk; cs;s xw;WikahFk;. kw;wg;gb ,e;jf; Nfhs; 864 ghud;ifl; ntg;gk; cilaJ. ,jd; ngaH cNuhkuJ fhjy; nja;tj;jpd; ngauhFk;. ,jid ntWk; fz;fshNyNa ghHf;f KbAk; vd;gjhy; fhiyapy; tpbnts;sp vd;Wk; khiyapy; khiy nts;sp vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J Gtpapy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk;nghOJ thdj;jpy; kpfj; Jy;ypakhf xspUk; Nfhs; MFk;. 

tpl;lk; -  12>102 fpkP (7>515 fy;)

Nkw;gug;G - fw;fs;> kiyfs;> rkntsp> cUfpa ghiwf; Fok;G (lava)

tspkz;lyk; - fupkythA (95 tpOf;fhL)                       nts;sp

jpzpT (Gtp 1)  - 0.82

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 243 Gtp  ehs;

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - kzpf;F 6.52 fpkP

Qhapiw Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 224.70 Gtp ehs;

Qhapiwr; Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 35.03 fpkP

ntg;gk; - 850 ghif ghud;ifl; (450 ghif nry;rpa];)

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 40.00 kpy;ypad; fpkP (24.90 kpy;ypad; fy;)

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 108.20 kpy;ypad; fpkP (67.23 kpy;ypad; fy;)

cq;fs; vil (Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) - nts;spapy; 181.4 fpNyh

QhapW kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s Nfhs;fspy; tpahod;> rdp> nrt;tha;> ANwd]; Mfpatw;iwtplr; rpwpaJ. Gjd;> nts;sp> neg;jpA+d;> GSl;Nlhit tplg; ngupaJ. Gtp QhapWf;F mz;ikapy; ,Uf;Fk; fhyk; rdtup 2 Mk; ehs; (147.1 kpy;ypad; fpkP my;yJ 94.8 kpy;ypad; fy;) MFk;. njhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; ehs; A+iy 2 (152.6 kpy;ypad; fpkp my;yJ 94.82 kpy;ypad; fy;) MFk;. Gtp <Hg;G tpirapy; ,Ue;J xU nghUs; tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;why; mJ tpehbf;F 11.10 fpkP Ntfj;jpy; NknyOe;J gha Ntz;Lk;.

tpl;lk; -     12>756 fpkP (7>921 fy;)

Nkw;gug;G -     jz;zPH (70 tpOf;fhL)> fhw;W> ,Wf;fkhd jiu.    

tspkz;lyk; - ntbak; (Nitrogen) 78 tpOf;fhL> capHthA 21 tpOf;fhL.

jpzpT - 6 x 10^{24 kg. jz;zPiu tpl 5.6 klq;F mjpfkhdJ}

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; fhyk; - 23 kzp> 56 kzpj;Jsp> 4.091 tpehb (86>164>091 tpehb - Sidereal Day)                                 

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; nghJNkdp fhyk; - 24 kzpj;jpahyk; (Mean Solar Day)

                                                                       Gtp (Earth)

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F .46 fpkP (.29 fy;) kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F 1670 fpkP (1>040 fy;)

Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 365 ehs;> 5 kzp> .48 kzpj;Jsp> 46 tpehb (365.242374 - Tropicl Year)

- 365 ehs;> 6 kzp 9 kzpj;Jsp> 9.5 tpehb (365.256363 - Sidereal Year) (365.3564 Mean Sidereal Year)

Qhapiwr; Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 29.79 fpkP (18.49 fy;) kzpj;jpahyj;Jf;F 107>000 fpkP (67>000)

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J rihrup njhiyT  - 149.60 kpy;ypad; fpkP (92.90 kpy;ypad; fy;)

mr;rpd; rha;T - 23.45 ghif

Jizf; Nfhs; - 1

jpq;fs; (Moon)                                                                          ^{QhapW> Gtp> epyh}

tpl;lk; - 3476 fpkP.

<Hg;G tpir - Gtpiatpl Mwpy; xU gq;F.

jpzpT (1024 kg) - 0.0123

Gtpiar; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 27.32 Gtp ehs;

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 27.32 Gtp ehs;

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 16.655 fpkP

Gtpiar; Rw;wp tUk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 1.022 fpkP

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J njhiyT - 384>467 fpkP

Mff; $ba jiu ntg;gk; - 123 nry;rpa];

Mff; Fiwe;j jiu ntg;gk; - -233 nry;rpa];

epytpy; (Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) -  jpq;fspy; 33.2 fpNyh (1/6 gq;F)

nrt;tha; Nfhs; rptg;ghf ,Ug;gjhy; mjw;Fr; nrt;tha; vd;W ngaH ,lg;gl;lJ. njhiyf; Nfhs;fspd; Rw;Wg; ghij fpNuf;fj;jpy; Mars NghHf; flTshthH. me;jg; ngaiuNa ,e;jf; NfhSf;Fk; itj;J tpl;lhHfs;. mjd; epwk; rptg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F ,Uk;G capufk; (iron oxide (rust) epiwe;j Jhrpj; jiu fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jf; Nfhs; Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J ghHf;Fk; nghOJ Gtpf;Fk; tpahoDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Uf;fpwJ.

tpl;lk; - 6>794 fp.kP (4>219 fy;). Gtpiatpl ehypy; xd;W

Nkw; jiu -  nrq;Fj;jhd gs;sj;jhf;F> vupkiy> gdpj; JUtq;fs;>                                            ^nrt;tha;
                               
gdpf;fupkythA

jpzpT ^{(Gtp 1)} - 0.11

tspkz;lyk; - fupkythA 95.32 tpOf;fhL> ePufk; 2.7 tpOf;fhL

ntg;gk; -  -305 ghud;ifl; (-187 nry;rpa];)

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 24 kzp> 38 kzpj;Jsp> 23 tpehb

jd;idj; jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 24.13 fpkP

Qhapiwr; Rw;wptu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 687 Gtp ehs;

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdpj; njhiyT - 56.00 kpy;ypad; fpkP (35.00 kpy;ypad; fy;)

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 227.94 kpy;ypad; fp.kP (141.55 fy;)

cq;fs; vil(Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) -  nrt;thapy; 75.4 fpNyh

Jizf; Nfhs;fs; - 2

tpahod;  QhapW kz;lyj;jpy; cs;s kpfg; ngupa NfhshFk;. Gtpapd; tpl;lj;ijtpl 11 klq;F ePskhdJ. mjd; fhuzkhf cNuhkuJ Kjd;ikf; flTspd; ngaH (Jupiter) ,jw;Fr; #l;lg;gl;lJ. fpNuf;fH ,jw;F Zeus vd;w flTspd; ngaiur; #l;bdhHfs;. RkhH 1>300 Gtpfis ,jw;Fs; mlf;fyhk;! njhiyNehf;fp %yk; ghHf;Fk; nghOJ tpahod; kpf mofhf ,Uf;Fk;. ePyk;> Cjh> kQ;rs;> nrk;kQ;rs; (Orange) epwj; jpl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

tpl;lk; - 142>984 fpkP (88>612 fy;)

jpzpT - 1.897 x 1027 kg. Gtpiatpl 317.83 klq;F mjpfkhdJ

<Hg;G tpir - 2.4

Nkw;gug;G - ntg;g thA kw;Wk; ePHkk; ( Hot gas and liquid)

tspkz;lyk; - Rod;wbf;Fk; Kfpy; $l;lq;fs;> mNkhdpah> ePufk; (Hydrogen) 90 tpOf;fhL fPypak; (Helium) 10 tpOf;fhL

ntg;gk; - -234 ghud;ifl; (-148 nry;rpa];)

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 9 kzp 55 kzpj;Jsp                

                                                         ^tpahod;            jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 12.6 fpkP        (kzpf;F 43>500 fpkP)

Qhapiwr; Rw;wp tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 11.86 Gtp Mz;L (4>333 Gtp ehs; )

ahapiwr; Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 13.06 fpkP

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 588.50 kpy;ypad; fpkP (367.04 kpy;ypad; fy;)

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 778.33 kpy;ypad; fpkP (483.63 kpy;ypad; fy;) Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J Gtpapd; njhiyit tpl 5.2 klq;F njhiyT

cq;fs; vil (Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) - tpahodpy; 506.6 fNyh

Jizf; Nfhs;fs; - 35

tisak; - 1

rdpf; Nfhs; cNuhkupd; Ntshz;ikj; nja;tj;jpd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. rdpf; NfhNs gz;ilf; fhy kf;fSf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;j filrpj; njhiyf; NfhshFk;. tpahoDf;F mLj;j  ,uz;lhtJ ngupa NfhSk; ,JNt. Vida Nfhs;fisg; NghyNt rdpf; Nfhs; XH mofhd Nfhs;. Nrhjpl rhj;jpuk; nrhy;tJ Nghy; mjd; epwk; fWg;G my;y. mjd; epwk; fWg;G vd;gNjh> mjd; thfdk; fhf;if vd;gNjh ntWk; %lek;gpf;if. ,e;jf; Nfhisr; Rw;wpYk; tisaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tisaq;fis Kjd; Kjypy; fypypNah fypyp (Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642) vd;w thdpayhsNu jdJ rpwpa njhiyNehf;fp %yk; fz;Lgpbj;jhH.

Qhapwplk; ,Ue;J ,e;jf; Nfhs; ngWk; xspAk; ntg;gKk; kpff; FiwthFk;.

tpl;lk;      -      120>660 fpkp (74>978 fy;)

Nkw;gug;G    -      thA kw;Wk; ePHkk; ( Gas and liquid)

<Hg;G tpir     -   1.16 (Gtp 1)

jpzpT - 95.2 (Gtp 1)

tspkz;lyk; - ePufk; (Hydrogen) 88 tpOf;fhL fPPypak; (Helium) 11 tpOf;fhL 

ntg;gk; - -288 ghud;ifl; (-178 nry;rpa];)

mr;rpd; rha;T    - 26.73          ghif                                                ^rdp

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;w vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 10 kzp 40 kzpj;Jsp> 0 tpehb (0.436 Gtp ehs;)

jd;idj;jhNd Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 9.87 fpkP (kzpf;F 35>500 fpkP)

Qhapiwr; Rw;ep tu vLf;Fk; fhyk; - 29.46 Gtp Mz;L

Qhapiwr; Rw;Wk; Ntfk; - tpehbf;F 9.64 fpkP

Gtpapy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT – 1280.00 kpy;ypad; fpkP (798.30 kpy;ypad; fy;)  

Qhapwpy; ,Ue;J nghJNkdp njhiyT - 1>426.64 kpy;ypad; fpkP (886.12 kpy;ypad; fy;)

cq;fs; vil (Gtpapy; 200 fpNyh) - rdpapy; 212.8 fpNyh

Jizf; Nfhs;fs; - 31

tisak; - 1>000 (?)

fPo;f;fz;l ml;ltiz xNu ghHitapy; Gtp cl;gl 9 Nfhs; gw;wpa juTfisj; jUfpwJ.